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Hossain MA. Targeting the RAS upstream and downstream signaling pathway for Cancer treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 2024:176727. [PMID: 38866361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Cancer often involves the overactivation of RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) and PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathways due to mutations in genes like RAS, RAF, PTEN, and PIK3CA. Various strategies are employed to address the overactivation of these pathways, among which targeted therapy emerges as a promising approach. Directly targeting specific proteins, leads to encouraging results in cancer treatment. For instance, RTK inhibitors such as imatinib and afatinib selectively target these receptors, hindering ligand binding and reducing signaling initiation. These inhibitors have shown potent efficacy against Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Other inhibitors, like lonafarnib targeting Farnesyltransferase and GGTI 2418 targeting geranylgeranyl Transferase, disrupt post-translational modifications of proteins. Additionally, inhibition of proteins like SOS, SH2 domain, and Ras demonstrate promising anti-tumor activity both in vivo and in vitro. Targeting downstream components with RAF inhibitors such as vemurafenib, dabrafenib, and sorafenib, along with MEK inhibitors like trametinib and binimetinib, has shown promising outcomes in treating cancers with BRAF-V600E mutations, including myeloma, colorectal, and thyroid cancers. Furthermore, inhibitors of PI3K (e.g., apitolisib, copanlisib), AKT (e.g., ipatasertib, perifosine), and mTOR (e.g., sirolimus, temsirolimus) exhibit promising efficacy against various cancers such as Invasive Breast Cancer, Lymphoma, Neoplasms, and hematological malignancies. This review offers an overview of small molecule inhibitors targeting specific proteins within the RAS upstream and downstream signaling pathways in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Arafat Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh;.
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Targeting RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK signaling pathway in human cancer: Current status in clinical trials. Genes Dis 2022; 10:76-88. [PMID: 37013062 PMCID: PMC10066287 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular target inhibitors have been regularly approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for tumor treatment, and most of them intervene in tumor cell proliferation and metabolism. The RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway is a conserved signaling pathway that plays vital roles in cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. The aberrant activation of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway induces tumors. About 33% of tumors harbor RAS mutations, while 8% of tumors are driven by RAF mutations. Great efforts have been dedicated to targeting the signaling pathway for cancer treatment in the past decades. In this review, we summarized the development of inhibitors targeting the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway with an emphasis on those used in clinical treatment. Moreover, we discussed the potential combinations of inhibitors that target the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway and other signaling pathways. The inhibitors targeting the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway have essentially modified the therapeutic strategy against various cancers and deserve more attention in the current cancer research and treatment.
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Comparison of a newly developed high performance liquid chromatography method with diode array detection to a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of cabozantinib, dabrafenib, nilotinib and osimertinib in human serum - Application to therapeutic drug monitoring. Clin Biochem 2022; 105-106:35-43. [PMID: 35483452 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is a highly selective and sensitive method for the quantification of kinase inhibitors, yet not widely available in clinical routine for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). To provide a more accessible alternative, a high-performance liquid chromatography method with ultraviolet/diode array detection (HPLC-UV/DAD) to quantify cabozantinib, dabrafenib, nilotinib and osimertinib, was developed and validated. Results were compared to LC-MS/MS. METHOD After liquid-liquid-extraction and reconstitution of the residue in 20 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) (pH4.6), acetonitrile and methanol (50:25:25,v/v/v), chromatographic separation was achieved in 20.0 min using a Luna® C18(2)-HST column (100 × 2 mm, 2.5 μm), protected by a C18 guard column (4 × 2 mm) (column temperature: 30 °C, autosampler: 10 °C). Mobile phase A and B consisted of 20 mM KH2PO4 (pH4.9) and acetonitrile (9:1,v/v) and acetonitrile:20 mM KH2PO4 (pH4.9) (7:3,v/v), respectively. Gradient elution was performed at 200 µL/min. Analytes were quantified at 250, 280 and 330 nm, using sorafenib as internal standard. RESULTS Calibration curves were linear (35-2,000 ng/mL). Method validation assays met requirements by U.S. Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency. Compared to the more sensitive and specific LC-MS/MS, HPLC-UV/DAD showed a good correlation and a strong positive association (Kendall's tau 0.811¬-0.963, p < 0.05). Bland-Altman-plots revealed 100% (cabozantinib), 98.6% (dabrafenib), 98.6% (nilotinib) and 96.2% (osimertinib) of relative differences inside the limits of agreement. Regulatory agency criteria for sample reanalysis and cross validation were met (±20%-criterion:100% (cabozantinib), 94.3% (dabrafenib), 92% (nilotinib) and 84.6% (osimertinib). CONCLUSION The developed HPLC-UV/DAD method is "fit-for-TDM" in clinical routine and serves as a genuine alternative to LC-MS/MS.
