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Paul A, Nahar S, Nahata P, Sarkar A, Maji A, Samanta A, Karmakar S, Maity TK. Synthetic GPR40/FFAR1 agonists: An exhaustive survey on the most recent chemical classes and their structure-activity relationships. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 264:115990. [PMID: 38039791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1 or GPR40) is a potential target for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and related disorders that have been extensively researched for many years. GPR40/FFAR1 is a promising anti-diabetic target because it can activate insulin, promoting glucose metabolism. It controls T2DM by regulating glucose levels in the body through two separate mechanisms: glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and incretin production. In the last few years, various synthetic GPR40/FFAR1 agonists have been discovered that fall under several chemical classes, viz. phenylpropionic acid, phenoxyacetic acid, and dihydrobenzofuran acetic acid. However, only a few synthetic agonists have entered clinical trials due to various shortcomings like poor efficacy, low lipophilicity and toxicity issues. As a result, pharmaceutical firms and research institutions are interested in developing synthetic GPR40/FFAR1 agonists with superior effectiveness, lipophilicity, and safety profiles. This review encompasses the most recent research on synthetic GPR40/FFAR1 agonists, including their chemical classes, design strategies and structure-activity relationships. Additionally, we have emphasised the structural characteristics of the most potent GPR40/FFAR1 agonists from each chemical class of synthetic derivatives and analysed their chemico-biological interactions. This work will hopefully pave the way for developing more potent and selective synthetic GPR40/FFAR1 agonists for treating T2DM and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhik Paul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata, 700 032, India.
| | - Sourin Nahar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata, 700 032, India.
| | - Pankaj Nahata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata, 700 032, India.
| | - Arnab Sarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata, 700 032, India; Bioequivalence Study Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Avik Maji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata, 700 032, India.
| | - Ajeya Samanta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata, 700 032, India.
| | - Sanmoy Karmakar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata, 700 032, India; Bioequivalence Study Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Tapan Kumar Maity
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata, 700 032, India.
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Kuranov SO, Pon Kina DA, Meshkova YV, Marenina MK, Khvostov MV, Luzina OA, Tolstikova TG, Salakhutdinov NF. Synthesis and Evaluation of Hypoglycemic Activity of Structural Isomers of ((Benzyloxy)phenyl)propanoic Acid Bearing an Aminobornyl Moiety. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098022. [PMID: 37175725 PMCID: PMC10178661 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Free fatty acid receptor-1 (FFAR1) agonists are promising candidates for therapy of type 2 diabetes because of their ability to normalize blood sugar levels during hyperglycemia without the risk of hypoglycemia. Previously, we synthesized compound QS-528, a FFA1 receptor agonist with a hypoglycemic effect in C57BL/6NCrl mice. In the present work, structural analogs of QS-528 based on (hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid bearing a bornyl fragment in its structure were synthesized. The seven novel compounds synthesized were structural isomers of compound QS-528, varying the positions of the substituents in the aromatic fragments as well as the configuration of the asymmetric center in the bornyl moiety. The studied compounds were shown to have the ability to activate FFAR1 at a concentration of 10 μM. The cytotoxicity of the compounds as well as their effect on glucose uptake in HepG2 cells were studied. The synthesized compounds were found to increase glucose uptake by cells and have no cytotoxic effect. Two compounds, based on the meta-substituted phenylpropanoic acid, 3-(3-(4-(((1R,2R,4R)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo-[2.2.1]heptan-2-ylamino)methyl)benzyloxy)phenyl)propanoic acid and 3-(3-(3-(((1R,2R,4R)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo [2.2.1]heptan-2-ylamino)methyl)benzyloxy)phenyl)propanoic acid, were shown to have a pronounced hypoglycemic effect in the oral glucose tolerance test with CD-1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey O Kuranov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Darya A Pon Kina
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yulia V Meshkova
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Mariya K Marenina
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Khvostov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga A Luzina
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tatiana G Tolstikova
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nariman F Salakhutdinov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9, Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Jurica EA, Wu X, Williams KN, Haque LE, Rampulla RA, Mathur A, Zhou M, Cao G, Cai H, Wang T, Liu H, Xu C, Kunselman LK, Antrilli TM, Hicks MB, Sun Q, Dierks EA, Apedo A, Moore DB, Foster KA, Cvijic ME, Panemangalore R, Khandelwal P, Wilkes JJ, Zinker BA, Robertson DG, Janovitz EB, Galella M, Li YX, Li J, Ramar T, Jalagam PR, Jayaram R, Whaley JM, Barrish JC, Robl JA, Ewing WR, Ellsworth BA. Optimization of Physicochemical Properties of Pyrrolidine GPR40 AgoPAMs Results in a Differentiated Profile with Improved Pharmacokinetics and Reduced Off-Target Activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 85:117273. [PMID: 37030194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
GPR40 AgoPAMs are highly effective antidiabetic agents that have a dual mechanism of action, stimulating both glucose-dependent insulin and GLP-1 secretion. The early lipophilic, aromatic pyrrolidine and dihydropyrazole GPR40 AgoPAMs from our laboratory were highly efficacious in lowering plasma glucose levels in rodents but possessed off-target activities and triggered rebound hyperglycemia in rats at high doses. A focus on increasing molecular complexity through saturation and chirality in combination with reducing polarity for the pyrrolidine AgoPAM chemotype resulted in the discovery of compound 46, which shows significantly reduced off-target activities as well as improved aqueous solubility, rapid absorption, and linear PK. In vivo, compound 46 significantly lowers plasma glucose levels in rats during an oral glucose challenge yet does not demonstrate the reactive hyperglycemia effect at high doses that was observed with earlier GPR40 AgoPAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Jurica
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States.
