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Vasudevan S, Samuels IS, Park PSH. Gpr75 knockout mice display age-dependent cone photoreceptor cell loss. J Neurochem 2023; 167:538-555. [PMID: 37840219 PMCID: PMC10777681 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
GPR75 is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor for which there is currently limited information and its function in physiology and disease is only recently beginning to emerge. This orphan receptor is expressed in the retina but its function in the eye is unknown. The earliest studies on GPR75 were conducted in the retina, where the receptor was first identified and cloned and mutations in the receptor were identified as a possible contributor to retinal degenerative disease. Despite these sporadic reports, the function of GPR75 in the retina and in retinal disease has yet to be explored. To assess whether GPR75 has a functional role in the retina, the retina of Gpr75 knockout mice was characterized. Knockout mice displayed a mild progressive retinal degeneration, which was accompanied by oxidative stress. The degeneration was because of the loss of both M-cone and S-cone photoreceptor cells. Housing mice under constant dark conditions reduced oxidative stress but did not prevent cone photoreceptor cell loss, indicating that oxidative stress is not a primary cause of the observed retinal degeneration. Studies here demonstrate an important role for GPR75 in maintaining the health of cone photoreceptor cells and that Gpr75 knockout mice can be used as a model to study cone photoreceptor cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreelakshmi Vasudevan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ivy S. Samuels
- Research Service, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Paul S.-H. Park
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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2
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Giesecke Y, Asimi V, Stulberg V, Kleinau G, Scheerer P, Koksch B, Grötzinger C. Is the Neuropeptide PEN a Ligand of GPR83? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15117. [PMID: 37894796 PMCID: PMC10606834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 83 (GPR83) is a class A G protein-coupled receptor with predominant expression in the cerebellum and proposed function in the regulation of food intake and in anxiety-like behavior. The neuropeptide PEN has been suggested as a specific GPR83 ligand. However, conflicting reports exist about whether PEN is indeed able to bind and activate GPR83. This study was initiated to evaluate PEN as a potential ligand of GPR83. Employing several second messenger and other GPCR activation assays as well as a radioligand binding assay, and using multiple GPR83 plasmids and PEN peptides from different sources, no experimental evidence was found to support a role of PEN as a GPR83 ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Giesecke
- Tumor Targeting Group, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vahid Asimi
- Tumor Targeting Group, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Valentina Stulberg
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunnar Kleinau
- Group Structural Biology of Cellular Signaling, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- Group Structural Biology of Cellular Signaling, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Koksch
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Grötzinger
- Tumor Targeting Group, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Abstract
The orphan G-protein-coupled receptor 35 (GPR35), although poorly characterised, is attracting considerable interest as a therapeutic target. Marked differences in pharmacology between human and rodent orthologues of the receptor and a dearth of antagonists with affinity for mouse and rat GPR35 have previously restricted the use of preclinical disease models. The development of improved ligands, novel transgenic knock-in mouse lines, and detailed analysis of the disease relevance of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have greatly enhanced understanding of the key roles of GPR35 and have stimulated efforts towards disease-targeted proof-of-concept studies. In this opinion article, new information on the biology of the receptor is considered, whilst insight into how GPR35 is currently being assessed for therapeutic utility - in areas ranging from inflammatory bowel diseases to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and various cancers - is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Milligan
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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4
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Poulter S, Austin N, Armstrong R, Barnes M, Bucknell SJ, Higueruelo A, Banerjee J, Mead A, Mould R, MacSweeney C, O’Brien MA, Stott LA, Watson SP. The Identification of GPR52 Agonist HTL0041178, a Potential Therapy for Schizophrenia and Related Psychiatric Disorders. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:499-505. [PMID: 37077397 PMCID: PMC10107915 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
HTL0041178 (1), a potent GPR52 agonist with a promising pharmacokinetic profile and exhibiting oral activity in preclinical models, has been identified. This molecule was the outcome of a judicious molecular property-based optimization approach, focusing on balancing potency against metabolic stability, solubility, permeability, and P-gp efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Poulter
- Sosei
Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Austin
