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Butler MS, Vollmer W, Goodall ECA, Capon RJ, Henderson IR, Blaskovich MAT. A Review of Antibacterial Candidates with New Modes of Action. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:3440-3474. [PMID: 39018341 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
There is a lack of new antibiotics to combat drug-resistant bacterial infections that increasingly threaten global health. The current pipeline of clinical-stage antimicrobials is primarily populated by "new and improved" versions of existing antibiotic classes, supplemented by several novel chemical scaffolds that act on traditional targets. The lack of fresh chemotypes acting on previously unexploited targets (the "holy grail" for new antimicrobials due to their scarcity) is particularly unfortunate as these offer the greatest opportunity for innovative breakthroughs to overcome existing resistance. In recognition of their potential, this review focuses on this subset of high value antibiotics, providing chemical structures where available. This review focuses on candidates that have progressed to clinical trials, as well as selected examples of promising pioneering approaches in advanced stages of development, in order to stimulate additional research aimed at combating drug-resistant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Butler
- Centre for Superbug Solutions and ARC Training Centre for Environmental and Agricultural Solutions to Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Waldemar Vollmer
- Centre for Superbug Solutions and ARC Training Centre for Environmental and Agricultural Solutions to Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Emily C A Goodall
- Centre for Superbug Solutions and ARC Training Centre for Environmental and Agricultural Solutions to Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Robert J Capon
- Centre for Superbug Solutions and ARC Training Centre for Environmental and Agricultural Solutions to Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Centre for Superbug Solutions and ARC Training Centre for Environmental and Agricultural Solutions to Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Centre for Superbug Solutions and ARC Training Centre for Environmental and Agricultural Solutions to Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Butler MS, Henderson IR, Capon RJ, Blaskovich MAT. Antibiotics in the clinical pipeline as of December 2022. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2023; 76:431-473. [PMID: 37291465 PMCID: PMC10248350 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-023-00629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The need for new antibacterial drugs to treat the increasing global prevalence of drug-resistant bacterial infections has clearly attracted global attention, with a range of existing and upcoming funding, policy, and legislative initiatives designed to revive antibacterial R&D. It is essential to assess whether these programs are having any real-world impact and this review continues our systematic analyses that began in 2011. Direct-acting antibacterials (47), non-traditional small molecule antibacterials (5), and β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations (10) under clinical development as of December 2022 are described, as are the three antibacterial drugs launched since 2020. Encouragingly, the increased number of early-stage clinical candidates observed in the 2019 review increased in 2022, although the number of first-time drug approvals from 2020 to 2022 was disappointingly low. It will be critical to monitor how many Phase-I and -II candidates move into Phase-III and beyond in the next few years. There was also an enhanced presence of novel antibacterial pharmacophores in early-stage trials, and at least 18 of the 26 phase-I candidates were targeted to treat Gram-negative bacteria infections. Despite the promising early-stage antibacterial pipeline, it is essential to maintain funding for antibacterial R&D and to ensure that plans to address late-stage pipeline issues succeed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Butler
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Robert J Capon
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
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3
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Janin YL. On drug discovery against infectious diseases and academic medicinal chemistry contributions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1355-1378. [PMID: 36247982 PMCID: PMC9531561 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This perspective is an attempt to document the problems that medicinal chemists are facing in drug discovery. It is also trying to identify relevant/possible, research areas in which academics can have an impact and should thus be the subject of grant calls. Accordingly, it describes how hit discovery happens, how compounds to be screened are selected from available chemicals and the possible reasons for the recurrent paucity of useful/exploitable results reported. This is followed by the successful hit to lead stories leading to recent and original antibacterials which are, or about to be, used in human medicine. Then, illustrated considerations and suggestions are made on the possible inputs of academic medicinal chemists. This starts with the observation that discovering a "good" hit in the course of a screening campaign still rely on a lot of luck - which is within the reach of academics -, that the hit to lead process requires a lot of chemistry and that if public-private partnerships can be important throughout these stages, they are absolute requirements for clinical trials. Concerning suggestions to improve the current hit success rate, one academic input in organic chemistry would be to identify new and pertinent chemical space, design synthetic accesses to reach these and prepare the corresponding chemical libraries. Concerning hit to lead programs on a given target, if no new hits are available, previously reported leads along with new structural data can be pertinent starting points to design, prepare and assay original analogues. In conclusion, this text is an actual plea illustrating that, in many countries, academic research in medicinal chemistry should be more funded, especially in the therapeutic area neglected by the industry. At the least, such funds would provide the intensive to secure series of hopefully relevant chemical entities which appears to often lack when considering the results of academic as well as industrial screening campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves L Janin