| | - Ximao Wu
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Kristin N Williams
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Lauren E Haque
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Richard A Rampulla
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Min Zhou
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Gary Cao
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Hong Cai
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Heng Liu
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Carrie Xu
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Lori K Kunselman
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Thomas M Antrilli
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Michael B Hicks
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Qin Sun
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Dierks
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Atsu Apedo
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Douglas B Moore
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Kimberly A Foster
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Mary Ellen Cvijic
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Reshma Panemangalore
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Purnima Khandelwal
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Jason J Wilkes
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Bradley A Zinker
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Donald G Robertson
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Evan B Janovitz
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Michael Galella
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Yi-Xin Li
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Julia Li
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Thangeswaran Ramar
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Prasada Rao Jalagam
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Ramya Jayaram
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Jean M Whaley
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Joel C Barrish
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Robl
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - William R Ewing
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
| | - Bruce A Ellsworth
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, United States
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How Arrestins and GRKs Regulate the Function of Long Chain Fatty Acid Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012237. [PMID: 36293091 PMCID: PMC9602559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
FFA1 and FFA4, two G protein-coupled receptors that are activated by long chain fatty acids, play crucial roles in mediating many biological functions in the body. As a result, these fatty acid receptors have gained considerable attention due to their potential to be targeted for the treatment of type-2 diabetes. However, the relative contribution of canonical G protein-mediated signalling versus the effects of agonist-induced phosphorylation and interactions with β-arrestins have yet to be fully defined. Recently, several reports have highlighted the ability of β-arrestins and GRKs to interact with and modulate different functions of both FFA1 and FFA4, suggesting that it is indeed important to consider these interactions when studying the roles of FFA1 and FFA4 in both normal physiology and in different disease settings. Here, we discuss what is currently known and show the importance of understanding fully how β-arrestins and GRKs regulate the function of long chain fatty acid receptors.
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Christensen M, Yunker LPE, Adedeji F, Häse F, Roch LM, Gensch T, dos Passos Gomes G, Zepel T, Sigman MS, Aspuru-Guzik A, Hein JE. Data-science driven autonomous process optimization. Commun Chem 2021; 4:112. [PMID: 36697524 PMCID: PMC9814253 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00550-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Autonomous process optimization involves the human intervention-free exploration of a range process parameters to improve responses such as product yield and selectivity. Utilizing off-the-shelf components, we develop a closed-loop system for carrying out parallel autonomous process optimization experiments in batch. Upon implementation of our system in the optimization of a stereoselective Suzuki-Miyaura coupling, we find that the definition of a set of meaningful, broad, and unbiased process parameters is the most critical aspect of successful optimization. Importantly, we discern that phosphine ligand, a categorical parameter, is vital to determination of the reaction outcome. To date, categorical parameter selection has relied on chemical intuition, potentially introducing bias into the experimental design. In seeking a systematic method for selecting a diverse set of phosphine ligands, we develop a strategy that leverages computed molecular feature clustering. The resulting optimization uncovers conditions to selectively access the desired product isomer in high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melodie Christensen
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada ,grid.417993.10000 0001 2260 0793Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ USA
| | - Lars P. E. Yunker
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Folarin Adedeji
- grid.417993.10000 0001 2260 0793Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ USA
| | - Florian Häse
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.494618.6Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, ON Canada ,ChemOS Sàrl, Lausanne, Vaud Switzerland
| | - Loïc M. Roch
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,ChemOS Sàrl, Lausanne, Vaud Switzerland
| | - Tobias Gensch
- grid.223827.e0000 0001 2193 0096Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Gabriel dos Passos Gomes
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.494618.6Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Tara Zepel