- Sosei
Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Armstrong
- Sosei
Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Barnes
- Sosei
Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Joanne Bucknell
- Sosei
Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia Higueruelo
- Sosei
Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Joydeep Banerjee
- Syngene
International, Biocon Park, Bommasandra, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Andy Mead
- Sosei
Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Mould
- Sosei
Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Cliona MacSweeney
- Sosei
Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - M. Alistair O’Brien
- Sosei
Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Alice Stott
- Sosei
Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
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5
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Wong T, Gao W, Chen G, Qiu C, He G, Ye F, Wu Z, Zeng Z, Du Y. Cryo-EM structure of orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR21. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e205. [PMID: 36721851 PMCID: PMC9877262 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR21 belongs to class A orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). The endogenous ligands for human GPR21 remain unidentified. GPR21 expression is associated with developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM), a multifactorial metabolic disease caused by pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, decreasing insulin production, insulin resistance, and obesity. Animal studies suggested that GPR21 is a potential therapeutic target for T2DM treatment. The underlying mechanisms leading to GPR21 self-activation remain unknown. In our co-expression analysis, we noted that GPR21 could also form a stable complex with an unreported Gα protein subtype, Gαs. To gain further insights into the structural mechanisms of GPR21 activation, we employed cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and single-particle analysis to resolve the high-resolution structure of GPR21-Gαs complexes. The clear electron density map of the GPR21-Gαs provided direct evidence that GPR21 could couple to Gαs protein at physiological conditions. Thus, GPR21 might mediate previously unexplored pathways in normal or pathological conditions, which warrants further investigation. Structure-guided mutagenesis and biochemical analysis revealed that extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) of GPR21 is essential for the receptor transducing intracellular signal via cAMP. Together, the new structure data reveal a novel signaling cascade of human GPR21 mediated by ECL2 and provide fundamental information for future structure-based drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thian‐Sze Wong
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug, Discovery and Development, School of Medicinethe Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhenGuangdongChina,School of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wei Gao
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug, Discovery and Development, School of Medicinethe Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhenGuangdongChina,Innovation Center for AI and Drug DiscoveryEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Geng Chen
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug, Discovery and Development, School of Medicinethe Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Chen Qiu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug, Discovery and Development, School of Medicinethe Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Guodong He
- School of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Fang Ye
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug, Discovery and Development, School of Medicinethe Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Zhangsong Wu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug, Discovery and Development, School of Medicinethe Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Zicheng Zeng
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug, Discovery and Development, School of Medicinethe Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Yang Du
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug, Discovery and Development, School of Medicinethe Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhenGuangdongChina
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6
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Ram A, Edwards T, McCarty A, Afrose L, McDermott MV, Bobeck EN. GPR171 Agonist Reduces Chronic Neuropathic and Inflammatory Pain in Male, But Not Female Mice. Front Pain Res (Lausanne) 2022; 2:695396. [PMID: 35295419 PMCID: PMC8915562 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2021.695396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a growing public health crisis that requires exigent and efficacious therapeutics. GPR171 is a promising therapeutic target that is widely expressed through the brain, including within the descending pain modulatory regions. Here, we explore the therapeutic potential of the GPR171 agonist, MS15203, in its ability to alleviate chronic pain in male and female mice using a once-daily systemic dose (10 mg/kg, i.p.) of MS15203 over the course of 5 days. We found that in our models of Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain and chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), MS15203 did not alleviate thermal hypersensitivity and allodynia, respectively, in female mice. On the other hand, MS15203 treatment