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Yang J, Tian E, Chen L, Liu Z, Ren Y, Mao W, Zhang Y, Zhang J. Development and therapeutic perspectives of CXCR4 antagonists for disease therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 275:116594. [PMID: 38879970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a subtype receptor protein of the GPCR family with a seven-transmembrane structure widely distributed in human tissues. CXCR4 is involved in diseases (e.g., HIV-1 infection), cancer proliferation and metastasis, inflammation signaling pathways, and leukemia, making it a promising drug target. Clinical trials on CXCR4 antagonists mainly focused on peptides and antibodies, with a few small molecule compounds, such as AMD11070 (2) and MSX-122 (3), showing promise in cancer treatment. This perspective discusses the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of CXCR4 and its role in diseases, mainly focusing on the SAR of CXCR4 antagonists. It also explores the standard structural features and target interactions of CXCR4 binding in different disease categories. Furthermore, it investigates various modification strategies to propose potential improvements in the effectiveness of CXCR4 drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Institute of Respiratory Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Erkang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Institute of Respiratory Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zihang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Institute of Respiratory Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yijiu Ren
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wuyu Mao
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Institute of Respiratory Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Institute of Respiratory Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Institute of Respiratory Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Zhou Z, Guo J, Hetrick B, Tiwari S, Haikerwal A, Han Y, Bond VC, Huang MB, Mankowski MK, Snyder BA, Hogan PA, Sharma SK, Liotta DC, Reid TE, Wilson LJ, Wu Y. Characterization of a CXCR4 antagonist TIQ-15 with dual tropic HIV entry inhibition properties. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012448. [PMID: 39146384 PMCID: PMC11349218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The chemokine co-receptors CXCR4 and CCR5 mediate HIV entry and signal transduction necessary for viral infection. However, to date only the CCR5 antagonist maraviroc is approved for treating HIV-1 infection. Given that approximately 50% of late-stage HIV patients also develop CXCR4-tropic virus, clinical anti-HIV CXCR4 antagonists are needed. Here, we describe a novel allosteric CXCR4 antagonist TIQ-15 which inhibits CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 infection of primary and transformed CD4 T cells. TIQ-15 blocks HIV entry with an IC50 of 13 nM. TIQ-15 also inhibits SDF-1α/CXCR4-mediated cAMP production, cofilin activation, and chemotactic signaling. In addition, TIQ-15 induces CXCR4 receptor internalization without affecting the levels of the CD4 receptor, suggesting that TIQ-15 may act through a novel allosteric site on CXCR4 for blocking HIV entry. Furthermore, TIQ-15 did not inhibit VSV-G pseudotyped HIV-1 infection, demonstrating its specificity in blocking CXCR4-tropic virus entry, but not CXCR4-independent endocytosis or post-entry steps. When tested against a panel of clinical isolates, TIQ-15 showed potent inhibition against CXCR4-tropic and dual-tropic viruses, and moderate inhibition against CCR5-tropic isolates. This observation was followed by a co-dosing study with maraviroc, and TIQ-15 demonstrated synergistic activity. In summary, here we describe a novel HIV-1 entry inhibitor, TIQ-15, which potently inhibits CXCR4-tropic viruses while possessing low-level synergistic activities against CCR5-tropic viruses. TIQ-15 could potentially be co-dosed with the CCR5 inhibitor maraviroc to block viruses of mixed tropisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jia Guo
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Brian Hetrick
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sameer Tiwari
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Amrita Haikerwal
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Yang Han
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Vincent C. Bond
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ming B. Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Marie K. Mankowski
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Southern Research Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Beth A. Snyder
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Southern Research Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Priscilla A. Hogan
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Southern Research Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Savita K. Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dennis C. Liotta
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Terry-Elinor Reid
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Lawrence J. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yuntao Wu
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
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3
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Xiong Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Li C, Yusong P, Wu J, Wang Y, Gu L, Butch CJ. Improving drug discovery with a hybrid deep generative model using reinforcement learning trained on a Bayesian docking approximation. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2023; 37:507-517. [PMID: 37550462 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-023-00523-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Generative approaches to molecular design are an area of intense study in recent years as a method to generate new pharmaceuticals with desired properties. Often though, these types of efforts are constrained by limited experimental activity data, resulting in either models that generate molecules with poor performance or models that are overfit and produce close analogs of known molecules. In this paper, we reduce this data dependency for the generation of new chemotypes by incorporating docking scores of known and de novo molecules to expand the applicability domain of the reward function and diversify the compounds generated during reinforcement learning. Our approach employs a deep generative model initially trained using a combination of limited known drug activity and an approximate docking score provided by a second machine learned Bayes regression model, with final evaluation of high scoring compounds by a full docking simulation. This strategy results in molecules with docking scores improved by 10-20% compared to molecules of similar size, while being 130 × faster than a docking only approach on a typical GPU workstation. We also show that the increased docking scores correlate with (1) docking poses with interactions similar to known inhibitors and (2) result in higher MM-GBSA binding energies comparable to the energies of known DDR1 inhibitors, demonstrating that the Bayesian model contains sufficient information for the network to learn to efficiently interact with the binding pocket during reinforcement learning. This outcome shows that the combination of the learned latent molecular representation along with the feature-based docking regression is sufficient for reinforcement learning to infer the relationship between the molecules and the receptor binding site, which suggest that our method can be a powerful tool for the discovery of new chemotypes with potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjin Xiong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yiqing Wang
- Icekredit Incorporated, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Yisheng Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Chenmei Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Peng Yusong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Junyu Wu
- Icekredit Incorporated, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Yiqing Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Lingyun Gu
- Department of Information Systems Technology and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Christopher J Butch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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Zou X, Zheng L, Zhuo X, Zhong Y, Wu Y, Yang B, He Q, Guo W. Copper-Promoted Aerobic Oxidative [3+2] Cycloaddition Reactions of N,N-Disubstituted Hydrazines with Alkynoates: Access to Substituted Pyrazoles. J Org Chem 2023; 88:2190-2206. [PMID: 36724037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A copper-promoted aerobic oxidative [3+2] cycloaddition reaction for the synthesis of various substituted pyrazoles from N,N-disubstituted hydrazines with alkynoates in the presence of bases is developed. This work involves a direct C(sp3)-H functionalization and the formation of new C-C/C-N bonds. In this strategy, inexpensive and easily available Cu2O serves as the promoter and air acts as the green oxidant. The reaction exhibits the advantages of high atom and step economy, high regioselectivity, and easy operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zou
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Lvyin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Xiaoya Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yumei Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yingying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Beining Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Qifang He
