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Merlino A. Metallodrug binding to serum albumin: Lessons from biophysical and structural studies. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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2
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Zhang J, Jiang M, Li S, Zhang Z, Sun H, Yang F, Liang H. Developing a Novel Anticancer Gold(III) Agent to Integrate Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6777-6791. [PMID: 34000198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To effectively treat gastric cancer, we innovatively attempted to develop a metal agent to integrate immunotherapy and chemotherapy by dual targeting the cellular components in the tumor microenvironment (TME) based on the specific residue of human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles (NPs). We synthesized a series of Au(III) α-N-heterocyclic thiosemicarbazone compounds and obtained a Au agent (5b) with remarkable cytotoxicity to gastric cancer cells; moreover, we successfully constructed a novel HSA-5b complex NP delivery system. Importantly, the in vivo results showed that 5b/HSA-5b NPs effectively inhibited gastric tumor growth and HSA-5b NPs enhanced the therapeutic efficiency, bioavailability, and targeting ability compared with those of 5b alone. Furthermore, the in vitro/in vivo results revealed that 5b/HSA-5b NPs could integrate chemotherapy and immunotherapy by synergistically attacking two different cellular components in TME at the same time, namely, polarizing the tumor-associated macrophages and inducing apoptosis of gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juzheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, P. R. China
| | - Ming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, P. R. China
| | - Shanhe Li
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, P. R. China
| | - Zhenlei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P. R. China
| | - Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, P. R. China
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, P. R. China
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3
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Sciortino G, Maréchal JD, Garribba E. Integrated experimental/computational approaches to characterize the systems formed by vanadium with proteins and enzymes. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi01507e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An integrated instrumental/computational approach to characterize metallodrug–protein adducts at the molecular level is reviewed. A series of applications are described, focusing on potential vanadium drugs with a generalization to other metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Sciortino
- Departament de Química
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- Cerdanyola del Vallès
- Barcelona 08193
- Spain
| | - Jean-Didier Maréchal
- Departament de Química
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- Cerdanyola del Vallès
- Barcelona 08193
- Spain
| | - Eugenio Garribba
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia
- Università di Sassari
- 07100 Sassari
- Italy
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Astolfi P, Pisani M, Giorgini E, Rossi B, Damin A, Vita F, Francescangeli O, Luciani L, Galassi R. Synchrotron Characterization of Hexagonal and Cubic Lipidic Phases Loaded with Azolate/Phosphane Gold(I) Compounds: A New Approach to the Uploading of Gold(I)-Based Drugs. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1851. [PMID: 32947840 PMCID: PMC7558674 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Gold(I) phosphane compounds have recently attracted a renewed interest as potential new protagonists in cancer therapy. A class of phosphane gold(I) complexes containing azolate ligands has been successfully tested against several cancer cell lines and, in particular, against basal-like breast (BLB) cancer, a form characterized by strongly severe diagnosis and short life lapse after classic chemotherapy. Even though the anticancer activity of gold(I) phosphane compounds is thoroughly ascertained, no study has been devoted to the possibility of their delivery in nanovectors. Herein, nonlamellar lyotropic liquid crystalline lipid nanosystems, a promising class of smart materials, have been used to encapsulate gold(I) azolate/phosphane complexes. In particular, ((triphenylphosphine)-gold(I)-(4,5-dichloroimidazolyl-1H-1yl)) (C-I) and ((triphenylphosphine)-gold(I)-(4,5-dicyanoimidazolyl-1H-1yl)) (C-II) have been encapsulated in three different lipid matrices: monoolein (GMO), phytantriol (PHYT) and dioleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE). An integrated experimental approach involving X-ray diffraction and UV resonant Raman (UVRR) spectroscopy, based on synchrotron light and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, has been employed to establish the effects of drug encapsulation on the structure and phase behavior of the host mesophases. The results indicate that gold(I) complexes C-I and C-II are successfully encapsulated in the three lipid matrices as evidenced by the drug-induced phase transitions or by the changes in the mesophase lattice parameters observed in X-ray diffraction experiments and by the spectral changes occurring in UV resonant Raman spectra upon loading the lipid matrices with C-I and C-II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Astolfi
- Dipartimento SIMAU, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy; (P.A.); (F.V.); (O.F.)
| | - Michela Pisani
- Dipartimento SIMAU, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy; (P.A.); (F.V.); (O.F.)
| | - Elisabetta Giorgini
- Dipartimento DiSVA, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Barbara Rossi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14-km 163.5, Basovizza, I-34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Damin
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre and INSTM Reference Centre University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15, I-10135 Turin, Italy;
| | - Francesco Vita
- Dipartimento SIMAU, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy; (P.A.); (F.V.); (O.F.)
| | - Oriano Francescangeli
- Dipartimento SIMAU, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy; (P.A.); (F.V.); (O.F.)
| | - Lorenzo Luciani
- Scuola di Scienze e Tecnologie, Divisione Chimica, Università di Camerino, I-62032 Via Sant’Agostino 1, Italy; (L.L.); (R.G.)
| | - Rossana Galassi
- Scuola di Scienze e Tecnologie, Divisione Chimica, Università di Camerino, I-62032 Via Sant’Agostino 1, Italy; (L.L.); (R.G.)
