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Chen W, Binbin G, Lidan S, Qiang Z, Jing H. Evolution of peptide YY analogs for the management of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Bioorg Chem 2023; 140:106808. [PMID: 37666110 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Peptide YY (PYY) is a gastrointestinal hormone consisting of 36 amino acids, that is predominantly secreted by intestinal l-cells. Originally extracted from pig intestines, it belongs to the pancreatic polypeptide (PP) family, but has functions distinct from those of PP and neuropeptide Y (NPY). PYY is a potential treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) because of its ability to delay gastric emptying, reduce appetite, decrease weight, and lower blood glucose. However, the clinical use of PYY is limited because it is rapidly cleared by the kidneys and degraded by enzymes. In recent years, researchers have conducted various structural modifications, including amino acid substitution, PEGylation, lipidation, and fusion of PYY with other proteins to prolong its half-life and enhance its biological activity. This study presents an overview of the recent progress on PYY, including its physiological functions, metabolites and structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Chen
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Gong Binbin
- College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Sun Lidan
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China.
| | - Zhou Qiang
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China.
| | - Han Jing
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
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Østergaard S, Paulsson JF, Kjærgaard Gerstenberg M, Wulff BS. The Design of a GLP‐1/PYY Dual Acting Agonist. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8268-8275. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Søren Østergaard
- Global Research Technologies Novo Nordisk Research Park 2760 Maaloev Denmark
| | - Johan F. Paulsson
- Global Drug Discovery Novo Nordisk Research Park 2760 Maaloev Denmark
| | | | - Birgitte S. Wulff
- Global Drug Discovery Novo Nordisk Research Park 2760 Maaloev Denmark
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Østergaard S, Paulsson JF, Kjærgaard Gerstenberg M, Wulff BS. The Design of a GLP‐1/PYY Dual Acting Agonist. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Søren Østergaard
- Global Research Technologies Novo Nordisk Research Park 2760 Maaloev Denmark
| | - Johan F. Paulsson
- Global Drug Discovery Novo Nordisk Research Park 2760 Maaloev Denmark
| | | | - Birgitte S. Wulff
- Global Drug Discovery Novo Nordisk Research Park 2760 Maaloev Denmark
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Boland B, Mumphrey MB, Hao Z, Gill B, Townsend RL, Yu S, Münzberg H, Morrison CD, Trevaskis JL, Berthoud HR. The PYY/Y2R-Deficient Mouse Responds Normally to High-Fat Diet and Gastric Bypass Surgery. Nutrients 2019; 11:E585. [PMID: 30857366 PMCID: PMC6471341 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/GOALS The gut hormone peptide YY (PYY) secreted from intestinal L-cells has been implicated in the mechanisms of satiation via Y2-receptor (Y2R) signaling in the brain and periphery and is a major candidate for mediating the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery on appetite and body weight. METHODS Here we assessed the role of Y2R signaling in the response to low- and high-fat diets and its role in the effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery on body weight, body composition, food intake, energy expenditure and glucose handling, in global Y2R-deficient (Y2RKO) and wildtype (WT) mice made obese on high-fat diet. RESULTS Both male and female Y2RKO mice responded normally to low- and high-fat diet in terms of body weight, body composition, fasting levels of glucose and insulin, as well as glucose and insulin tolerance for up to 30 weeks of age. Contrary to expectations, obese Y2RKO mice also responded similarly to RYGB compared to WT mice for up to 20 weeks after surgery, with initial hypophagia, sustained body weight loss, and significant improvements in fasting insulin, glucose tolerance, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and liver weight compared to sham-operated mice. Furthermore, non-surgical Y2RKO mice weight-matched to RYGB showed the same improvements in glycemic control as Y2RKO mice with RYGB that were similar to WT mice. CONCLUSIONS PYY signaling through Y2R is not required for the normal appetite-suppressing and body weight-lowering effects of RYGB in this global knockout mouse model. Potential compensatory adaptations of PYY signaling through other receptor subtypes or other gut satiety hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Boland
- Cardiovascular, Renal & Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Michael B Mumphrey
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
| | - Zheng Hao
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
| | - Benji Gill
- Cardiovascular, Renal & Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - R Leigh Townsend
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
| | - Sangho Yu
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
| | - Heike Münzberg
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
| | - Christopher D Morrison
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
| | - James L Trevaskis
- Cardiovascular, Renal & Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Hans-Rudolf Berthoud
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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The effect of peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY3–36), a selective Y2 receptor agonist on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in albino rats. Endocr Regul 2019; 53:26-33. [DOI: 10.2478/enr-2019-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of the PYY3–36, as a potential therapy for the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), induced by high fat diet (HFD) and an intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of streptozotocin (STZ) in albino rats.