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
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Kumar N, Acharya V. Machine intelligence-guided selection of optimized inhibitor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from natural products. Comput Biol Med 2023; 153:106525. [PMID: 36603433 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) connects to the cluster of differentiation (CD4) and any of the entry co-receptors (CCR5 and CXCR4); followed by unloading the viral genome, reverse transcriptase, and integrase enzymes within the host cell. The co-receptors facilitate the entry of virus and vital enzymes, leading to replication and pre-maturation of viral particles within the host. The protease enzyme transforms the immature viral vesicles into the mature virion. The pivotal role of co-receptors and enzymes in homeostasis and growth makes the crucial target for anti-HIV drug discovery, and the availability of X-ray crystal structures is an asset. Here, we used the machine intelligence-driven framework (A-HIOT) to identify and optimize target-based potential hit molecules for five significant protein targets from the ZINC15 database (natural products dataset). Following validation with dynamic motion behavior analysis and molecular dynamics simulation, the optimized hits were evaluated using in silico ADMET filtration. Furthermore, three molecules were screened, optimized, and validated: ZINC00005328058 for CCR5 and protease, ZINC000254014855 for CXCR4 and integrase, and ZINC000000538471 for reverse transcriptase. In clinical trials, the ZINC000254014855 and ZINC000254014855 were passed in primary screens for vif-HIV-1, and we reported the specific receptor as well as interactions. As a result, the validated molecules may be investigated further in experimental studies targeting specific receptors in order to design and synergize an anti-HIV regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar
- Functional Genomics and Complex System Lab, HiCHiCoB, Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - Vishal Acharya
- Functional Genomics and Complex System Lab, HiCHiCoB, Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Mohamed H, Gurrola T, Berman R, Collins M, Sariyer IK, Nonnemacher MR, Wigdahl B. Targeting CCR5 as a Component of an HIV-1 Therapeutic Strategy. Front Immunol 2022; 12:816515. [PMID: 35126374 PMCID: PMC8811197 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.816515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is a major health burden for which successful therapeutic options are still being investigated. Challenges facing current drugs that are part of the established life-long antiretroviral therapy (ART) include toxicity, development of drug resistant HIV-1 strains, the cost of treatment, and the inability to eradicate the provirus from infected cells. For these reasons, novel anti-HIV-1 therapeutics that can prevent or eliminate disease progression including the onset of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are needed. While development of HIV-1 vaccination has also been challenging, recent advancements demonstrate that infection of HIV-1-susceptible cells can be prevented in individuals living with HIV-1, by targeting C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5). CCR5 serves many functions in the human immune response and is a co-receptor utilized by HIV-1 for entry into immune cells. Therapeutics targeting CCR5 generally involve gene editing techniques including CRISPR, CCR5 blockade using antibodies or antagonists, or combinations of both. Here we review the efficacy of these approaches and discuss the potential of their use in the clinic as novel ART-independent therapies for HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hager Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Theodore Gurrola
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rachel Berman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mackenzie Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ilker K. Sariyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael R. Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Brian Wigdahl,
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Kumar S, Gupta S, Rani V, Sharma P. Pyrazole Containing Anti-HIV Agents: An Update. Med Chem 2022; 18:831-846. [PMID: 34994333 DOI: 10.2174/1573406418666220106163846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyrazole scaffolds have gained importance in drug discovery and development for various pharmacological activities like antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, etc. Additionally, the pyrazole moiety has shown potent anti-HIV activity as a core heterocycle or substituted heterocycles derivatives (mono, di, tri, tetra, and fused pyrazole derivatives). To assist the development of further potential anti-HIV agents containing pyrazole nucleus, here we have summarized pyrazole containing anti-HIV compounds that have been reported by researchers all over the world for the last two decades. OBJECTIVE The present review concentrates on an assortment of pyrazole containing compounds, particularly for potential therapeutic activity against HIV. METHODS Google Scholar, Pubmed, and SciFinder were searched databases with ''pyrazol'' keywords. Further, the year of publication and keywords ''Anti-HIV'' filter was applied to obtain relevant reported literature for anti-HIV agents containing pyrazole as a core or substituted derivatives. RESULTS This review article has shown the comprehensive compilation of 220 compounds containing pyrazole nucleus and possessing anti-HIV activity by sorting approximately 40 research articles from 2001 to date. 1-(4-Benzoylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(4-fluoro-7-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl)ethane-1,2-dione (13), 3-(3-(2-(4-benzoylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-oxoacetyl)-4-fluoro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-7-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (31), 3-(3-(2-(4-benzoylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-oxoacetyl)-4-fluoro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-7-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (88), 3-cyanophenoxypyrazole derivative (130), and 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(4-methyl-5-((4-nitrophenyl)diazenyl)thiazol-2-yl)-3-phenyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[4,3-d]isoxazole (178) were the most potent mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-substituted, and fused pyrazole derivatives, respectively, which have shown potent anti-HIV activity among all the described derivatives as compared with standard anti-HIV drugs. CONCLUSION This review article provides an overview of the potential therapeutic activity of pyrazole derivatives against HIV that will be helpful for designing pyrazole containing compounds for anti-HIV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar
- Punjab Biotechnology Incubator, Mohali, Punjab - 160 059, India
- Regional Advance Water Testing Laboratory, Mohali, Punjab - 160 059, India
| | - Shiv Gupta
- Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab - 144 411, India
| | - Varsha Rani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, UP, 221005, India
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Syngene International Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore - 560 099, India
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Subhashini NJP, Kumar KP, Kumar EP, Shravani P, Singh SS, Vani T, Vijjulatha M. Design and synthesis of novel (Z)-5-((1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methylene)-3-((1-substituted phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)thiazolidine-2,4-diones: a potential cytotoxic scaffolds and their molecular modeling studies. Mol Divers 2021; 25:2017-2033. [PMID: 32361888 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to discover potential cytotoxic agents, a series of novel (Z)-5-((1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methylene)-3-((1-substituted phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives (8a-n) were designed and synthesized in various steps with acceptable reaction procedures with quantitative yields and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, HRMS and ESI-MS spectra. These newly synthesized novel derivatives were screened for their in vitro cell viability/cytotoxic studies against human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) with various concentrations of 0.625 µM, 1.25 µM, 2.5 µM, 5 µM and 10 µM, respectively. The biological interpretation assay outcome was demonstrated in terms of cell viability percentage reduction and IC50 values against standard reference drug cisplatin. Based on these results, most of the derivatives exhibited promising cytotoxic activity. Among them, particularly compounds 8j (R1 = OMe and R3 = NO2) and 8e (R3 = CF3) demonstrate remarkable cytotoxic activity with IC50 values 0.426 µM ± 0.455 and 0.608 µM ± 0.408, which are even better than the standard drug cisplatin 0.636 µM ± 0.458 and compounds 8m (R2 = OMe and R3 = OMe) and 8c (R3 = OMe) exhibited closely equivalent IC50 values to the standard drug with IC50 values 0.95 µM ± 0.32 and 0.976 µM ± 0.313 and rest of the compounds exhibits moderate cytotoxic activity. Moreover, molecular modeling studies and ADME calculations of the novel synthesized derivatives are in adequate consent with the pharmacological screening results.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J P Subhashini
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India.