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Matthew S. Sigman
- grid.223827.e0000 0001 2193 0096Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Alán Aspuru-Guzik
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.494618.6Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.440050.50000 0004 0408 2525Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Jason E. Hein
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
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Rani L, Grewal AS, Sharma N, Singh S. Recent Updates on Free Fatty Acid Receptor 1 (GPR-40) Agonists for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:426-470. [PMID: 33100202 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666201023141326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has enthused the development of new antidiabetic targets with low toxicity and long-term stability. In this respect, free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1), which is also recognized as a G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), is a novel target for the treatment of T2DM. FFAR1/GPR40 has a high level of expression in β-cells of the pancreas, and the requirement of glucose for stimulating insulin release results in immense stimulation to utilise this target in the medication of T2DM. METHODS The data used for this review is based on the search of several scienctific databases as well as various patent databases. The main search terms used were free fatty acid receptor 1, FFAR1, FFAR1 agonists, diabetes mellitus, G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), GPR40 agonists, GPR40 ligands, type 2 diabetes mellitus and T2DM. RESULTS The present review article gives a brief overview of FFAR1, its role in T2DM, recent developments in small molecule FFAR1 (GPR40) agonists reported till now, compounds of natural/plant origin, recent patents published in the last few years, mechanism of FFAR1 activation by the agonists, and clinical status of the FFAR1/GPR40 agonists. CONCLUSION The agonists of FFAR1/GRP40 showed considerable potential for the therapeutic control of T2DM. Most of the small molecule FFAR1/GPR40 agonists developed were aryl alkanoic acid derivatives (such as phenylpropionic acids, phenylacetic acids, phenoxyacetic acids, and benzofuran acetic acid derivatives) and thiazolidinediones. Some natural/plant-derived compounds, including fatty acids, sesquiterpenes, phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, isoquinoline, and indole alkaloids, were also reported as potent FFAR1 agonists. The clinical investigations of the FFAR1 agonists demonstrated their probable role in the improvement of glucose control. Though, there are some problems still to be resolved in this field as some FFAR1 agonists terminated in the late phase of clinical studies due to "hepatotoxicity." Currently, PBI-4050 is under clinical investigation by Prometic. Further investigation of pharmacophore scaffolds for FFAR1 full agonists as well as multitargeted modulators and corresponding clinical investigations will be anticipated, which can open up new directions in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lata Rani
- Chitkara University School of Basic Sciences, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ajmer Singh Grewal
- Chitkara University School of Basic Sciences, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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Governa P, Caroleo MC, Carullo G, Aiello F, Cione E, Manetti F. FFAR1/GPR40: One target, different binding sites, many agonists, no drugs, but a continuous and unprofitable tug-of-war between ligand lipophilicity, activity, and toxicity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 41:127969. [PMID: 33771587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The progress made so far in the elucidation of the structure of free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1) and its secondary and ternary complexes with partial and full allosteric ligands led to the discovery of various putative binding regions on the FFAR1 surface. Attempts to develop FFAR1 agonists culminated with the identification of TAK-875 (1), whose phase 3 clinical trials were terminated due to potential liver toxicity. In the search of safer agonists, numerous classes of new compounds were designed, synthesized, and tested. Chemical decoration of the scaffolds was rationalized to reach a good balance between lipophilicity, activity, and toxicity. Today, targeting FFAR1 with positive modulators represents an attractive pharmacological tool for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), mainly because of the lack of hypoglycaemic side effects associated with several antidiabetic drugs currently available. Moreover, considering the involvement of FFAR1 in many physio-pathological processes, its agonists are also emerging as possible therapeutic tools for alleviating organ inflammation and fibrosis, as well as for the treatment of CNS disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Governa
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy-Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Caroleo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences-Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Calabria, Ed. Polifunzionale, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Gabriele Carullo
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy-Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Aiello
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences-Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Calabria, Ed. Polifunzionale, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Erika Cione
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences-Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Calabria, Ed. Polifunzionale, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Manetti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy-Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy.