Methods. Forty adult male albino Wistar rats were divided into: 1) control group (C, in which the rats were fed with a standard diet and received vehicle; 2) diabetic group (D, in which T2DM was induced by feeding the rats with HFD for four weeks followed by a single i.p. injection of 35 mg/kg STZ, this group was also allowed to have HFD till the end of the study; and 3) D+PYY3–36 group (in which the diabetic rats were treated with 50 µg/kg i.p. PYY3–36 twice a day for one week). Food intake, water intake, body weight (b.w.), visceral fat weight (VFW), liver glycogen content, serum levels of glucose, insulin, and interleukin-6 (IL-6), were measured. Homeostatic-model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was estimated. The gene expression of the hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and visceral nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were assessed by a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
Results. The PYY3–36 administration to the diabetic group of rats significantly increased the serum insulin levels and liver glycogen content, decreased the body weight, VFW, food intake, water intake, serum levels of the glucose, IL-6, and HOMA-IR. It also decreased the expression of both the hypothalamic NPY and the visceral fat NF-κB.
Conclusion. With respect to the fact of improved insulin release and enhanced insulin sensitivity (an effect that may be mediated via suppressing accumulation of visceral fat and inflammatory markers), in the rats treated with PYY3–36, the PYY3–36 might be considered for the future as a promising therapeutic tool in T2DM.
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Xu B, Vasile S, Østergaard S, Paulsson JF, Pruner J, Åqvist J, Wulff BS, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H, Larhammar D. Elucidation of the Binding Mode of the Carboxyterminal Region of Peptide YY to the Human Y 2 Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 93:323-334. [PMID: 29367257 DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.110627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the agonist-receptor interactions in the neuropeptide Y (NPY)/peptide YY (PYY) signaling system is fundamental for the design of novel modulators of appetite regulation. We report here the results of a multidisciplinary approach to elucidate the binding mode of the native peptide agonist PYY to the human Y2 receptor, based on computational modeling, peptide chemistry and in vitro pharmacological analyses. The preserved binding orientation proposed for full-length PYY and five analogs, truncated at the amino terminus, explains our pharmacological results where truncations of the N-terminal proline helix showed little effect on peptide affinity. This was followed by receptor mutagenesis to investigate the roles of several receptor positions suggested by the modeling. As a complement, PYY-(3-36) analogs were synthesized with modifications at different positions in the common PYY/NPY C-terminal fragment (32TRQRY36-amide). The results were assessed and interpreted by molecular dynamics and Free Energy Perturbation (FEP) simulations of selected mutants, providing a detailed map of the interactions of the PYY/NPY C-terminal fragment with the transmembrane cavity of the Y2 receptor. The amidated C-terminus would be stabilized by polar interactions with Gln2886.55 and Tyr2195.39, while Gln1303.32 contributes to interactions with Q34 in the peptide and T32 is close to the tip of TM7 in the receptor. This leaves the core, α-helix of the peptide exposed to make potential interactions with the extracellular loops. This model agrees with most experimental data available for the Y2 system and can be used as a basis for optimization of Y2 receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- Departments of Neuroscience (B.X., J.P., D.L.) and Cell and Molecular Biology (S.V., J.Å., H.G.-T.), Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Protein and Peptide Chemistry 2 (S.Ø.) and Obesity Research (J.F.P., B.S.W.), Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Silvana Vasile
- Departments of Neuroscience (B.X., J.P., D.L.) and Cell and Molecular Biology (S.V., J.Å., H.G.-T.), Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Protein and Peptide Chemistry 2 (S.Ø.) and Obesity Research (J.F.P., B.S.W.), Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Søren Østergaard
- Departments of Neuroscience (B.X., J.P., D.L.) and Cell and Molecular Biology (S.V., J.Å., H.G.-T.), Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Protein and Peptide Chemistry 2 (S.Ø.) and Obesity Research (J.F.P., B.S.W.), Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Johan F Paulsson
- Departments of Neuroscience (B.X., J.P., D.L.) and Cell and Molecular Biology (S.V., J.Å., H.G.-T.), Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Protein and Peptide Chemistry 2 (S.Ø.) and Obesity Research (J.F.P., B.S.W.), Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Jasna Pruner
- Departments of Neuroscience (B.X., J.P., D.L.) and Cell and Molecular Biology (S.V., J.Å., H.G.-T.), Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Protein and Peptide Chemistry 2 (S.Ø.) and Obesity Research (J.F.P., B.S.W.), Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Johan Åqvist
- Departments of Neuroscience (B.X., J.P., D.L.) and Cell and Molecular Biology (S.V., J.Å., H.G.-T.), Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Protein and Peptide Chemistry 2 (S.Ø.) and Obesity Research (J.F.P., B.S.W.), Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Birgitte S Wulff
- Departments of Neuroscience (B.X., J.P., D.L.) and Cell and Molecular Biology (S.V., J.Å., H.G.-T.), Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Protein and Peptide Chemistry 2 (S.Ø.) and Obesity Research (J.F.P., B.S.W.), Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Hugo Gutiérrez-de-Terán
- Departments of Neuroscience (B.X., J.P., D.L.) and Cell and Molecular Biology (S.V., J.Å., H.G.-T.), Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Protein and Peptide Chemistry 2 (S.Ø.) and Obesity Research (J.F.P., B.S.W.), Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Dan Larhammar