| | - Kolluri Prashanth Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Edigi Praveen Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Putta Shravani
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 007, India
| | - Surya Sathyanarayana Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 007, India
| | - Tamalapakula Vani
- Molecular Modeling and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 007, India
| | - Manga Vijjulatha
- Molecular Modeling and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 007, India
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Kumar Bhardwaj V, Purohit R, Kumar S. Himalayan bioactive molecules as potential entry inhibitors for the human immunodeficiency virus. Food Chem 2020; 347:128932. [PMID: 33465692 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus interacts with the cluster of differentiation 4 receptors and one of the two chemokine receptors (CCR5 and CXCR4) to gain entry in human cells. Both the co-receptors are essential for viral entry, replication, and are considered critical targets for antiviral drugs. In this study, bioactive molecules from different Himalayan plants were screened considering their potential to bind with the CCR5 and CXCR4 co-receptors. We utilized computational and thermodynamic parameters to validate the binding of the selected biomolecules to the active site of the co-receptors. The molecules Butyl 2-ethylhexyl phthalate and Dactylorhin-A showed a higher binding affinity with CCR5 co-receptor than the standard antagonist Maraviroc. Moreover, Pseudohypericin, Amarogentin, and Dactylorhin-E exhibited stronger interactions with CXCR4 than the co-crystallized inhibitor Isothiourea-1 t. Hence, we suggest that these molecules could be developed as potential inhibitors of the CCR5 and CXCR4 co-receptors. However, this require further in-vitro and in-vivo validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar Bhardwaj
- Structural Bioinformatics Lab, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, HP, 176061, India; Biotechnology Division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, HP, 176061, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IHBT Campus, Palampur, HP, 176061, India
| | - Rituraj Purohit
- Structural Bioinformatics Lab, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, HP, 176061, India; Biotechnology Division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, HP, 176061, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IHBT Campus, Palampur, HP, 176061, India.
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, HP, 176061, India
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Dogan B, Durdagi S. Drug Re-positioning Studies for Novel HIV-1 Inhibitors Using Binary QSAR Models and Multi-target-driven In Silico Studies. Mol Inform 2020; 40:e2000012. [PMID: 33405326 DOI: 10.1002/minf.202000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Current antiretroviral therapies against HIV involve the usage of at least two drugs that target different stages of HIV life cycle. However, potential drug interactions and side effects pose a problem. A promising concept for complex disease treatment is 'one molecule-multiple target' approach to overcome undesired effects of multiple drugs. Additionally, it is beneficial to consider drug re-purposing due to the cost of taking a drug into the market. Taking these into account, here potential anti-HIV compounds are suggested by virtually screening small approved drug molecules and clinical candidates. Initially, binary QSAR models are used to predict the therapeutic activity of around 7900 compounds against HIV and to predict the toxicity of molecules with high therapeutic activities. Selected compounds are considered for molecular docking studies against two targets, HIV-1 protease enzyme, and chemokine co-receptor CCR5. The top docking poses for all 549 molecules are then subjected to short (1 ns) individual molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and they are ranked based on their calculated relative binding free energies. Finally, 25 molecules are selected for long (200 ns) MD simulations, and 5 molecules are suggested as promising multi-target HIV agents. The results of this study may open new avenues for the designing of new dual HIV-1 inhibitor scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berna Dogan
- Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serdar Durdagi
- Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
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11
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Mirza MU, Saadabadi A, Vanmeert M, Salo-Ahen OMH, Abdullah I, Claes S, De Jonghe S, Schols D, Ahmad S, Froeyen M. Discovery of HIV entry inhibitors via a hybrid CXCR4 and CCR5 receptor pharmacophore-based virtual screening approach. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 155:105537. [PMID: 32890663 PMCID: PMC7467125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are key regulators of cell migration in terms of immunity and inflammation. Among these, CCR5 and CXCR4 play pivotal roles in cancer metastasis and HIV-1 transmission and infection. They act as essential co-receptors for HIV and furnish a route to the cell entry. In particular, inhibition of either CCR5 or CXCR4 leads very often the virus to shift to a more virulent dual-tropic strain. Therefore, dual receptor inhibition might improve the therapeutic strategies against HIV. In this study, we aimed to discover selective CCR5, CXCR4, and dual CCR5/CXCR4 antagonists using both receptor- and ligand-based computational methods. We employed this approach to fully incorporate the interaction attributes of the binding pocket together with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and binding free energy calculations. The best hits were evaluated for their anti-HIV-1 activity against CXCR4- and CCR5-specific NL4.3 and BaL strains. Moreover, the Ca2+ mobilization assay was used to evaluate their antagonistic activity. From the 27 tested compounds, three were identified as inhibitors: compounds 27 (CCR5), 6 (CXCR4) and 3 (dual) with IC50 values ranging from 10.64 to 64.56 μM. The binding mode analysis suggests that the active compounds form a salt bridge with the glutamates and π-stacking interactions with the aromatic side chains binding site residues of the respective co-receptor. The presented hierarchical virtual screening approach provides essential aspects in identifying potential antagonists in terms of selectivity against a specific co-receptor. The compounds having multiple heterocyclic nitrogen atoms proved to be relatively more specific towards CXCR4 inhibition as compared to CCR5. The identified compounds serve as a starting point for further development of HIV entry inhibitors through synthesis and quantitative structure-activity relationship studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman Mirza
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Atefeh Saadabadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Pharmacy, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Michiel Vanmeert
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Outi M H Salo-Ahen
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Pharmacy, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Iskandar Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 59100, Malaysia
| | - Sandra Claes
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Jonghe
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarfraz Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 59100, Malaysia
| | - Matheus Froeyen
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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12
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You H, Su X, Su G. Novel thiazole-pyrazolone hybrids as potent ACE inhibitors and their cardioprotective effect on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 353:e2000140. [PMID: 32841430 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A facile synthesis of a group of novel thiazole-pyrazolone hybrids and their investigation for angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition are reported in this study. These compounds were synthesized using a well-known approach, based on the condensation of ethyl acetoacetate with thiazolylhydrazines, and characterized by various spectroscopic and analytical techniques. The entire set of compounds displayed a moderate-to-excellent inhibitory activity against ACE. In particular, compound 4i was found to be the most potent ACE inhibitor and was further studied for cardioprotective effects against isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. Compound 4i improved the cardiac function and prevented cardiac injury induced by ISO in Sprague Dawley rats. The levels of oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines were also restored to near normal by 4i as compared with the ISO group. In the Western blot analysis, compound 4i prevented mitochondrial apoptosis after MI by downregulating the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax, with the upregulation of Bcl-2, as compared with the ISO group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwen You
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xinyou Su
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guoying Su
- Department of Cardiology, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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13
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Subba Reddy CV, Sumathi S. l‐