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Barella LF, Jain S, Kimura T, Pydi SP. Metabolic roles of G protein-coupled receptor signaling in obesity and type 2 diabetes. FEBS J 2021; 288:2622-2644. [PMID: 33682344 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been increasing steadily worldwide. It is estimated that by 2045 more than 800 million people will be suffering from diabetes. Despite the advancements in modern medicine, more effective therapies for treating obesity and T2D are needed. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have emerged as important drug targets for various chronic diseases, including obesity, T2D, and liver diseases. During the past two decades, many laboratories worldwide focused on understanding the role of GPCR signaling in regulating glucose metabolism and energy homeostasis. The information gained from these studies can guide the development of novel therapeutic agents. In this review, we summarize recent studies providing insights into the role of GPCR signaling in peripheral, metabolically important tissues such as pancreas, liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue, focusing primarily on the use of mutant animal models and human data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz F Barella
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shanu Jain
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Takefumi Kimura
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sai P Pydi
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
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Cotman AE. Escaping from Flatland: Stereoconvergent Synthesis of Three-Dimensional Scaffolds via Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed Noyori-Ikariya Transfer Hydrogenation. Chemistry 2020; 27:39-53. [PMID: 32691439 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Noyori-Ikariya-type ruthenium(II)-catalysts for asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) have been known for 25 years and have proved as a well-behaved and user-friendly platform for the synthesis of chiral secondary alcohols. A progress has been made in the past five years in understanding the asymmetric reduction of complex ketones, where up to four stereocenters can be controlled in a single chemical transformation. Intriguing multi-chiral molecular architectures are therefore available in few well understood and robust synthetic steps from commercially available building blocks and possess handles for additional functionalization. The aim of this Review is to showcase the availability of three-dimensional scaffolds and homochiral lead-like compounds via ATH and inspire their direct use in drug discovery endeavors. Basic mechanistic insights are provided to demystify the stereo-chemical outcomes, as well as examples of diastereoselective transformations of enantiopure alcohols to give a feeling of how these rigid non-planar molecules can be further elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Emanuel Cotman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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10
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Furukawa H, Miyamoto Y, Hirata Y, Watanabe K, Hitomi Y, Yoshitomi Y, Aida J, Noguchi N, Takakura N, Takami K, Miwatashi S, Hirozane Y, Hamada T, Ito R, Ookawara M, Moritoh Y, Watanabe M, Maekawa T. Design and Identification of a GPR40 Full Agonist ( SCO-267) Possessing a 2-Carbamoylphenyl Piperidine Moiety. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10352-10379. [PMID: 32900194 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
GPR40/FFAR1 is a G-protein-coupled receptor expressed in pancreatic β-cells and enteroendocrine cells. GPR40 activation stimulates secretions of insulin and incretin, both of which are the pivotal regulators of glycemic control. Therefore, a GPR40 agonist is an attractive target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Using the reported biaryl derivative 1, we shifted the hydrophobic moiety to the terminal aryl ring and replaced the central aryl ring with piperidine, generating 2-(4,4-dimethylpentyl)phenyl piperidine 4a, which had improved potency for GPR40 and high lipophilicity. We replaced the hydrophobic moiety with N-alkyl-N-aryl benzamides to lower the lipophilicity and restrict the N-alkyl moieties to the presumed lipophilic pocket using the intramolecular π-π stacking of cis-preferential N-alkyl-N-aryl benzamide. Among these, orally available (3S)-3-cyclopropyl-3-(2-((1-(2-((2,2-dimethylpropyl)(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)carbamoyl)-5-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-4-yl)methoxy)pyridin-4-yl)propanoic acid (SCO-267) effectively stimulated insulin secretion and GLP-1 release and ameliorated glucose tolerance in diabetic rats via GPR40 full agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Furukawa
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Miyamoto
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Hirata
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Koji Watanabe
- Research Division, SCOHIA PHARMA Inc., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yuko Hitomi
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yayoi Yoshitomi
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Jumpei Aida
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Naoyoshi Noguchi
- Research Division, SCOHIA PHARMA Inc., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takakura
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Takami
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Seiji Miwatashi
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Hirozane
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Teruki Hamada
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Ryo Ito
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Mitsugi Ookawara
- Research Division, SCOHIA PHARMA Inc., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yusuke Moritoh
- Research Division, SCOHIA PHARMA Inc., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masanori Watanabe
- Research Division, SCOHIA PHARMA Inc., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Maekawa
- Research Division, SCOHIA PHARMA Inc., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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11
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Teng D, Chen J, Li D, Wu Z, Li W, Tang Y, Liu G. Computational Insights into Molecular Activation and Positive Cooperative Mechanisms of FFAR1 Modulators. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:3214-3230. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Teng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jianhui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Dongping Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zengrui Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Weihua Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yun Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Guixia Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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12