- Structure et Instabilité des Génomes (StrInG), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, INSERM, CNRS, Alliance Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
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Kumar A, Karkara BB, Panda G. Novel candidates in the clinical development pipeline for TB drug development and their Synthetic Approaches. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:787-827. [PMID: 34397161 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and one of the deadliest infectious diseases in the world. Mtb has the ability to become dormant within the host and to develop resistance. Hence, new antitubercular agents are required to overcome problems in the treatment of multidrug resistant-Tb (MDR-Tb) and extensively drug resistant-Tb (XDR-Tb) along with shortening the treatment time. Several efforts are being made to develop very effective new drugs for Tb, within the pharmaceutical industry, the academia, and through public private partnerships. This review will address the anti-tubercular activities, biological target, mode of action, synthetic approaches and thoughtful concept for the development of several new drugs currently in the clinical trial pipeline (up to October 2019) for tuberculosis. The aim of this review may be very useful in scheming new chemical entities (NCEs) for Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India
| | - Bidhu Bhusan Karkara
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research University, Guntur, 522213, AP, India
| | - Gautam Panda
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India
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Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacteria infections are a growing concern, and their incidence has been increasing worldwide in recent years. Current treatments are not necessarily useful because many were initially designed to work against other bacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In addition, inadequate treatment means that resistant strains are increasingly appearing, particularly for Mycobacterium abscessus, one of the most virulent nontuberculous mycobacteria. There is an urgent need to develop new antibiotics specifically directed against these nontuberculous mycobacteria. To help in this fight against the emergence of these pathogens, this review describes the most promising heterocyclic antibiotics under development, with particular attention paid to their structure-activity relationships.
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Xue Y, Bai H, Peng B, Fang B, Baell J, Li L, Huang W, Voelcker NH. Stimulus-cleavable chemistry in the field of controlled drug delivery. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4872-4931. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01061h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review comprehensively summarises stimulus-cleavable linkers from various research areas and their cleavage mechanisms, thus provides an insightful guideline to extend their potential applications to controlled drug release from nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Xue
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Hua Bai
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Bo Peng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Bin Fang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Jonathan Baell
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton
- Victoria 3168
- Australia
| | - Lin Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Nicolas Hans Voelcker
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
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Ushiyama F, Amada H, Mihara Y, Takeuchi T, Tanaka-Yamamoto N, Mima M, Kamitani M, Wada R, Tamura Y, Endo M, Masuko A, Takata I, Hitaka K, Sugiyama H, Ohtake N. Lead optimization of 8-(methylamino)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolines as bacterial type II topoisomerase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115776. [PMID: 33032189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The global increase in multidrug-resistant pathogens has caused severe problems in the treatment of infections. To overcome these difficulties, the advent of a new chemical class of antibacterial drug is eagerly desired. We aimed at creating novel antibacterial agents against bacterial type II topoisomerases, which are well-validated targets. TP0480066 (compound 32) has been identified by using structure-based optimization originated from lead compound 1, which was obtained as a result of our previous lead identification studies. The MIC90 values of TP0480066 against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE), and genotype penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (gPRSP) were 0.25, 0.015, and 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Hence, TP0480066 can be regarded as a promising antibacterial drug candidate of this chemical class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihito Ushiyama
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan.