Proline Catalyzed Synthesis of Highly Functionalized 4‐Hydroxy‐
4H
‐chromene‐pyrazoles and 4‐Hydroxy‐
4H
‐chromene‐barbiturates in Aqueous Medium. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chitreddy V Subba Reddy
- Department of ChemistryVIT University Vellore 632014, Tamilnadu, Vellore India
- School of ChemistryThe Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135 Xingangxi Road Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanmugam Sumathi
- Department of ChemistryVIT University Vellore 632014, Tamilnadu, Vellore India
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14
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Zhang C, Zhu R, Cao Q, Yang X, Huang Z, An J. Discoveries and developments of CXCR4-targeted HIV-1 entry inhibitors. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:477-485. [PMID: 32019336 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220901498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is required for the entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) into target cells and its expression correlates with more profound pathogenicity, rapid progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and greater AIDS-related mortality. There is still no cure for AIDS and no method for preventing or eradicating HIV-1 infection. HIV-1 entry begins with the interaction of the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 and the primary receptor CD4, and subsequently with the coreceptors, CCR5 or CXCR4, on the host cells. Blocking the interaction of HIV-1 and its coreceptors is therefore a promising strategy for developing new HIV-1 entry inhibitors. This approach has a dual benefit, as it prevents HIV-1 infection and progression while also targeting the reservoirs of HIV-1 infected, coreceptor positive macrophages and memory T cells. To date, multiple classes of CXCR4-targeted anti-HIV-1 inhibitors have been discovered and are now at different preclinical and clinical stages. In this review, we highlight the studies of CXCR4-targeted small-molecule and peptide HIV-1 entry inhibitors discovered during the last two decades and provide a reference for further potential HIV-1 exploration in the future. Impact statement This minireview summarized the current progress in the identification of CXCR4-targeted HIV-1-entry inhibitors based on discovery/developmental approaches. It also provided a discussion of the inhibitor structural features, antiviral activities, and pharmacological properties. Unlike other reviews on anti-HIV-1 drug development, which have generally emphasized inhibitors that target intracellular viral replication and host genomic integration, this review focused on the drug discovery approaches taken to develop viral-entry inhibitors aimed at disturbing the initial step of viral interaction with uninfected host cells and preventing the subsequent viral replication/genomic integration. This review amalgamated recently published and important work on bivalent CXCR4-targeted anti-HIV-1-entry candidates/conjugates, discussed the research challenges faced in developing drugs to prevent and eradicate HIV-1 infection, and provided a perspective on strategies that can lead to future drug discoveries. The findings and strategies summarized in this review will be of interest to investigators throughout the microbiological, pharmaceutical, and translational research communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozai Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ruohan Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qizhi Cao
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ziwei Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing An
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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15
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Tahirovic YA, Pelly S, Jecs E, Miller EJ, Sharma SK, Liotta DC, Wilson LJ. Small molecule and peptide-based CXCR4 modulators as therapeutic agents. A patent review for the period from 2010 to 2018. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 30:87-101. [PMID: 31854208 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1707186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The chemokine receptor CXCR4 has been under intense study due to the central role it plays in immune system regulation and the pathology of many human diseases. The FDA approval of the first CXCR4 antagonist drug Plerixafor (i.e. AMD3100, Mozobil®) ushered in an increase in patent activity covering CXCR4 based therapeutic agents over the past decade.Areas covered: This article describes patent documents published during the period of 2010 through 2018 for both small molecules and peptide-based CXCR4 modulators as therapeutic agents. There is an expansion of intellectual property (IP) around existing and new small molecules of clinical interest, including new chemotypes featuring aromatic and aliphatic heterocycles. There is also significant IP covering peptide-based therapeutics, although about half as many in number as those covering small molecules.Expert opinion: In the last decade there has been significant interest in modulators of the CXCR4 receptor, as gauged by the number of patent filings and clinical investigations targeting this receptor for human disease intervention. Seven of the many CXCR4 modulators described herein, that are currently in human clinical trials, are likely to spur the creation of other FDA approved therapeutics in the near future, most likely as immune and oncology drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edgars Jecs
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric J Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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16
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Adlere I, Caspar B, Arimont M, Dekkers S, Visser K, Stuijt J, de Graaf C, Stocks M, Kellam B, Briddon S, Wijtmans M, de Esch I, Hill S, Leurs R. Modulators of CXCR4 and CXCR7/ACKR3 Function. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:737-752. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.117663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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17
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Wei Y, Li W, Du T, Hong Z, Lin J. Targeting HIV/HCV Coinfection Using a Machine Learning-Based Multiple Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (Multiple QSAR) Method. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143572. [PMID: 31336592 PMCID: PMC6678913 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 and hepatitis C virus (HIV/HCV) coinfection occurs when a patient is simultaneously infected with both human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is common today in certain populations. However, the treatment of coinfection is a challenge because of the special considerations needed to ensure hepatic safety and avoid drug–drug interactions. Multitarget inhibitors with less toxicity may provide a promising therapeutic strategy for HIV/HCV coinfection. However, the identification of one molecule that acts on multiple targets simultaneously by experimental evaluation is costly and time-consuming. In silico target prediction tools provide more opportunities for the development of multitarget inhibitors. In this study, by combining Naïve Bayes (NB) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms with two types of molecular fingerprints, MACCS and extended connectivity fingerprints 6 (ECFP6), 60 classification models were constructed to predict compounds that were active against 11 HIV-1 targets and four HCV targets based on a multiple quantitative structure–activity relationships (multiple QSAR) method. Five-fold cross-validation and test set validation were performed to measure the performance of the 60 classification models. Our results show that the 60 multiple QSAR models appeared to have high classification accuracy in terms of the area under the ROC curve (AUC) values, which ranged from 0.83 to 1 with a mean value of 0.97 for the HIV-1 models and from 0.84 to 1 with a mean value of 0.96 for the HCV models. Furthermore, the 60 models were used to comprehensively predict the potential targets of an additional 46 compounds, including 27 approved HIV-1 drugs, 10 approved HCV drugs and nine selected compounds known to be active against one or more targets of HIV-1 or HCV. Finally, 20 hits, including seven approved HIV-1 drugs, four approved HCV drugs, and nine other compounds, were predicted to be HIV/HCV coinfection multitarget inhibitors. The reported bioactivity data confirmed that seven out of nine compounds actually interacted with HIV-1 and HCV targets simultaneously with diverse binding affinities. The remaining predicted hits and chemical-protein interaction pairs with the potential ability to suppress HIV/HCV coinfection are worthy of further experimental investigation. This investigation shows that the multiple QSAR method is useful in predicting chemical-protein interactions for the discovery of multitarget inhibitors and provides a unique strategy for the treatment of HIV/HCV coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China
- Platform of Pharmaceutical Intelligence, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin 300000, China
| | - Tengfei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Zhangyong Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Jianping Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China.