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5
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Sarpong-Kumankomah S, Contel M, Gailer J. SEC hyphenated to a multielement-specific detector unravels the degradation pathway of a bimetallic anticancer complex in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1145:122093. [PMID: 32305711 PMCID: PMC7328787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The bimetallic metal complex Titanocref exhibits relevant anticancer activity, but it is unknown if it is stable to reach target tissues intact. To gain insight, a pharmacologically relevant dose was added to human blood plasma and the mixture was incubated at 37 °C. The obtained mixture was analyzed 5 and 60 min later by size-exclusion chromatography hyphenated to an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (SEC-ICP-AES). We simultaneously detected several titanium (Ti), gold (Au) and sulfur (S)-peaks, which corresponded to a Ti degradation product that eluted partially, and a Au degradation product that eluted entirely bound to plasma proteins (both time points). Although ~70% of the intact Titanocref was retained on the column after 60 min, our results allowed us to establish - for the first time - its likely degradation pathway in human plasma at near physiological conditions. These results suggest that ~70% of Titanocref remain in plasma after 60 min, which supports results from a recent in vivo study in which mice were treated with Titanocref and revealed Ti:Au molar ratios in tumors and organs close to 1:1. Thus, our stability studies suggest that the intact drug is able to reach target tissue. Overall, our results exemplify that SEC-ICP-AES enables the execution of intermediate in vitro studies with human plasma in the context of advancing bimetallic metal-based drugs to more costly clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Sarpong-Kumankomah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Maria Contel
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11210, USA; Chemistry, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York 10016, USA; Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York 10016, USA; Biology PhD Programs, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York 10016, USA
| | - Jürgen Gailer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Zoppi C, Messori L, Pratesi A. ESI MS studies highlight the selective interaction of Auranofin with protein free thiols. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:5906-5913. [PMID: 32314767 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt00283f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The clinically established gold drug Auranofin was reacted individually with a group of representative proteins, namely ubiquitin, ribonuclease A, carbonic anhydrase, haemoglobin and superoxide dismutase, and adduct formation was monitored in the various cases by ESI-MS analysis. We found that the reaction is highly selective for solvent exposed free cysteines that are modified through coordination of the AuPEt3+ fragment. Indeed, ESI-Q-TOF MS spectra carried out on protein samples incubated with a three fold molar excess of Auranofin allowed direct detection of the native proteins bearing bound AuPEt3+ fragments in the cases of carbonic anhydrase and haemoglobin. At variance, the two proteins that do not possess any free cysteine residue, i.e. ubiquitin and ribonuclease A, were unable to bind the gold fragment. In the case of superoxide dismutase, adduct formation is hindered by the scarce solvent accessibility of the free cysteine residue. These findings were further confirmed by a series of competition binding experiments with ebselen, a potent and selective cysteine-modifying reagent; we observed that pre-treatment with ebselen prevents the binding of the AuPEt3+ fragment to both carbonic anhydrase and haemoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Zoppi
- Laboratory of Metals in Medicine (MetMed), Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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Fernandez-Vega L, Ruiz Silva VA, Domínguez-González TM, Claudio-Betancourt S, Toro-Maldonado RE, Capre Maso LC, Ortiz KS, Pérez-Verdejo JA, González JR, Rosado-Fraticelli GT, Meléndez FP, Betancourt Santiago FM, Rivera-Rivera DA, Navarro CM, Bruno Chardón AC, Vera AO, Tinoco AD. Evaluating Ligand Modifications of the Titanocene and Auranofin Moieties for the Development of More Potent Anticancer Drugs. INORGANICS 2020; 8. [PMID: 34046448 PMCID: PMC8152503 DOI: 10.3390/inorganics8020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over time platinum-based anticancer drugs have dominated the market, but their side effects significantly impact the quality of life of patients. Alternative treatments are being developed all over the world. The titanocene and auranofin families of compounds, discovered through an empirical search for other metal-based therapeutics, hold tremendous promise to improve the outcomes of cancer treatment. Herein we present a historical perspective of these compounds and review current efforts focused on the evolution of their ligands to improve their physiological solution stability, cancer selectivity, and antiproliferative performance, guided by a clear understanding of the coordination chemistry and aqueous speciation of the metal ions, of the cytotoxic mechanism of action of the compounds, and the external factors that limit their therapeutic potential. Newer members of these families of compounds and their combination in novel bimetallic complexes are the result of years of scientific research. We believe that this review can have a positive impact in the development and understanding of the metal-based drugs of gold, titanium, and beyond.