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Targeted Cancer Therapy Using Compounds Activated by Light. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133237. [PMID: 34209493 PMCID: PMC8269035 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer chemotherapy is affected by a modest selectivity and toxic side effects of pharmacological interventions. Among novel approaches to overcome this limitation and to bring to therapy more potent and selective agents is the use of light for selective activation of anticancer compounds. In this review, we focus on the anticancer applications of two light-activated approaches still in the experimental phase: photoremovable protecting groups ("photocages") and photoswitches. We describe the structural considerations behind the development of novel compounds and the plethora of assays used to confirm whether the photochemical and pharmacological properties are meeting the stringent criteria for an efficient in vivo light-dependent activation. Despite its immense potential, light activation brings many challenges, and the complexity of the task is very demanding. Currently, we are still deeply in the phase of pharmacological tools, but the vivid research and rapid development bring the light of hope for potential clinical use.
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Aghai F, Zimmermann S, Kurlbaum M, Jung P, Pelzer T, Klinker H, Isberner N, Scherf-Clavel O. Development and validation of a sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay for the simultaneous determination of ten kinase inhibitors in human serum and plasma. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:599-612. [PMID: 33155133 PMCID: PMC7644392 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03031-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of ten kinase inhibitors (afatinib, axitinib, bosutinib, cabozantinib, dabrafenib, lenvatinib, nilotinib, osimertinib, ruxolitinib, and trametinib) in human serum and plasma for the application in daily clinical routine has been developed and validated according to the US Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency validation guidelines for bioanalytical methods. After protein precipitation of plasma samples with acetonitrile, chromatographic separation was performed at ambient temperature using a Waters XBridge® Phenyl 3.5 μm (2.1 × 50 mm) column. The mobile phases consisted of water-methanol (9:1, v/v) with 10 mM ammonium bicarbonate as phase A and methanol-water (9:1, v/v) with 10 mM ammonium bicarbonate as phase B. Gradient elution was applied at a flow rate of 400 μL/min. Analytes were detected and quantified using multiple reaction monitoring in electrospray ionization positive mode. Stable isotopically labeled compounds of each kinase inhibitor were used as internal standards. The acquisition time was 7.0 min per run. All analytes and internal standards eluted within 3.0 min. The calibration curves were linear over the range of 2–500 ng/mL for afatinib, axitinib, bosutinib, lenvatinib, ruxolitinib, and trametinib, and 6–1500 ng/mL for cabozantinib, dabrafenib, nilotinib, and osimertinib (coefficients of correlation ≥ 0.99). Validation assays for accuracy and precision, matrix effect, recovery, carryover, and stability were appropriate according to regulatory agencies. The rapid and sensitive assay ensures high throughput and was successfully applied to monitor concentrations of kinase inhibitors in patients. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Aghai
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Würzburg Medical Center, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zimmermann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Max Kurlbaum
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Würzburg Medical Center, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.,Core Unit Clinical Mass Spectrometry, University of Würzburg Medical Center, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pius Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Pneumonology, University of Würzburg Medical Center, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Theo Pelzer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Pneumonology, University of Würzburg Medical Center, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hartwig Klinker
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Würzburg Medical Center, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nora Isberner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Würzburg Medical Center, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Scherf-Clavel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
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Hoorens MWH, Ourailidou ME, Rodat T, van der Wouden PE, Kobauri P, Kriegs M, Peifer C, Feringa BL, Dekker FJ, Szymanski W. Light-controlled inhibition of BRAFV600E kinase. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 179:133-146. [PMID: 31252305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is amongst the most difficult types of cancer to treat, with current therapies mainly relying on the inhibition of the BRAFV600E mutant kinase. However, systemic inhibition of BRAF by small molecule drugs in cancer patients results - paradoxically - in increased wild-type BRAF activity in healthy tissue, causing side-effects and even the formation of new tumors. Here we show the development of BRAFV600E kinase inhibitors of which the activity can be switched on and off reversibly with light, offering the possibility to overcome problems of systemic drug activity by selectively activating the drug at the desired site of action. Based on a known inhibitor, eight photoswitchable effectors containing an azobenzene photoswitch were designed, synthesized and evaluated. The most promising inhibitor showed an approximately 10-fold increase in activity upon light-activation. This research offers inspiration for the development of therapies for metastatic melanoma in which tumor tissue is treated with an active BRAFV600E inhibitor with high spatial and temporal resolution, thus limiting the damage to other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W H Hoorens
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands; Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Maria E Ourailidou
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Theo Rodat
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Petra E van der Wouden
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Piermichele Kobauri
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Malte Kriegs
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology and UCCH Kinomics Core Facility, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Peifer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Frank J Dekker
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands; Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
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Sõrmus T, Lavogina D, Enkvist E, Uri A, Viht K. Efficient photocaging of a tight-binding bisubstrate inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:11147-11150. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04978a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PKA bisubstrate inhibitor photocaging resulted in an over 5 orders of magnitude affinity difference between the photocaged and the active inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanel Sõrmus
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Tartu
- 50411 Tartu
- Estonia
| | - Darja Lavogina
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Tartu
- 50411 Tartu
- Estonia
| | - Erki Enkvist
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Tartu
- 50411 Tartu
- Estonia
| | - Asko Uri
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Tartu
- 50411 Tartu
- Estonia
| | - Kaido Viht
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Tartu
- 50411 Tartu
- Estonia
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