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Li Z, Zhou Z, Zhang L. Current status of GPR40/FFAR1 modulators in medicinal chemistry (2016–2019): a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2019; 30:27-38. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1698546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Evaluation of ordinary universities of Guangdong province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zongtao Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Evaluation of ordinary universities of Guangdong province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Construction and Application of New Drug Screening Model Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
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13
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Kimura I, Ichimura A, Ohue-Kitano R, Igarashi M. Free Fatty Acid Receptors in Health and Disease. Physiol Rev 2019; 100:171-210. [PMID: 31487233 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids are metabolized and synthesized as energy substrates during biological responses. Long- and medium-chain fatty acids derived mainly from dietary triglycerides, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut microbial fermentation of the otherwise indigestible dietary fiber, constitute the major sources of free fatty acids (FFAs) in the metabolic network. Recently, increasing evidence indicates that FFAs serve not only as energy sources but also as natural ligands for a group of orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) termed free fatty acid receptors (FFARs), essentially intertwining metabolism and immunity in multiple ways, such as via inflammation regulation and secretion of peptide hormones. To date, several FFARs that are activated by the FFAs of various chain lengths have been identified and characterized. In particular, FFAR1 (GPR40) and FFAR4 (GPR120) are activated by long-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, while FFAR3 (GPR41) and FFAR2 (GPR43) are activated by SCFAs, mainly acetate, butyrate, and propionate. In this review, we discuss the recent reports on the key physiological functions of the FFAR-mediated signaling transduction pathways in the regulation of metabolism and immune responses. We also attempt to reveal future research opportunities for developing therapeutics for metabolic and immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Kimura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Ichimura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryuji Ohue-Kitano
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miki Igarashi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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14
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of indane derived GPR40 agoPAMs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1842-1848. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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15
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Huang H, Meegalla SK, Lanter JC, Winters MP, Zhao S, Littrell J, Qi J, Rady B, Lee PS, Liu J, Martin T, Lam WW, Xu F, Lim HK, Wilde T, Silva J, Otieno M, Pocai A, Player MR. Discovery of a GPR40 Superagonist: The Impact of Aryl Propionic Acid α-Fluorination. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:16-21. [PMID: 30655940 PMCID: PMC6331191 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR40 is a G-protein-coupled receptor which mediates fatty acid-induced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells and incretion release from enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine. GPR40 full agonists exhibit superior glucose lowering compared to partial agonists in preclinical species due to increased insulin and GLP-1 secretion, with the added benefit of promoting weight loss. In our search for potent GPR40 full agonists, we discovered a superagonist which displayed excellent in vitro potency and superior efficacy in the Gαs-mediated signaling pathway. Most synthetic GPR40 agonists have a carboxylic acid headgroup, which may cause idiosyncratic toxicities, including drug-induced-liver-injury (DILI). With a methyl group and a fluorine atom substituted at the α-C of the carboxylic acid group, 19 is not only highly efficacious in lowering glucose and body weight in rodent models but also has a low DILI risk due to its stable acylglucuronide metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular & Metabolism in Vitro Biology, Cardiovascular &
Metabolism in Vivo Pharmacology, andPreclinical Drug Safety, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh and McKean Roads,Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Sanath K. Meegalla
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular & Metabolism in Vitro Biology, Cardiovascular &
Metabolism in Vivo Pharmacology, andPreclinical Drug Safety, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh and McKean Roads,Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - James C. Lanter
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular & Metabolism in Vitro Biology, Cardiovascular &
Metabolism in Vivo Pharmacology, andPreclinical Drug Safety, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh and McKean Roads,Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Michael P. Winters
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular & Metabolism in Vitro Biology, Cardiovascular &
Metabolism in Vivo Pharmacology, andPreclinical Drug Safety, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh and McKean Roads,Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Shuyuan Zhao
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular & Metabolism in Vitro Biology, Cardiovascular &
Metabolism in Vivo Pharmacology, andPreclinical Drug Safety, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh and McKean Roads,Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - James Littrell
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular & Metabolism in Vitro Biology, Cardiovascular &
Metabolism in Vivo Pharmacology, andPreclinical Drug Safety, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh and McKean Roads,Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Jenson Qi
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular & Metabolism in Vitro Biology, Cardiovascular &
Metabolism in Vivo Pharmacology, andPreclinical Drug Safety, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh and McKean Roads,Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Brian Rady
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular & Metabolism in Vitro Biology, Cardiovascular &