decreased the duration of thermal hypersensitivity in CFA-treated male mice following 3 days of once-daily administration. MS15203 treatment also produced an improvement in allodynia in male mice, but not female mice, in neuropathic pain after 5 days of treatment. Gene expression of GPR171 and that of its endogenous ligand BigLEN, encoded by the gene PCSK1N, were unaltered within the periaqueductal gray (PAG) in both male and female mice following inflammatory and neuropathic pain. However, following neuropathic pain in male mice, the protein levels of GPR171 were decreased in the PAG. Treatment with MS15203 then rescued the protein levels of GPR171 in the PAG of these mice. Taken together, our results identify GPR171 as a GPCR that displays sexual dimorphism in alleviation of chronic pain. Further, our results suggest that GPR171 and MS15203 have demonstrable therapeutic potential in the treatment of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akila Ram
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Taylor Edwards
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Ashley McCarty
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Leela Afrose
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Max V McDermott
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States.,Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Erin N Bobeck
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States.,Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
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7
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Qiu X, Wu LH, Yu Y, Jin Y, Wang JX, Wang CR, Zhang Y. [Discovery of exogenous ligands for orphan receptor BRS-3 from Chinese herbs]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2022; 47:1595-1602. [PMID: 35347958 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20201112.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bombesin receptor subtype-3(BRS-3) is an orphan receptor in the bombesin receptor family. Its signal transduction mechanism and biological function have attracted much attention. Seeking the ligand for BRS-3 is of great significance for exploring its function. Considering the fact that the activation of BRS-3 receptor can induce the change in intracellular Ca~(2+) concentration, the fluo-rometric imaging plate reader(FLIPR) was utilized for ligand screening at the cellular level. Among more than 400 monomeric compounds isolated from Chinese herbs, yuanhunine from Corydalis Rhizoma and sophoraisoflavanone A and licoriphenone from Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma antagonized BRS-3 to varying degrees. It was confirmed in HEK293 cells expressing BRS-3 that yuanhunine, sophoraisoflavanone A, and licoriphenone inhibited the calcium current response after the activation of BRS-3 by [D-Phe~6,β-Ala~(11),Phe~(13),Nle~(14)]bombesin-(6-14) in a dose-dependent manner with the IC_(50) values being 8.58, 4.10, and 2.04 μmol·L~(-1), respectively. Further study indicated that yuanhunine and sophoraisoflavanone A exhibited good selectivity for BRS-3. In this study, it was found for the first time that monomers derived from Chinese herbs had antagonistic activity against orphan receptor BRS-3, which has provided a tool for further study of BRS-3 and also the potential lead compounds for new drug discovery. At the same time, it provides reference for the research and development of innovative drugs based on the active ingredients of Chinese herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Le-Hao Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yang Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yu Jin
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ji-Xia Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023, China DICP-CMC Innovation Institute of Medicine Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Chao-Ran Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023, China DICP-CMC Innovation Institute of Medicine Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240, China
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8
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Hertz E, Saarinen M, Svenningsson P. GM1 Is Cytoprotective in GPR37-Expressing Cells and Downregulates Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312859. [PMID: 34884663 PMCID: PMC8657933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are commonly pharmacologically modulated due to their ability to translate extracellular events to intracellular changes. Previously, studies have mostly focused on protein–protein interactions, but the focus has now expanded also to protein–lipid connections. GM1, a brain-expressed ganglioside known for neuroprotective effects, and GPR37, an orphan GPCR often reported as a potential drug target for diseases in the central nervous system, have been shown to form a complex. In this study, we looked into the functional effects. Endogenous GM1 was downregulated when stably overexpressing GPR37 in N2a cells (N2aGPR37-eGFP). However, exogenous GM1 specifically rescued N2aGPR37-eGFP from toxicity induced by the neurotoxin MPP+. The treatment did not alter transcription levels of GPR37 or the enzyme responsible for GM1 production, both potential mechanisms for the effect. However, GM1 treatment inhibited cAMP-dependent signaling from GPR37, here reported as potentially consecutively active, possibly contributing to the protective effects. We propose an interplay between GPR37 and GM1 as one of the many cytoprotective effects reported for GM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Hertz
- Correspondence: (E.H.); (P.S.); Tel.: +46-8517-74-614 (E.H.)