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Sciortino G, Garribba E, Maréchal JD. Validation and Applications of Protein-Ligand Docking Approaches Improved for Metalloligands with Multiple Vacant Sites. Inorg Chem 2018; 58:294-306. [PMID: 30475597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Decoding the interaction between coordination compounds and proteins is of fundamental importance in biology, pharmacy, and medicine. In this context, protein- ligand docking represents a particularly interesting asset to predict how small compounds could interact with biomolecules, but to date, very little information is available to adapt these methodologies to metal-containing ligands. Here, we assessed the predictive capability of a metal-compatible parameter set for the docking program GOLD for metallo ligands with multiple vacant sites and different geometries. The study first presents a benchmark of 25 well-characterized X-ray metallo ligand-protein adducts. In 100% of the cases, the docking solutions are superimposable to the X-ray determination, and in 92% the value of the root-mean-square deviation between the experimental and calculated structures is lower than 1.5 Å. After the validation step, we applied these methods to five case studies for the prediction of the binding of pharmacological active metal species to proteins: (i) the anticancer copper(II) complex [CuII(Br)(2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde benzoyl hydrazine)(indazole)] to human serum albumin (HSA); (ii) one of the active species of antidiabetic and antitumor vanadium compounds, VIVO2+ ion, to carboxypeptidase; (iii) the antiarthritic species [AuI(PEt3)]+ to HSA; (iv) the antitumor oxaliplatin to ubiquitin; (v) the antitumor ruthenium(II) compound RAPTA-PentaOH to cathepsin B. The calculations suggested that the binding modes are in good agreement with the partial information retrieved from spectroscopic and spectrometric analysis and allowed us, in certain cases, to propose additional hypotheses. This method is an important update in protein-metallo ligand docking, which could have a wide field of application, from biology and inorganic biochemistry to medicinal chemistry and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Sciortino
- Departament de Química , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Cerdanyola del Vallés , Barcelona 08193 , Spain.,Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia , Università di Sassari , Via Vienna 2 , Sassari I-07100 , Italy
| | - Eugenio Garribba
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia , Università di Sassari , Via Vienna 2 , Sassari I-07100 , Italy
| | - Jean-Didier Maréchal
- Departament de Química , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Cerdanyola del Vallés , Barcelona 08193 , Spain
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Elie BT, Fernández-Gallardo J, Curado N, Cornejo MA, Ramos JW, Contel M. Bimetallic titanocene-gold phosphane complexes inhibit invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis-associated signaling molecules in renal cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 161:310-322. [PMID: 30368130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Following promising recent in vitro and in vivo studies of the anticancer efficacies of heterometallic titanocene-gold chemotherapeutic candidates against renal cancer, we report here on the synthesis, characterization, stability studies and biological evaluation of a new titanocene complex containing a gold-triethylphosphane fragment [(η-C5H5)2TiMe(μ-mba)Au(PEt3)] (4) Titanofin. The compound is more stable in physiological fluid than those previously reported, and it is highly cytotoxic against a line of human clear cell renal carcinoma. We describe here preliminary mechanistic data for this compound and previously reported [(η-C5H5)2TiMe(μ-mba)Au(PPh3)] (2) Titanocref which displayed remarkable activity in an in vivo mouse model. Mechanistic studies were carried out in the human clear cell renal carcinoma Caki-1 line for the bimetallic compounds [(η-C5H5)2TiMe(μ-mba)Au(PR3)] (PR3 = PPh32 Titanocref and PEt34 Titanofin), the two monometallic gold derivatives [Au(Hmba)(PR3)] (PR3 = PPh31 cref; PEt33 fin), titanocene dichloride and Auranofin as controls. These studies indicate that bimetallic compounds Titanocref (2) and Titanofin (4) are more cytotoxic than gold monometallic derivatives (1 and 3) and significantly more cytotoxic than titanocene dichloride while being quite selective. Titanocref (2) and Titanofin (4) inhibit migration, invasion, and angiogenic assembly along with molecular markers associated with these processes such as prometastatic IL(s), MMP(s), TNF-α, and proangiogenic VEGF, FGF-basic. The bimetallic compounds also strongly inhibit the mitochondrial protein TrxR often overexpressed in cancer cells evading apoptosis and also inhibit FOXC2, PECAM-1, and HIF-1α whose overexpression is linked to resistance to genotoxic chemotherapy. In summary, bimetallic titanocene-gold phosphane complexes (Titanocref 2 and Titanofin 4) are very promising candidates for further preclinical evaluations for the treatment of renal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benelita T Elie
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA; Biology PhD Programs, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Jacob Fernández-Gallardo
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA
| | - Natalia Curado
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA
| | - Mike A Cornejo
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA
| | - Joe W Ramos
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, USA
| | - María Contel
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA; Biology PhD Programs, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Chemistry PhD Programs, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Biochemistry PhD Programs, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, USA.