Metabolism in Vivo Pharmacology, andPreclinical Drug Safety, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh and McKean Roads,Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Paul S. Lee
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular & Metabolism in Vitro Biology, Cardiovascular &
Metabolism in Vivo Pharmacology, andPreclinical Drug Safety, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh and McKean Roads,Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Jianying Liu
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular & Metabolism in Vitro Biology, Cardiovascular &
Metabolism in Vivo Pharmacology, andPreclinical Drug Safety, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh and McKean Roads,Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Tonya Martin
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular & Metabolism in Vitro Biology, Cardiovascular &
Metabolism in Vivo Pharmacology, andPreclinical Drug Safety, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh and McKean Roads,Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Wing W. Lam
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular & Metabolism in Vitro Biology, Cardiovascular &
Metabolism in Vivo Pharmacology, andPreclinical Drug Safety, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh and McKean Roads,Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Fran Xu
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular & Metabolism in Vitro Biology, Cardiovascular &
Metabolism in Vivo Pharmacology, andPreclinical Drug Safety, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh and McKean Roads,Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Heng Keang Lim
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular & Metabolism in Vitro Biology, Cardiovascular &
Metabolism in Vivo Pharmacology, andPreclinical Drug Safety, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh and McKean Roads,Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Thomas Wilde
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular & Metabolism in Vitro Biology, Cardiovascular &
Metabolism in Vivo Pharmacology, andPreclinical Drug Safety, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh and McKean Roads,Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Jose Silva
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular & Metabolism in Vitro Biology, Cardiovascular &
Metabolism in Vivo Pharmacology, andPreclinical Drug Safety, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh and McKean Roads,Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Monicah Otieno
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular & Metabolism in Vitro Biology, Cardiovascular &
Metabolism in Vivo Pharmacology, andPreclinical Drug Safety, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh and McKean Roads,Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Alessandro Pocai
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular & Metabolism in Vitro Biology, Cardiovascular &
Metabolism in Vivo Pharmacology, andPreclinical Drug Safety, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh and McKean Roads,Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Mark R. Player
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular & Metabolism in Vitro Biology, Cardiovascular &
Metabolism in Vivo Pharmacology, andPreclinical Drug Safety, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh and McKean Roads,Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
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16
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Christensen M, Adedeji F, Grosser S, Zawatzky K, Ji Y, Liu J, Jurica JA, Naber JR, Hein JE. Development of an automated kinetic profiling system with online HPLC for reaction optimization. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00086k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Application of an automated profiling system with online HPLC uncovers an induction period in a cross-coupling and facilitates catalyst optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melodie Christensen
- Process Research and Development
- Merck & Co., Inc
- Rahway
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | | | - Shane Grosser
- Process Research and Development
- Merck & Co., Inc
- Rahway
- USA
| | | | - Yining Ji
- Process Research and Development
- Merck & Co., Inc
- Rahway
- USA
| | - Jinchu Liu
- Analytical Research and Development
- Merck & Co., Inc
- Rahway
- USA
| | - Jon A. Jurica
- Process Research and Development
- Merck & Co., Inc
- Rahway
- USA
| | - John R. Naber
- Process Research and Development
- Merck & Co., Inc
- Rahway
- USA
| | - Jason E. Hein
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
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17
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Gauthier DR, Rivera NR, Yang H, Schultz DM, Shultz CS. Palladium-Catalyzed Carbon Isotope Exchange on Aliphatic and Benzoic Acid Chlorides. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15596-15600. [PMID: 30384591 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An operationally simple protocol for a palladium-catalyzed 13CO and 14CO exchange with activated aliphatic and benzoic carbonyls is presented. Several 13C and 14C building blocks, natural product derivatives, and pharmaceuticals have been prepared to showcase the method for late-stage carbon isotope incorporation and its functional group compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Gauthier
- Department of Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - Nelo R Rivera
- Department of Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - Haifeng Yang
- Department of Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - Danielle M Schultz
- Department of Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - C Scott Shultz
- Department of Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
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18
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Chen HY, Plummer CW, Xiao D, Chobanian HR, DeMong D, Miller M, Trujillo ME, Kirkland M, Kosinski D, Mane J, Pachanski M, Cheewatrakoolpong B, Di Salvo J, Thomas-Fowlkes B, Souza S, Tatosian DA, Chen Q, Hafey MJ, Houle R, Nolting AF, Orr R, Ehrhart J, Weinglass AB, Tschirret-Guth R, Howard AD, Colletti SL. Structure-Activity Relationship of Novel and Selective Biaryl-Chroman GPR40 AgoPAMs. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:685-690. [PMID: 30034601 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of biaryl chromans exhibiting potent and selective agonism for the GPR40 receptor with positive allosteric modulation of endogenous ligands (AgoPAM) were discovered as potential therapeutics for the treatment of type II diabetes. Optimization of physicochemical properties through modification of the pendant aryl rings resulted in the identification of compound AP5, which possesses an improved metabolic profile while demonstrating sustained glucose lowering.