- Platform of Pharmaceutical Intelligence, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin 300000, China.
- Biodesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China.
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18
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CCR5/CXCR4 Dual Antagonism for the Improvement of HIV Infection Therapy. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030550. [PMID: 30717348 PMCID: PMC6384722 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV entry in the host cell requires the interaction with the CD4 membrane receptor, and depends on the activation of one or both co-receptors CCR5 and CXCR4. Former selective co-receptor antagonists, acting at early stages of infection, are able to impair the receptor functions, preventing the viral spread toward AIDS. Due to the capability of HIV to develop resistance by switching from CCR5 to CXCR4, dual co-receptor antagonists could represent the next generation of AIDS prophylaxis drugs. We herein present a survey on relevant results published in the last few years on compounds acting simultaneously on both co-receptors, potentially useful as preventing agents or in combination with classical anti-retroviral drugs based therapy.
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19
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Adlere I, Sun S, Zarca A, Roumen L, Gozelle M, Viciano CP, Caspar B, Arimont M, Bebelman JP, Briddon SJ, Hoffmann C, Hill SJ, Smit MJ, Vischer HF, Wijtmans M, de Graaf C, de Esch IJP, Leurs R. Structure-based exploration and pharmacological evaluation of N-substituted piperidin-4-yl-methanamine CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 162:631-649. [PMID: 30476826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Using the available structural information of the chemokine receptor CXCR4, we present hit finding and hit exploration studies that make use of virtual fragment screening, design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. Fragment 2 was identified as virtual screening hit and used as a starting point for the exploration of 31 N-substituted piperidin-4-yl-methanamine derivatives to investigate and improve the interactions with the CXCR4 binding site. Additionally, subtle structural ligand changes lead to distinct interactions with CXCR4 resulting in a full to partial displacement of CXCL12 binding and competitive and/or non-competitive antagonism. Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) and binding model studies were used to identify important hydrophobic interactions that determine binding affinity and indicate key ligand-receptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Adlere
- Griffin Discoveries BV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S Sun
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Zarca
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L Roumen
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Gozelle
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06560, Ankara, Turkey
| | - C Perpiñá Viciano
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - B Caspar
- Division of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - M Arimont
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J P Bebelman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S J Briddon
- Division of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - C Hoffmann
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - S J Hill
- Division of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - M J Smit
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H F Vischer
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Wijtmans
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C de Graaf
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - I J P de Esch
- Griffin Discoveries BV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R Leurs
- Griffin Discoveries BV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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20
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Ortiz Zacarías NV, van Veldhoven JPD, Portner L, van Spronsen E, Ullo S, Veenhuizen M, van der Velden WJC, Zweemer AJM, Kreekel RM, Oenema K, Lenselink EB, Heitman LH, IJzerman AP. Pyrrolone Derivatives as Intracellular Allosteric Modulators for Chemokine Receptors: Selective and Dual-Targeting Inhibitors of CC Chemokine Receptors 1 and 2. J Med Chem 2018; 61:9146-9161. [PMID: 30256641 PMCID: PMC6328288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
recent crystal structures of CC chemokine receptors 2 and 9
(CCR2 and CCR9) have provided structural evidence for an allosteric,
intracellular binding site. The high conservation of residues involved
in this site suggests its presence in most chemokine receptors, including
the close homologue CCR1. By using [3H]CCR2-RA-[R], a high-affinity, CCR2 intracellular ligand, we report
an intracellular binding site in CCR1, where this radioligand also
binds with high affinity. In addition, we report the synthesis and
biological characterization of a series of pyrrolone derivatives for
CCR1 and CCR2, which allowed us to identify several high-affinity
intracellular ligands, including selective and potential multitarget
antagonists. Evaluation of selected compounds in a functional [35S]GTPγS assay revealed that they act as inverse agonists
in CCR1, providing a new manner of pharmacological modulation. Thus,
this intracellular binding site enables the design of selective and
multitarget inhibitors as a novel therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Ortiz Zacarías
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Jacobus P D van Veldhoven
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Laura Portner
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Eric van Spronsen
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Salviana Ullo
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Margo Veenhuizen
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Wijnand J C van der Velden
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Annelien J M Zweemer
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Roy M Kreekel
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Kenny Oenema
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Eelke B Lenselink
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
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21
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Mostashari Rad T, Saghaie L, Fassihi A. HIV-1 Entry Inhibitors: A Review of Experimental and Computational Studies. Chem Biodivers 2018; 15:e1800159. [PMID: 30027572 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 life cycle consists of different events, such as cell entry and fusion, virus replication, assembly and release of the newly formed virions. The more logical way to inhibit HIV transmission among individuals is to inhibit its entry into the immune host cells rather than targeting the intracellular viral enzymes. Both viral and host cell surface receptors and co-receptors are regarded as potential targets in anti-HIV-1 drug design process. Because of the importance of this topic it was decided to summarize recent reports on small-molecule HIV-1 entry inhibitors that have not been considered in the latest released reviews. All the computational studies reported in the literature regarding HIV-1 entry inhibitors since 2014 was also considered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Mostashari Rad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Lotfollah Saghaie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Afshin Fassihi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461, Isfahan, Iran.,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461, Isfahan, Iran
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22
