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Wei L, Xiang K, Kang H, Yu Y, Fan H, Zhou H, Hou T, Ge Y, Wang J, Guo Z, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Liang X. Development and Characterization of Fluorescent Probes for the G Protein-Coupled Receptor 35. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:411-416. [PMID: 37077394 PMCID: PMC10107913 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The orphan G protein-coupled receptor 35 (GPR35) is a potential target for the treatment of pain, inflammation, and metabolic diseases. Although many GPR35 agonists have been discovered, research on functional GPR35 ligands, such as fluorescent probes, is still limited. Herein, we developed a series of GPR35 fluorescent probes by conjugating a BODIPY fluorophore to DQDA, a known GPR35 agonist. All probes exhibited excellent GPR35 agonistic activity and desired spectroscopic properties, as determined by the DMR assay, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based saturation, and kinetic binding experiments. Notably, compound 15 showed the highest binding potency and the weakest nonspecific BRET binding signal (K d = 3.9 nM). A BRET-based competition binding assay with 15 was also established and used to determine the binding constants and kinetics of unlabeled GPR35 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Wei
- Key
Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116034, China
- Jiangxi
Chinese Medicine Science Center of DICP, CAS, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Kaijing Xiang
- Key
Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116034, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongjian Kang
- Key
Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yancheng Yu
- Jiangxi
Chinese Medicine Science Center of DICP, CAS, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Hongjie Fan
- Jiangxi
Chinese Medicine Science Center of DICP, CAS, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Han Zhou
- Key
Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Tao Hou
- Key
Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116034, China
- Jiangxi
Chinese Medicine Science Center of DICP, CAS, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Yonglin Ge
- Jiangxi
Chinese Medicine Science Center of DICP, CAS, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Jixia Wang
- Key
Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116034, China
- Jiangxi
Chinese Medicine Science Center of DICP, CAS, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Zhimou Guo
- Key
Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116034, China
- Jiangxi
Chinese Medicine Science Center of DICP, CAS, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Key
Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116034, China
- Jiangxi
Chinese Medicine Science Center of DICP, CAS, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Yaopeng Zhao
- Key
Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116034, China
- Jiangxi
Chinese Medicine Science Center of DICP, CAS, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Key
Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116034, China
- Jiangxi
Chinese Medicine Science Center of DICP, CAS, Nanchang 330000, China
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Agonist-induced phosphorylation of orthologues of the orphan receptor GPR35 functions as an activation sensor. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101655. [PMID: 35101446 PMCID: PMC8892012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 35 (GPR35) is poorly characterized but nevertheless has been revealed to have diverse roles in areas including lower gut inflammation and pain. The development of novel reagents and tools will greatly enhance analysis of GPR35 functions in health and disease. Here, we used mass spectrometry, mutagenesis, and [32P] orthophosphate labeling to identify that all five hydroxy-amino acids in the C-terminal tail of human GPR35a became phosphorylated in response to agonist occupancy of the receptor and that, apart from Ser294, each of these contributed to interactions with arretin-3, which inhibits further G protein-coupled receptor signaling. We found that Ser303 was key to such interactions; the serine corresponding to human GPR35a residue 303 also played a dominant role in arrestin-3 interactions for both mouse and rat GPR35. We also demonstrated that fully phospho-site–deficient mutants of human GPR35a and mouse GPR35 failed to interact effectively with arrestin-3, and the human phospho-deficient variant was not internalized from the surface of cells in response to agonist treatment. Even in cells stably expressing species orthologues of GPR35, a substantial proportion of the expressed protein(s) was determined to be immature. Finally, phospho-site–specific antisera targeting the region encompassing Ser303 in human (Ser301 in mouse) GPR35a identified only the mature forms of GPR35 and provided effective sensors of the activation status of the receptors both in immunoblotting and immunocytochemical studies. Such antisera may be useful tools to evaluate target engagement in drug discovery and target validation programs.
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Lin LC, Quon T, Engberg S, Mackenzie AE, Tobin AB, Milligan G. G Protein-Coupled Receptor GPR35 Suppresses Lipid Accumulation in Hepatocytes. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1835-1848. [PMID: 34927014 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although prevalent, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is not currently treated effectively with medicines. Initially, using wild-type and genome-edited clones of the human hepatocyte cell line HepG2, we show that activation of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR35 is both able and sufficient to block liver X-receptor-mediated lipid accumulation. Studies on hepatocytes isolated from both wild-type and GPR35 knock-out mice were consistent with a similar effect of GPR35 agonists in these cells, but because of marked differences in the pharmacology of GPR35 agonists and antagonists at the mouse and human orthologues, as well as elevated basal lipid levels in hepatocytes from the GPR35 knock-out mice, no definitive conclusion could be reached. To overcome this, we generated and characterized a transgenic knock-in mouse line in which the corresponding human GPR35 splice variant replaced the mouse orthologue. In hepatocytes from these humanized GPR35 mice, activation of this receptor was shown conclusively to prevent, and also reverse, lipid accumulation induced by liver X-receptor stimulation. These studies highlight the potential to target GPR35 in the context of fatty liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chiung Lin
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Tezz Quon
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna Engberg
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Amanda E Mackenzie
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Milligan
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Quon T, Lin LC, Ganguly A, Tobin AB, Milligan G. Therapeutic Opportunities and Challenges in Targeting the Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptor GPR35. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:801-812. [PMID: 33073184 PMCID: PMC7551713 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
GPR35 is a class A, rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) first identified more than 20 years ago. In the intervening period, identification of strong expression in the lower intestine and colon, in a variety of immune cells including monocytes and a variety of dendritic cells, and in dorsal root ganglia has suggested potential therapeutic opportunities in targeting this receptor in a range of conditions. GPR35 is, however, unusual in a variety of ways that challenge routes to translation. These include the following: (i) Although a substantial range and diversity of endogenous ligands have been suggested as agonist partners for this receptor, it officially remains defined as an "orphan" GPCR. (ii) Humans express two distinct protein isoform sequences, while rodents express only a single form. (iii) The pharmacologies of the human and rodent orthologues of GPR35 are very distinct, with variation between rat and mouse GPR35 being as marked as that between either of these species and the human forms. Herein we provide perspectives on each of the topics above as well as suggesting ways to overcome the challenges currently hindering potential translation. These include a better understanding of the extent and molecular basis for species selective GPR35 pharmacology and the production of novel mouse models in which both "on-target" and "off-target" effects of presumptive GPR35 ligands can be better defined, as well as a clear understanding of the human isoform expression profile and its significance at both tissue and individual cell levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tezz Quon
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology,
Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical,
Veterinary and Life Sciences, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Li-Chiung Lin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology,
Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical,
Veterinary and Life Sciences, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Amlan Ganguly
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology,
Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical,
Veterinary and Life Sciences, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Andrew B. Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology,
Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical,
Veterinary and Life Sciences, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology,
Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical,
Veterinary and Life Sciences, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland
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