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19
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Chen T, Ning M, Ye Y, Wang K, Leng Y, Shen J. Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of GPR40 agonists containing amide linker. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 152:175-194. [PMID: 29705709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1/GPR40) attracted significant attention as a potential target for developing novel antidiabetic drugs because of its unique mechanism in glucose homeostasis. Several reports have expressed concerns about central nervous system (CNS) penetration of GPR40 agonists, which is possibly attributed to their high lipophilicity and low total polar surface area. Herein, we report our efforts to improve the physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic profiles of LY2881835, a GPR40 agonist that had undergone Phase I clinical trial, through a series of structural optimizations. We identified an orally efficacious compound, 15k, which possessed increased plasma exposure, prolonged half-life and reduced CNS exposure and liver to plasma distribution ratio compared with LY2881835. 15k is a potentially valuable lead compound in the development of safe and efficacious GPR40-targeted drugs to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mengmeng Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yangliang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ying Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Jianhua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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20
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Rives ML, Rady B, Swanson N, Zhao S, Qi J, Arnoult E, Bakaj I, Mancini A, Breton B, Lee SP, Player MR, Pocai A. GPR40-Mediated G α12 Activation by Allosteric Full Agonists Highly Efficacious at Potentiating Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion in Human Islets. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 93:581-591. [PMID: 29572336 DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.111369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR40 is a clinically validated molecular target for the treatment of diabetes. Many GPR40 agonists have been identified to date, with the partial agonist fasiglifam (TAK-875) reaching phase III clinical trials before its development was terminated due to off-target liver toxicity. Since then, attention has shifted toward the development of full agonists that exhibit superior efficacy in preclinical models. Full agonists bind to a distinct binding site, suggesting conformational plasticity and a potential for biased agonism. Indeed, it has been suggested that alternative pharmacology may be required for meaningful efficacy. In this study, we described the discovery and characterization of Compound A, a newly identified GPR40 allosteric full agonist highly efficacious in human islets at potentiating glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. We compared Compound A-induced GPR40 activity to that induced by both fasiglifam and AM-1638, another allosteric full agonist previously reported to be highly efficacious in preclinical models, at a panel of G proteins. Compound A was a full agonist at both the Gαq and Gαi2 pathways, and in contrast to fasiglifam Compound A also induced Gα12 coupling. Compound A and AM-1638 displayed similar activity at all pathways tested. The Gα12/Gα13-mediated signaling pathway has been linked to protein kinase D activation as well as actin remodeling, well known to contribute to the release of insulin vesicles. Our data suggest that the pharmacology of GPR40 is complex and that Gα12/Gα13-mediated signaling, which may contribute to GPR40 agonists therapeutic efficacy, is a specific property of GPR40 allosteric full agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Rives
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California (M.-L.R., N.S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolism (B.R., S.Z., J.Q., I.B., S.P.L., M.R.P., A.P.), and Computational Chemistry (E.A.), Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania; and Domain Therapeutics NA Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.M., B.B.)
| | - Brian Rady
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California (M.-L.R., N.S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolism (B.R., S.Z., J.Q., I.B., S.P.L., M.R.P., A.P.), and Computational Chemistry (E.A.), Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania; and Domain Therapeutics NA Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.M., B.B.)
| | - Nadia Swanson
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California (M.-L.R., N.S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolism (B.R., S.Z., J.Q., I.B., S.P.L., M.R.P., A.P.), and Computational Chemistry (E.A.), Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania; and Domain Therapeutics NA Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.M., B.B.)
| | - Shuyuan Zhao
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California (M.-L.R., N.S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolism (B.R., S.Z., J.Q., I.B., S.P.L., M.R.P., A.P.), and Computational Chemistry (E.A.), Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania; and Domain Therapeutics NA Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.M., B.B.)
| | - Jenson Qi
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California (M.-L.R., N.S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolism (B.R., S.Z., J.Q., I.B., S.P.L., M.R.P., A.P.), and Computational Chemistry (E.A.), Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania; and Domain Therapeutics NA Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.M., B.B.)
| | - Eric Arnoult
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California (M.-L.R., N.S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolism (B.R., S.Z., J.Q., I.B., S.P.L., M.R.P., A.P.), and Computational Chemistry (E.A.), Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania; and Domain Therapeutics NA Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.M., B.B.)
| | - Ivona Bakaj
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California (M.-L.R., N.S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolism (B.R., S.Z., J.Q., I.B., S.P.L., M.R.P., A.P.), and Computational Chemistry (E.A.), Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania; and Domain Therapeutics NA Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.M., B.B.)
| | - Arturo Mancini
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California (M.-L.R., N.S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolism (B.R., S.Z., J.Q., I.B., S.P.L., M.R.P., A.P.), and Computational Chemistry (E.A.), Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania; and Domain Therapeutics NA Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.M., B.B.)
| | - Billy Breton
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California (M.-L.R., N.S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolism (B.R., S.Z., J.Q., I.B., S.P.L., M.R.P., A.P.), and Computational Chemistry (E.A.), Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania; and Domain Therapeutics NA Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.M., B.B.)
| | - S Paul Lee
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California (M.-L.R., N.S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolism (B.R., S.Z., J.Q., I.B., S.P.L., M.R.P., A.P.), and Computational Chemistry (E.A.), Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania; and Domain Therapeutics NA Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.M., B.B.)
| | - Mark R Player
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California (M.-L.R., N.S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolism (B.R., S.Z., J.Q., I.B., S.P.L., M.R.P., A.P.), and Computational Chemistry (E.A.), Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania; and Domain Therapeutics NA Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.M., B.B.)
| | - Alessandro Pocai
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California (M.-L.R., N.S.); Cardiovascular and Metabolism (B.R., S.Z., J.Q., I.B., S.P.L., M.R.P., A.P.), and Computational Chemistry (E.A.), Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania; and Domain Therapeutics NA Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.M., B.B.)