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Huang MB, Giesler KE, Katzman BM, Prosser AR, Truax V, Liotta DC, Wilson LJ, Bond VC. Small molecule CXCR4 antagonists block the HIV-1 Nef/CXCR4 axis and selectively initiate the apoptotic program in breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:16996-17013. [PMID: 29682200 PMCID: PMC5908301 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 plays an integral role in the development of highly metastatic breast cancer and in the pathogenesis of chronic HIV infection. In this study, we compared the effects of CXCR4 antagonists on apoptosis induction in hematopoietic cells and in tumor cells. We incubated cells expressing CXCR4 with a series of CXCR4 antagonists and subsequently exposed the cultures to a pro-apoptotic peptide derived from the HIV-1 Nef protein (NefM1). The NefM1 peptide contains residues 50-60 of Nef and was previously shown to be the sequence necessary for Nef to initiate the apoptotic program through CXCR4 signaling. We found that several of the compounds studied potently blocked Nef-induced apoptosis in Jurkat T-lymphocyte cells. Interestingly, many of the same compounds selectively triggered apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, in some cases at sub-nanomolar concentrations. None of the compounds were toxic to lymphocyte, monocyte or macrophage cells, suggesting that aggressive breast cancer carcinomas may be selectively targeted and eliminated using CXCR4-based therapies without additional cytotoxic agents. Our results also demonstrate that not all CXCR4 antagonists are alike and that the observed anti-Nef and pro-apoptotic effects are chemically tunable. Collectively, these findings suggest our CXCR4 antagonists have promising clinical utility for HIV or breast cancer therapies as well as being useful probes to examine the link between CXCR4 and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Bo Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310, United States
| | - Kyle E. Giesler
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Brooke M. Katzman
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Anthony R. Prosser
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Valarie Truax
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Dennis C. Liotta
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Lawrence J. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Vincent C. Bond
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310, United States
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23
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de Castro S, Camarasa MJ. Polypharmacology in HIV inhibition: can a drug with simultaneous action against two relevant targets be an alternative to combination therapy? Eur J Med Chem 2018. [PMID: 29529501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection still has a serious health and socio-economical impact and is one of the primary causes of morbidity and mortality all over the world. HIV infection and the AIDS pandemic are still matters of great concern, especially in less developed countries where the access to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is limited. Patient compliance is another serious drawback. Nowadays, HAART is the treatment of choice although it is not the panacea. Despite the fact that it suppresses viral replication at undetectable viral loads and prevents progression of HIV infection into AIDS HAART has several pitfalls, namely, long-term side-effects, drug resistance development, emergence of drug-resistant viruses, low compliance and the intolerance of some patients to these drugs. Moreover, another serious health concern is the event of co-infection with more than one pathogen at the same time (e.g. HIV and HCV, HBV, herpes viruses, etc). Currently, the multi-target drug approach has become an exciting strategy to address complex diseases and overcome drug resistance development. Such multifunctional molecules combine in their structure pharmacophores that may simultaneously interfere with multiple targets and their use may eventually be more safe and efficacious than that involving a mixture of separate molecules because of avoidance or delay of drug resistance, lower incidence of unwanted drug-drug interactions and improved compliance. In this review we focus on multifunctional molecules with dual activity against different targets of the HIV life cycle or able to block replication, not only of HIV but also of other viruses that are often co-pathogens of HIV. The different approaches are documented by selected examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia de Castro
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM, CSIC) Juan de La Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-José Camarasa
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM, CSIC) Juan de La Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
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24
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Peng D, Cao B, Zhou YJ, Long YQ. The chemical diversity and structure-based evolution of non-peptide CXCR4 antagonists with diverse therapeutic potential. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 149:148-169. [PMID: 29500940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a highly reserved G-protein coupled 7-transmembrane (TM) chemokine receptor which consists of 352 amino acids. CXCR4 has only one endogenous chemokine ligand of CXCL12, besides several other natural nonchemokine ligands such as extracellular ubiquitin and noncognate ligand of MIF. CXCR4 strongly binds to CXCL12 and the resulting CXCLl2/CXCR4 axis is the molecular basis of their various biological functions, which include: (1) mediating immune and inflammatory response; (2) regulation of hematopoietic stem cell migration and homing; (3) an essential co-receptor for HIV entry into host cells; (4) participation in the process of embryonic development; (5) malignant tumor invasion and metastasis; (6) myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke and acute kidney injury. Correspondingly, CXCR4 antagonists find potential therapeutic applications in HIV infection, as well as hematopoietic stem cell migration, inflammation, immune-related diseases, tumor and ischemic diseases. Recently, great achievements have been made and a number of non-peptide CXCR4 antagonists with diversity scaffolds have been discovered. In this review, the discovery of small molecule CXCR4 antagonists focused on the structures, activities, evolution and development of representative CXCR4 antagonists is comprehensively described. The central role of CXCR4 in diverse cellular signaling pathways and its involvement in several diseases progressions are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Peng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Bin Cao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ying-Jun Zhou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Ya-Qiu Long
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou 215123, China.
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25
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Shah HR, Savjani JK. Recent updates for designing CCR5 antagonists as anti-retroviral agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 147:115-129. [PMID: 29425816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The healthcare system faces various challenges in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) therapy due to resistance to Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) as a consequence of the evolutionary process. Despite the success of antiretroviral drugs like Zidovudine, Zalcitabine, Raltegravir WHO ranks HIV as one of the deadliest diseases with a mortality of one million lives in 2016. Thus, there emerges an urgency of developing a novel anti-retroviral agent that combat resistant HIV strains. The clinical development of ART from a single drug regimen to current triple drug combination is very slow. The progression in the structural biology of the viral envelope prompted the discovery of novel targets, which can be demonstrated a proficient approach for drug design of anti-retroviral agents. The current review enlightens the recent updates in the structural biology of the viral envelope and focuses on CCR5 as a validated target as well as ways to overcome CCR5 resistance. The article also throws light on the SAR studies and most prevalent mutations in the receptor for designing CCR5 antagonists that can combat HIV-1 infection. To conclude, the paper lists diversified scaffolds that are in pipeline by various pharmaceutical companies that could provide an aid for developing novel CCR5 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshil R Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, S.G. Highway, Ahmedabad 382481, India
| | - Jignasa Ketan Savjani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, S.G. Highway, Ahmedabad 382481, India.