- Departments of Neuroscience (B.X., J.P., D.L.) and Cell and Molecular Biology (S.V., J.Å., H.G.-T.), Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Protein and Peptide Chemistry 2 (S.Ø.) and Obesity Research (J.F.P., B.S.W.), Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
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Niida A, Kanematsu-Yamaki Y, Asakawa T, Ishimura Y, Fujita H, Matsumiya K, Nishizawa N, Adachi Y, Mochida T, Tsuchimori K, Yoneyama-Hirozane M, Sakamoto J, Hirabayashi H, Fukui H, Takekawa S, Asami T. Antiobesity and emetic effects of a short-length peptide YY analog and its PEGylated and alkylated derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 26:566-572. [PMID: 29279243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y2 receptor (Y2R) agonism is an important anorectic signal and a target of antiobesity drug discovery. Recently, we synthesized a short-length Y2R agonist, PYY-1119 (4-imidazolecarbonyl-[d-Hyp24,Iva25,Pya(4)26,Cha27,36,γMeLeu28,Lys30,Aib31]PYY(23-36), 1) as an antiobesity drug candidate. Compound 1 induced marked body weight loss in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice; however, 1 also induced severe vomiting in dogs at a lower dose than the minimum effective dose administered to DIO mice. The rapid absorption of 1 after subcutaneous administration caused the severe vomiting. Polyethylene glycol (PEG)- and alkyl-modified derivatives of 1 were synthesized to develop Y2R agonists with improved pharmacokinetic profiles, i.e., lower maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and longer time at maximum concentration (Tmax). Compounds 5 and 10, modified with 20 kDa PEG at the N-terminus and eicosanedioic acid at the Lys30 side chain of 1, respectively, showed high Y2R binding affinity and induced significant body weight reduction upon once-daily administration to DIO mice. Compounds 5 and 10, with their relatively low Cmax and long Tmax, partially attenuated emesis in dogs compared with 1. These results indicate that optimization of pharmacokinetic properties of Y2R agonists is an effective strategy to alleviate emesis induced by Y2R agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Niida
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Yoko Kanematsu-Yamaki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Asakawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Ishimura
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hisashi Fujita
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kouta Matsumiya
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Naoki Nishizawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yusuke Adachi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Taisuke Mochida
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kazue Tsuchimori
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Mariko Yoneyama-Hirozane
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Junichi Sakamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hideki Hirabayashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hideo Fukui
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shiro Takekawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Taiji Asami
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
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Nishizawa N, Niida A, Adachi Y, Kanematsu-Yamaki Y, Masuda Y, Kumano S, Yokoyama K, Noguchi Y, Asakawa T, Hirabayashi H, Amano N, Takekawa S, Ohtaki T, Asami T. Highly potent antiobesity effect of a short-length peptide YY analog in mice. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:5718-5725. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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9
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Nishizawa N, Niida A, Adachi Y, Masuda Y, Kumano S, Yokoyama K, Asakawa T, Hirabayashi H, Amano N, Takekawa S, Ohtaki T, Asami T. Potent antiobesity effect of a short-length peptide YY-analogue continuously administered in mice. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3829-3832. [PMID: 28684122 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal peptide, peptide YY3-36 (PYY3-36) and its shorter peptide analogues have been reported to reduce appetite by activating the neuropeptide Y2 receptor (Y2R), which is associated with obesity and other metabolic diseases. A 14-amino acid PYY analogue, Ac-[d-Pro24,Cha27,28,36,Aib31]PYY(23-36) (3), showed high binding affinity and agonist activity for the Y2R, similar to that of PYY3-36, but had weak anorectic activity upon continuous administration in lean mice. Three amino acid substitutions [Pya(4)26, Aib28, Lys30], which contributed to the decreased hydrophobicity of 3, efficiently increased its anorectic activity. The compound containing these three amino acids, Ac-[d-Pro24,Pya(4)26,Cha27,36,Aib28,31,Lys30]PYY(23-36) (22), exerted more potent and durable food intake suppression than that by PYY3-36 in lean mice, as well as excellent Y2R agonist activity (EC50: 0.20nM) and good subcutaneous bioavailability (66.6%). The 11-day continuous administration of 22 at 1mg/kg/day successfully produced antiobese and antidiabetic effects, with more than 20% body weight loss in obese and Type 2 diabetes ob/ob model mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Nishizawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Ayumu Niida
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yusuke Adachi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yasushi Masuda
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kumano
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kotaro Yokoyama
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoko Asakawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hideki Hirabayashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Amano
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shiro Takekawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ohtaki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Taiji Asami
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa 251-8555, Japan.
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