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21
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Loh YY, Nagao K, Hoover AJ, Hesk D, Rivera NR, Colletti SL, Davies IW, MacMillan DWC. Photoredox-catalyzed deuteration and tritiation of pharmaceutical compounds. Science 2017; 358:1182-1187. [PMID: 29123019 PMCID: PMC5907472 DOI: 10.1126/science.aap9674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Deuterium- and tritium-labeled pharmaceutical compounds are pivotal diagnostic tools in drug discovery research, providing vital information about the biological fate of drugs and drug metabolites. Herein we demonstrate that a photoredox-mediated hydrogen atom transfer protocol can efficiently and selectively install deuterium (D) and tritium (T) at α-amino sp3 carbon-hydrogen bonds in a single step, using isotopically labeled water (D2O or T2O) as the source of hydrogen isotope. In this context, we also report a convenient synthesis of T2O from T2, providing access to high-specific-activity T2O. This protocol has been successfully applied to the high incorporation of deuterium and tritium in 18 drug molecules, which meet the requirements for use in ligand-binding assays and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yao Loh
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Kazunori Nagao
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Andrew J Hoover
- Labeled Compound Synthesis Group, Department of Process R&D, Merck Research Laboratories (MRL), Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - David Hesk
- Labeled Compound Synthesis Group, Department of Process R&D, Merck Research Laboratories (MRL), Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Nelo R Rivera
- Labeled Compound Synthesis Group, Department of Process R&D, Merck Research Laboratories (MRL), Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Steven L Colletti
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Ian W Davies
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Labeled Compound Synthesis Group, Department of Process R&D, Merck Research Laboratories (MRL), Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - David W C MacMillan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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22
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Rodrigues DA, Pinheiro PDSM, Ferreira TTDSC, Thota S, Fraga CAM. Structural basis for the agonist action at free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFA1R or GPR40). Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 91:668-680. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Alencar Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio); Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química; Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Pedro de Sena Murteira Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio); Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Thayssa Tavares da Silva Cunha Ferreira
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio); Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Sreekanth Thota
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio); Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
- National Institute for Science and Technology on Innovation on Neglected Diseases (INCT/IDN); Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS); Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Ministério da Saúde; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Manssour Fraga
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio); Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química; Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
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23
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Pachanski MJ, Kirkland ME, Kosinski DT, Mane J, Cheewatrakoolpong B, Xue J, Szeto D, Forrest G, Miller C, Bunzel M, Plummer CW, Chobanian HR, Miller MW, Souza S, Thomas-Fowlkes BS, Ogawa AM, Weinglass AB, Di Salvo J, Li X, Feng Y, Tatosian DA, Howard AD, Colletti SL, Trujillo ME. GPR40 partial agonists and AgoPAMs: Differentiating effects on glucose and hormonal secretions in the rodent. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186033. [PMID: 29053717 PMCID: PMC5650142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR40 agonists are effective antidiabetic agents believed to lower glucose through direct effects on the beta cell to increase glucose stimulated insulin secretion. However, not all GPR40 agonists are the same. Partial agonists lower glucose through direct effects on the pancreas, whereas GPR40 AgoPAMs may incorporate additional therapeutic effects through increases in insulinotrophic incretins secreted by the gut. Here we describe how GPR40 AgoPAMs stimulate both insulin and incretin secretion in vivo over time in diabetic GK rats. We also describe effects of AgoPAMs in vivo to lower glucose and body weight beyond what is seen with partial GPR40 agonists in both the acute and chronic setting. Further comparisons of the glucose lowering profile of AgoPAMs suggest these compounds may possess greater glucose control even in the presence of elevated glucagon secretion, an unexpected feature observed with both acute and chronic treatment with AgoPAMs. Together these studies highlight the complexity of GPR40 pharmacology and the potential additional benefits AgoPAMs may possess above partial agonists for the diabetic patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele J. Pachanski
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Melissa E. Kirkland
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Daniel T. Kosinski
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Joel Mane
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | | | - Jiyan Xue
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Daphne Szeto
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Gail Forrest
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Corin Miller
- Translational Imaging Biomarkers, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Michelle Bunzel
- Translational Imaging Biomarkers, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Christopher W. Plummer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Harry R. Chobanian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Miller
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sarah Souza
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | | | - Aimie M. Ogawa
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Adam B. Weinglass
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jerry Di Salvo
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Cardio Metabolic Diseases, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Yue Feng
- Department of Cardio Metabolic Diseases, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Tatosian
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Howard
- Department of Cardio Metabolic Diseases, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Steven L. Colletti
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Maria E. Trujillo
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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