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26
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Wu CH, Song JS, Kuan HH, Wu SH, Chou MC, Jan JJ, Tsou LK, Ke YY, Chen CT, Yeh KC, Wang SY, Yeh TK, Tseng CT, Huang CL, Wu MH, Kuo PC, Lee CJ, Shia KS. Development of Stem-Cell-Mobilizing Agents Targeting CXCR4 Receptor for Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation and Beyond. J Med Chem 2018; 61:818-833. [PMID: 29314840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The function of the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis accounts for many disease indications, including tissue/nerve regeneration, cancer metastasis, and inflammation. Blocking CXCR4 signaling with its antagonists may lead to moving out CXCR4+ cell types from bone marrow to peripheral circulation. We have discovered a novel series of pyrimidine-based CXCR4 antagonists, a representative (i.e., 16) of which was tolerated at a higher dose and showed better HSC-mobilizing ability at the maximal response dose relative to the approved drug 1 (AMD3100), and thus considered a potential drug candidate for PBSCT indication. Docking compound 16 into the X-ray crystal structure of CXCR4 receptor revealed that it adopted a spider-like conformation striding over both major and minor subpockets. This putative binding mode provides a new insight into CXCR4 receptor-ligand interactions for further structural modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Huang Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jen-Shin Song
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsuan-Hao Kuan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Szu-Huei Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ming-Chen Chou
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jiing-Jyh Jan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Lun K Tsou
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Yu Ke
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chiung-Tong Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kai-Chia Yeh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Sing-Yi Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Teng-Kuang Yeh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chen-Tso Tseng
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chen-Lung Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Mine-Hsine Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Po-Chu Kuo
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Jui Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kak-Shan Shia
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, R.O.C
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27
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Faria JV, Vegi PF, Miguita AGC, dos Santos MS, Boechat N, Bernardino AMR. Recently reported biological activities of pyrazole compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:5891-5903. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Corona A, Onnis V, Deplano A, Bianco G, Demurtas M, Distinto S, Cheng YC, Alcaro S, Esposito F, Tramontano E. Design, synthesis and antiviral evaluation of novel heteroarylcarbothioamide derivatives as dual inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase-associated RNase H and RDDP functions. Pathog Dis 2017; 75:3943645. [PMID: 28859311 PMCID: PMC6433301 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the continuous effort to identify new HIV-1 inhibitors endowed with innovative mechanisms, the dual inhibition of different viral functions would provide a significant advantage against drug-resistant variants. The HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT)-associated ribonuclease H (RNase H) is the only viral-encoded enzymatic activity that still lacks an efficient inhibitor. We synthesized a library of 3,5-diamino-N-aryl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbothioamide and 4-amino-5-benzoyl-N-phenyl-2-(substituted-amino)-1H-pyrrole-3-carbothioamide derivatives and tested them against RNase H activity. We identified the pyrazolecarbothioamide derivative A15, able to inhibit viral replication and both RNase H and RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (RDDP) RT-associated activities in the low micromolar range. Docking simulations hypothesized its binding to two RT pockets. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments showed that, with respect to wt RT, V108A substitution strongly reduced A15 IC50 values (12.6-fold for RNase H inhibition and 4.7-fold for RDDP), while substitution A502F caused a 9.0-fold increase in its IC50 value for RNase H, not affecting the RDDP inhibition, reinforcing the hypothesis of a dual-site inhibition. Moreover, A15 retained good inhibition potency against three non-nucleoside RT inhibitor (NNRTI)-resistant enzymes, confirming a mode of action unrelated to NNRTIs and suggesting its potential as a lead compound for development of new HIV-1 RT dual inhibitors active against drug-resistant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Corona
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Valentina Onnis
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Alessandro Deplano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Giulia Bianco
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Monica Demurtas
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Simona Distinto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Yung-Chi Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus “S. Venuta”, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Esposito
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
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29
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Arimont M, Sun SL, Leurs R, Smit M, de Esch IJP, de Graaf C. Structural Analysis of Chemokine Receptor-Ligand Interactions. J Med Chem 2017; 60:4735-4779. [PMID: 28165741 PMCID: PMC5483895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
This
review focuses on the construction and application of structural chemokine
receptor models for the elucidation of molecular determinants of chemokine
receptor modulation and the structure-based discovery and design of
chemokine receptor ligands. A comparative analysis of ligand binding
pockets in chemokine receptors is presented, including a detailed
description of the CXCR4, CCR2, CCR5, CCR9, and US28 X-ray structures,
and their implication for modeling molecular interactions of chemokine
receptors with small-molecule ligands, peptide ligands, and large
antibodies and chemokines. These studies demonstrate how the integration
of new structural information on chemokine receptors with extensive
structure–activity relationship and site-directed mutagenesis
data facilitates the prediction of the structure of chemokine receptor–ligand
complexes that have not been crystallized. Finally, a review of structure-based
ligand discovery and design studies based on chemokine receptor crystal
structures and homology models illustrates the possibilities and challenges
to find novel ligands for chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Arimont
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shan-Liang Sun
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Smit
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iwan J P de Esch
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris de Graaf
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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Design and computational support for the binding stability of a new CCR5/CXCR4 dual tropic inhibitor: Computational design of a CCR5/CXCR4 drug. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 75:71-79. [PMID: 28575798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects healthy human cells by binding to the glycoprotein cluster of differentiation 4 receptors on the surface of helper T-cells, along with either of two chemokine receptors, CC chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) or C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4). Recently, a pyrazolo-piperdine ligand was synthesized and the corresponding biological data showed good binding to both chemokine receptors, effectively blocking HIV-1 entry. Here, we exhaustively assess the atomistic binding interactions of this compound with both CCR5 and CXCR4, and we find that binding is driven by π-stacking interactions between aromatic rings on the ligand and receptor residues, as well as electrostatic interactions involving the protonated piperidine nitrogen. However, these favorable binding interactions were partially offset by unfavorable desolvation of active site glutamates and aspartates, prompting our proposal of a new, synthetically-accessible derivative designed to increase the electrostatic interactions without compromising the π-stacking features.
