Novel Substituted Exomethylene-oxindoles as HPK1 Inhibitors

Structural insights into 2-oxindole-forming monooxygenase MarE: Divergent architecture and substrate positioning versus tryptophan dioxygenases

MarE, a heme-dependent enzyme, catalyzes a unique 2-oxindole-forming monooxygenation reaction from tryptophan metabolites. To elucidate its enzyme-substrate interaction mode, we present the first X-ray crystal structures of MarE in complex with its prime substrate, (2S,3S)-β-methyl-l-tryptophan and cyanide at 1.89 Å resolution as well as a truncated yet catalytically active version in complex with the substrate at 2.45 Å resolution. These structures establish MarE as a member of the heme-dependent aromatic oxygenase (HDAO) superfamily and reveal its evolutionary link to indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). While MarE adopts a global structure resembling the homotetrameric TDO, it features a simplified α6 helix compared to TDO's more elaborate αE and αH helices with additional αF and αG regions. Despite differing oxygen activation outcomes, MarE shares a substrate binding mode similar to IDO and TDO, with the indole nitrogen of its substrate oriented toward the heme iron in the ternary cyano complex, interacting with His55. The substrate's carboxylate group engages Arg118, with mutational studies confirming the roles of these residues in substrate binding. However, the second-sphere interactions with the substrate's α-amino nitrogen differ between MarE and TDO, and the substrate's orientation in the binary complex remains ambiguous due to two possible conformations. Notably, TDO features an extensive hydrogen-bonding network around the heme propionate below the heme plane, which is absent in MarE, suggesting mechanistic differences. These structural insights lay a foundation for further mechanistic studies, particularly for understanding how heme-dependent enzymes oxygenate tryptophan-derived metabolites.

Hematopoietic Progenitor Kinase 1 in Tumor Immunology: A Medicinal Chemistry Perspective

Hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1), a hematopoietic cell-restricted member of the serine/threonine Ste20-related protein kinases, is a negative regulator of the T cell receptor, B cell receptor, and dendritic cells. Loss of HPK1 kinase function increases cytokine secretion and enhances T cell signaling, virus clearance, and tumor growth inhibition. Therefore, HPK1 is considered a promising target for tumor immunotherapy. Several HPK1 inhibitors have been reported to regulate T cell function. In addition, HPK1-targeting PROTACs, which can induce the degradation of HPK1, have also been developed. Here, we provide an overview of research concerning HPK1 protein structure, function, and inhibitors and propose perspectives and insights for the future development of agents targeting HPK1.

Discovery of Novel HPK1 Inhibitors Through Structure-Based Virtual Screening

Hematopoietic progenitor kinase (HPK1) is a negative regulator of T-cell receptor and B-cell signaling, which has been recognized as a novel antitumor target for immunotherapy. In this work, Glide docking-based virtual screening and kinase inhibition assay were performed to identify novel HPK1 inhibitors. The kinase inhibition assay results demonstrated five compounds with IC50 values below 20 μM, and the most potent one (compound M074-2865) had an IC50 value of 2.93 ± 0.09 μM. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to delve into the interaction of sunitinib and the identified compound M074-2865 with the kinase domain of HPK1. The five compounds identified in this work could be considered promising hit compounds for further development of HPK1 inhibitors for immunotherapy.