| | - Hideaki Amada
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Mihara
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Tomoki Takeuchi
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | | | - Masashi Mima
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kamitani
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Reiko Wada
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Yunoshin Tamura
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Mayumi Endo
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Aiko Masuko
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Iichiro Takata
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hitaka
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sugiyama
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Norikazu Ohtake
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
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Recent advances in DNA gyrase-targeted antimicrobial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 199:112326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Stokes SS, Vemula R, Pucci MJ. Advancement of GyrB Inhibitors for Treatment of Infections Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1323-1331. [PMID: 32183511 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The prospect of ever increasing antibiotic resistance eroding currently available treatment options for bacterial infections underscores the need to continue to identify new antibiotics, preferably those that act on novel targets or with novel mechanisms of action. Bacterial gyrase B subunit (GyrB), an essential component of bacterial gyrase required for successful DNA replication, represents such a target. We describe recent examples of GyrB inhibitors and point out their potential utility for treatment of mycobacterial diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Current therapeutic options for these diseases are often suboptimal due to resistance to current standard of care antibiotics. A future GyrB inhibitor-based antibiotic could offer a new and effective addition to the armamentarium for treatment of mycobacterial diseases and possibly for infections caused by other bacterial pathogens. One GyrB inhibitor, SPR720, has recently completed a first-in-human clinical trial and is in clinical development for the treatment of NTM and TB infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne S. Stokes
- Spero Therapeutics, 675 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rajender Vemula
- Spero Therapeutics, 675 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael J. Pucci
- Spero Therapeutics, 675 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Antibiotics in the clinical pipeline in October 2019. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2020; 73:329-364. [PMID: 32152527 PMCID: PMC7223789 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-020-0291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of new and effective antibacterial drugs to treat multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria, especially Gram-negative (G−ve) pathogens, is acknowledged as one of the world’s most pressing health issues; however, the discovery and development of new, nontoxic antibacterials is not a straightforward scientific task, which is compounded by a challenging economic model. This review lists the antibacterials, β-lactamase/β-lactam inhibitor (BLI) combinations, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) first launched around the world since 2009 and details the seven new antibiotics and two new β-lactam/BLI combinations launched since 2016. The development status, mode of action, spectra of activity, lead source, and administration route for the 44 small molecule antibacterials, eight β-lactamase/BLI combinations, and one antibody drug conjugate (ADC) being evaluated in worldwide clinical trials at the end of October 2019 are described. Compounds discontinued from clinical development since 2016 and new antibacterial pharmacophores are also reviewed. There has been an increase in the number of early stage clinical candidates, which has been fueled by antibiotic-focused funding agencies; however, there is still a significant gap in the pipeline for the development of new antibacterials with activity against β-metallolactamases, orally administered with broad spectrum G−ve activity, and new treatments for MDR Acinetobacter and gonorrhea.
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Ghannam IA, Abd El-Meguid EA, Ali IH, Sheir DH, El Kerdawy AM. Novel 2-arylbenzothiazole DNA gyrase inhibitors: Synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation, QSAR and molecular docking studies. Bioorg Chem 2019; 93:103373. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yi L, Lü X. New Strategy on Antimicrobial-resistance: Inhibitors of DNA Replication Enzymes. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1761-1787. [PMID: 29110590 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666171106160326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance is found in all microorganisms and has become one of the biggest threats to global health. New antimicrobials with different action mechanisms are effective weapons to fight against antibiotic-resistance. OBJECTIVE This review aims to find potential drugs which can be further developed into clinic practice and provide clues for developing more effective antimicrobials. METHODS DNA replication universally exists in all living organisms and is a complicated process in which multiple enzymes are involved in. Enzymes in bacterial DNA replication of initiation and elongation phases bring abundant targets for antimicrobial development as they are conserved and indispensable. In this review, enzyme inhibitors of DNA helicase, DNA primase, topoisomerases, DNA polymerase and DNA ligase were discussed. Special attentions were paid to structures, activities and action modes of these enzyme inhibitors. RESULTS Among these enzymes, type II topoisomerase is the most validated target with abundant inhibitors. For type II topoisomerase inhibitors (excluding quinolones), NBTIs and benzimidazole urea derivatives are the most promising inhibitors because of their good antimicrobial activity and physicochemical properties. Simultaneously, DNA gyrase targeted drugs are particularly attractive in the treatment of tuberculosis as DNA gyrase is the sole type II topoisomerase in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Relatively, exploitation of antimicrobial inhibitors of the other DNA replication enzymes are primeval, in which inhibitors of topo III are even blank so far. CONCLUSION This review demonstrates that inhibitors of DNA replication enzymes are abundant, diverse and promising, many of which can be developed into antimicrobials to deal with antibioticresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanhua Yi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Xin Lü
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
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Evolution and Antibacterial Evaluation of 8-Hydroxy-cycloberberine Derivatives as a Novel Family of Antibacterial Agents Against MRSA. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24050984. [PMID: 30862066 PMCID: PMC6429263 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-five new derivatives of 8-hydroxycycloberberine (1) were synthesized and evaluated for their activities against Gram-positive bacteria, taking 1 as the lead. Part of them displayed satisfactory antibacterial activities against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), as well as vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA). Especially, compound 15a displayed an excellent anti-MRSA activity with MICs (minimum inhibitory concentrations) of 0.25–0.5 μg/mL, better than that of 1. It also displayed high stability in liver microsomes and whole blood, and the LD50 value of over 65.6 mg·kg−1 in mice via intravenous route, suggesting a good druglike feature. The mode of action showed that 15a could effectively suppress topo IV-mediated decatenation activity at the concentration of 7.5 μg/mL, through binding a different active pocket of bacterial topo IV from quinolones. Taken together, the derivatives of 1 constituted a promising kind of anti-MRSA agents with a unique chemical scaffold and a specific biological mechanism, and compound 15a has been chosen for the next investigation.