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31
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Kalita SJ, Bayan R, Devi J, Brahma S, Mecadon H, Deka DC. A new, convenient and expeditious synthesis of 4-alkyl-5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-ols in water through a multicomponent reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Kim MB, Giesler KE, Tahirovic YA, Truax VM, Liotta DC, Wilson LJ. CCR5 receptor antagonists in preclinical to phase II clinical development for treatment of HIV. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:1377-1392. [PMID: 27791451 PMCID: PMC5776690 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2016.1254615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The chemokine receptor CCR5 has garnered significant attention in recent years as a target to treat HIV infection largely due to the approval and success of the drug Maraviroc. The side effects and inefficiencies with other first generation agents led to failed clinical trials, prompting the development of newer CCR5 antagonists. Areas covered: This review aims to survey the current status of 'next generation' CCR5 antagonists in the preclinical pipeline with an emphasis on emerging agents for the treatment of HIV infection. These efforts have culminated in the identification of advanced second-generation agents to reach the clinic and the dual CCR5/CCR2 antagonist Cenicriviroc as the most advanced currently in phase II clinical studies. Expert opinion: The clinical success of CCR5 inhibitors for treatment of HIV infection has rested largely on studies of Maraviroc and a second-generation dual CCR5/CCR2 antagonist Cenicriviroc. Although research efforts identified several promising preclinical candidates, these were dropped during early clinical studies. Despite patient access to Maraviroc, there is insufficient enthusiasm surrounding its use as front-line therapy for treatment of HIV. The non-HIV infection related development activities for Maraviroc and Cenicriviroc may help drive future interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle B Kim
- a Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Kyle E Giesler
- a Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | | | - Valarie M Truax
- a Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Dennis C Liotta
- a Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
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33
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Synthesis of Pyrazole-Thiobarbituric Acid Derivatives: Antimicrobial Activity and Docking Studies. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21101337. [PMID: 27735850 PMCID: PMC6274314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A one-pot reaction was described that results in various pyrazole-thiobarbituric acid derivatives as new pharmacophore agents. These new heterocycles were synthesized in high yields with a broad substrate scope under mild reaction conditions in water mediated by NHEt2. The molecular structures of the synthesized compounds were assigned based on different spectroscopic techniques. The new compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activity. Compounds 4h and 4l were the most active compounds against C. albicans with MIC = 4 µg/L. Compound 4c exhibited the best activity against S. aureus and E. faecalis with MIC = 16 µg/L. However, compounds 4l and 4o were the most active against B. subtilis with MIC = 16 µg/L. Molecular docking studies for the final compounds and standard drugs were performed using the OpenEye program.
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34
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Zhang H, Kang D, Huang B, Liu N, Zhao F, Zhan P, Liu X. Discovery of non-peptide small molecular CXCR4 antagonists as anti-HIV agents: Recent advances and future opportunities. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 114:65-78. [PMID: 26974376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CXCR4 plays vital roles in HIV-1 life cycle for it's essential in mediating the interaction of host and virus and completing the entry process in the lifecycle of HIV-1 infection. Compared with some traditional targets, CXCR4 provides a novel and less mutated drug target in the battle against AIDS. Its antagonists have no cross resistance with other antagonists. Great achievements have been made recent years and a number of small molecular CXCR4 antagonists with diversity scaffolds have been discovered. In this review, recent advances in the discovery of CXCR4 antagonists with special attentions on their evolution and structure-activity relationships of representative CXCR4 antagonists are described. Moreover, some classical medicinal chemistry strategies and novel methodologies are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Boshi Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Fabao Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
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35
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Nelson AG, Zhang X, Ganapathi U, Szekely Z, Flexner CW, Owen A, Sinko PJ. Drug delivery strategies and systems for HIV/AIDS pre-exposure prophylaxis and treatment. J Control Release 2015; 219:669-680. [PMID: 26315816 PMCID: PMC4879940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The year 2016 will mark an important milestone - the 35th anniversary of the first reported cases of HIV/AIDS. Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) including Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) drug regimens is widely considered to be one of the greatest achievements in therapeutic drug research having transformed HIV infection into a chronically managed disease. Unfortunately, the lack of widespread preventive measures and the inability to eradicate HIV from infected cells highlight the significant challenges remaining today. Moving forward there are at least three high priority goals for anti-HIV drug delivery (DD) research: (1) to prevent new HIV infections from occurring, (2) to facilitate a functional cure, i.e., when HIV is present but the body controls it without drugs and (3) to eradicate established infection. Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) represents a significant step forward in preventing the establishment of chronic HIV infection. However, the ultimate success of PrEP will depend on achieving sustained antiretroviral (ARV) tissue concentrations and will require strict patient adherence to the regimen. While first generation long acting/extended release (LA/ER) DD Systems (DDS) currently in development show considerable promise, significant DD treatment and prevention challenges persist. First, there is a critical need to improve cell specificity through targeting in order to selectively achieve efficacious drug concentrations in HIV reservoir sites to control/eradicate HIV as well as mitigate systemic side effects. In addition, approaches for reducing cellular efflux and metabolism of ARV drugs to prolong effective concentrations in target cells need to be developed. Finally, given the current understanding of HIV pathogenesis, next generation anti-HIV DDS need to address selective DD to the gut mucosa and lymph nodes. The current review focuses on the DDS technologies, critical challenges, opportunities, strategies, and approaches by which novel delivery systems will help iterate towards prevention, functional cure and eventually the eradication of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette G Nelson
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Usha Ganapathi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Zoltan Szekely
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Charles W Flexner
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Patrick J Sinko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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36
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Curreli F, Kwon YD, Zhang H, Scacalossi D, Belov DS, Tikhonov AA, Andreev IA, Altieri A, Kurkin AV, Kwong PD, Debnath AK. Structure-Based Design of a Small Molecule CD4-Antagonist with Broad Spectrum Anti-HIV-1 Activity. J Med Chem 2015; 58:6909-6927. [PMID: 26301736 PMCID: PMC4676410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Earlier we reported the discovery and design of NBD-556 and their analogs which demonstrated their potential as HIV-1 entry inhibitors. However, progress in developing these inhibitors has been stymied by their CD4-agonist properties, an unfavorable trait for use as drug. Here, we demonstrate the successful conversion of a full CD4-agonist (NBD-556) through a partial CD4-agonist (NBD-09027), to a full CD4-antagonist (NBD-11021) by structure-based modification of the critical oxalamide midregion, previously thought to be intolerant of modification. NBD-11021 showed unprecedented neutralization breath for this class of inhibitors, with pan-neutralization against a panel of 56 Env-pseudotyped HIV-1 representing diverse subtypes of clinical isolates (IC50 as low as 270 nM). The cocrystal structure of NBD-11021 complexed to a monomeric HIV-1 gp120 core revealed its detail binding characteristics. The study is expected to provide a framework for further development of NBD series as HIV-1 entry inhibitors for clinical application against AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Curreli
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Lindsey F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Young Do Kwon
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Lindsey F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Daniel Scacalossi
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Lindsey F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Dmitry S. Belov
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Bld.75, 77–101b, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Artur A. Tikhonov
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Bld.75, 77–101b, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan A. Andreev
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Bld.75, 77–101b, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrea Altieri
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Bld.75, 77–101b, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Kurkin
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Bld.75, 77–101b, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Asim K. Debnath
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Lindsey F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
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