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Pratesi A, Cirri D, Ciofi L, Messori L. Reactions of Auranofin and Its Pseudohalide Derivatives with Serum Albumin Investigated through ESI-Q-TOF MS. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:10507-10510. [PMID: 30109928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of auranofin and three pseudohalide derivatives with bovine serum albumin were explored by ESI-Q-TOF mass spectrometry; a detailed molecular description of the resulting adducts is achieved revealing even subtle differences in reactivity within this series of gold(I) complexes. Our study shows that this kind of investigative approach, formerly applied to the interactions of metal-based drugs with small model proteins of MW 10-15 kDa, e.g., cytochrome c and lysozyme, may now be extended with success to far larger proteins such as serum albumin (MW 66 kDa).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pratesi
- Laboratory of Metals in Medicine (MetMed), Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff" , University of Florence , Via della Lastruccia 3 , Postal Code 50019 Sesto Fiorentino , Italy
| | - Damiano Cirri
- Laboratory of Metals in Medicine (MetMed), Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff" , University of Florence , Via della Lastruccia 3 , Postal Code 50019 Sesto Fiorentino , Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ciofi
- Laboratory of Metals in Medicine (MetMed), Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff" , University of Florence , Via della Lastruccia 3 , Postal Code 50019 Sesto Fiorentino , Italy
| | - Luigi Messori
- Laboratory of Metals in Medicine (MetMed), Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff" , University of Florence , Via della Lastruccia 3 , Postal Code 50019 Sesto Fiorentino , Italy
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Elie BT, Pechenyy Y, Uddin F, Contel M. A heterometallic ruthenium-gold complex displays antiproliferative, antimigratory, and antiangiogenic properties and inhibits metastasis and angiogenesis-associated proteases in renal cancer. J Biol Inorg Chem 2018; 23:399-411. [PMID: 29508136 PMCID: PMC6173830 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-018-1546-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heterobimetallic compounds are designed to harness chemotherapeutic traits of distinct metal species into a single molecule. The ruthenium-gold (Ru-Au) family of compounds based on Au-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) fragments [Cl2(p-cymene)Ru(μ-dppm)Au(NHC)]ClO4 was conceived to combine the known antiproliferative and cytotoxic properties of Au-NHC-based compounds and the antimigratory, antimetastatic, and antiangiogenic characteristic of specific Ru-based compounds. Following recent studies of the anticancer efficacies of these Ru-Au-NHC complexes with promising potential as chemotherapeutics against colorectal, and renal cancers in vitro, we report here on the mechanism of a selected compound, [Cl2(p-cymene)Ru(μ-dppm)Au(IMes)]ClO4 (RANCE-1, 1). The studies were carried out in vitro using a human clear cell renal carcinoma cell line (Caki-1). These studies indicate that bimetallic compound RANCE-1 (1) is significantly more cytotoxic than the Ru (2) or Au (3) monometallic derivatives. RANCE-1 significantly inhibits migration, invasion, and angiogenesis, which are essential for metastasis. RANCE-1 was found to disturb pericellular proteolysis by inhibiting cathepsins, and the metalloproteases MMP and ADAM which play key roles in the etiopathogenesis of cancer. RANCE-1 also inhibits the mitochondrial protein TrxR that is often overexpressed in cancer cells and facilitates apoptosis evasion. We found that while auranofin perturbed migration and invasion to similar degrees as RANCE-1 (1) in Caki-1 renal cancer cells, RANCE-1 (1) inhibited antiangiogenic formation and VEGF expression. We found that auranofin and RANCE-1 (1) have distinct proteolytic profiles. In summary, RANCE-1 constitutes a very promising candidate for further preclinical evaluations in renal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benelita T Elie
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA
- Biology PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Biology Department, The City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Yuriy Pechenyy
- Biology Department, The City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Fathema Uddin
- Biology Department, The City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - María Contel
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA.
- Biology PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Chemistry PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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