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Durcik M, Tomašič T, Zidar N, Zega A, Kikelj D, Mašič LP, Ilaš J. ATP-competitive DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV inhibitors as antibacterial agents. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2019; 29:171-180. [PMID: 30686070 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2019.1575362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The bacterial topoisomerases DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV are validated targets for development of novel antibacterial agents. Fluoroquinolones inhibit the catalytic GyrA and/or ParC(GrlA) subunit and have been commonly used, although these have toxicity liabilities that restrict their use. The ATPase GyrB and ParE(GrlB) subunits have been much less explored and after withdrawal of novobiocin, there are no further marketed inhibitors . ATP-competitive inhibitors of GyrB and/or ParE(GrlB) are of special interest, as this target has been validated, and it is expected that many of the problems associated with fluoroquinolones can be avoided. AREAS COVERED This review summarises the development of ATP-competitive inhibitors of GyrB and/or ParE(GrlB) as novel antibacterial agents over the last 10 years. Structural features of the new inhibitors and their optimisation strategies are highlighted. EXPERT OPINION The development of novel ATP-competitive inhibitors of GyrB and/or ParE(GrlB) is ongoing in industrial and academical research. Development of resistance is one of the most problematic issues, but GyrB/ParE(GrlB) inhibitors do not show cross-resistance with fluoroquinolones. Other common issues, such as low solubility, high protein binding, development of off-target resistance, are related to the structures of the inhibitors themselves, which is thus a main focus of design strategies. With some now in early clinical development, there is reasonable expectation that novel ATP-competitive inhibitors of GyrB/ParE(GrlB) will reach the market in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Durcik
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Tihomir Tomašič
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Nace Zidar
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Anamarija Zega
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Danijel Kikelj
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | | | - Janez Ilaš
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia
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In Vitro and In Vivo Activities of DS-2969b, a Novel GyrB Inhibitor, and Its Water-Soluble Prodrug, DS11960558, against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.02556-17. [PMID: 29610202 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02556-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
DS-2969b is a novel GyrB inhibitor under clinical development. In this study, the in vitro activity of DS-2969b and the in vivo activities of DS-2969b and its water-soluble prodrug, DS11960558, against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were evaluated. DS-2969b inhibited the supercoiling activity of S. aureus DNA gyrase and the decatenation activity of its topoisomerase IV. DS-2969b showed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive aerobes but not against Gram-negative aerobes, except for Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae DS-2969b was active against MRSA with an MIC90 of 0.25 μg/ml, which was 8-fold lower than that of linezolid. The presence of a pulmonary surfactant did not affect the MIC of DS-2969b. DS-2969b showed time-dependent slow killing against MRSA. The frequency of spontaneous resistance development was less than 6.2 × 10-10 in all four S. aureus isolates at 4× MIC of DS-2969b. In a neutropenic MRSA-induced murine muscle infection model, DS-2969b was more efficacious than linezolid by both the subcutaneous and oral routes. DS-2969b and DS11960558 showed efficacy in a neutropenic murine MRSA lung infection model. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of DS-2969b and DS11960558 against MRSA were characterized in a neutropenic murine thigh infection model; the percentage of time during the dosing period in which the free drug concentration exceeded the MIC (fTMIC) correlated best with in vivo efficacy, and the static percent fTMIC was 43 to 49%. A sufficient fTMIC was observed in a phase 1 multiple-ascending-dose study of DS-2969b given orally at 400 mg once a day. These results suggest that DS11960558 and DS-2969b have potential for use as intravenous-to-oral step-down therapy for treating MRSA infections with a higher efficacy than linezolid.
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Gjorgjieva M, Tomašič T, Barančokova M, Katsamakas S, Ilaš J, Tammela P, Peterlin Mašič L, Kikelj D. Discovery of Benzothiazole Scaffold-Based DNA Gyrase B Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2016; 59:8941-8954. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gjorgjieva
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tihomir Tomašič
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Michaela Barančokova
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sotirios Katsamakas
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health
Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Janez Ilaš
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Päivi Tammela
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Danijel Kikelj
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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The Prodrug Approach: A Successful Tool for Improving Drug Solubility. Molecules 2015; 21:42. [PMID: 26729077 PMCID: PMC6273601 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Prodrug design is a widely known molecular modification strategy that aims to optimize the physicochemical and pharmacological properties of drugs to improve their solubility and pharmacokinetic features and decrease their toxicity. A lack of solubility is one of the main obstacles to drug development. This review aims to describe recent advances in the improvement of solubility via the prodrug approach. The main chemical carriers and examples of successful strategies will be discussed, highlighting the advances of this field in the last ten years.
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