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9
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Job MO, Kuhar MJ. Commentary: GPR160 De-Orphanization Reveals Critical Roles in Neuropathic Pain in Rodents (Finally, a Receptor for CART Peptide). Adv Drug Alcohol Res 2021; 1:10012. [PMID: 38410642 PMCID: PMC10896429 DOI: 10.3389/adar.2021.10012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin O Job
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Michael J Kuhar
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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10
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Kotańska M, Kubacka M, Bednarski M, Nicosia N, Szafarz M, Jawień W, Müller CE, Kieć-Kononowicz K. The GPR18 Agonist PSB-KD-107 Exerts Endothelium-Dependent Vasorelaxant Effects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080799. [PMID: 34451896 PMCID: PMC8398562 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR18 is an orphan GPCR that is activated by the cannabinoid tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Emerging evidence indicates its involvement in the control of cardiovascular functions, including heart rate, contractility, vascular tone, as well as blood pressure. Therefore, we investigated the effects of selective GPR18 receptor ligands, namely PSB-KD-107 (agonist) and PSB-CB-92 (antagonist), on blood pressure, electrocardiogram (ECG), and vascular dilatation in vitro and in vivo, as well as their anti-oxidative potential in in vitro ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate free radical (DPPH) assays. Our results clearly show that PSB-KD-107 dilates blood vessels. This effect is related to its activation of GPR18 as it can be blocked by the GPR18 antagonist PSB-CB-92. Moreover, our finding confirms the presence of GPR18 in blood vessels. The mechanism of the vasorelaxant activity of PSB-KD-107 is mainly related to endothelial nitric oxide generation; however, we cannot exclude additional nitric oxide-independent mechanisms or a direct influence on K+ channels. PSB-KD-107 may affect blood pressure and heart function after a single administration; however, this effect was no longer observed after repeated administrations once daily for eight days. PSB-KD-107 does not affect platelet aggregation-an important feature considering the safety of its administration. PSB-KD-107 also shows a significant anti-oxidant effect and further studies of its antioxidant activity in vivo are justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kotańska
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Cracow, Poland; (M.B.); (N.N.)
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Monika Kubacka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Cracow, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Marek Bednarski
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Cracow, Poland; (M.B.); (N.N.)
| | - Noemi Nicosia
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Cracow, Poland; (M.B.); (N.N.)
- Foundation “Prof. Antonio Imbesi”, University of Messina, Piazza Pugliatti 1, 98122 Messina, Italy
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Małgorzata Szafarz
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Jawień
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Christa E. Müller
- Pharma Center Bonn, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Cracow, Poland;
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11
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Quon T, Lin LC, Ganguly A, Tobin AB, Milligan G. Therapeutic Opportunities and Challenges in Targeting the Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptor GPR35. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:801-812. [PMID: 33073184 PMCID: PMC7551713 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
GPR35 is a class A, rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) first identified more than 20 years ago. In the intervening period, identification of strong expression in the lower intestine and colon, in a variety of immune cells including monocytes and a variety of dendritic cells, and in dorsal root ganglia has suggested potential therapeutic opportunities in targeting this receptor in a range of conditions. GPR35 is, however, unusual in a variety of ways that challenge routes to translation. These include the following: (i) Although a substantial range and diversity of endogenous ligands have been suggested as agonist partners for this receptor, it officially remains defined as an "orphan" GPCR. (ii) Humans express two distinct protein isoform sequences, while rodents express only a single form. (iii) The pharmacologies of the human and rodent orthologues of GPR35 are very distinct, with variation between rat and mouse GPR35 being as marked as that between either of these species and the human forms. Herein we provide perspectives on each of the topics above as well as suggesting ways to overcome the challenges currently hindering potential translation. These include a better understanding of the extent and molecular basis for species selective GPR35 pharmacology and the production of novel mouse models in which both "on-target" and "off-target" effects of presumptive GPR35 ligands can be better defined, as well as a clear understanding of the human isoform expression profile and its significance at both tissue and individual cell levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tezz Quon
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology,
Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical,
Veterinary and Life Sciences, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Li-Chiung Lin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology,
Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical,
Veterinary and Life Sciences, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Amlan Ganguly
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology,
Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical,
Veterinary and Life Sciences, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Andrew B. Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology,
Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical,
Veterinary and Life Sciences, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology,
Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical,
Veterinary and Life Sciences, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland
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12
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Luscombe VB, Lucy D, Bataille CJR, Russell AJ, Greaves DR. 20 Years an Orphan: Is GPR84 a Plausible Medium-Chain Fatty Acid-Sensing Receptor? DNA Cell Biol 2020; 39:1926-1937. [PMID: 33001759 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2020.5846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR84 is an inflammation-induced receptor highly expressed on immune cells, yet its endogenous ligand is still unknown. This makes any interpretation of its physiological activity in vivo difficult. However, experiments with potent synthetic agonists have highlighted what the receptor can do, namely, enhance proinflammatory signaling and macrophage effector functions such as phagocytosis. Developing drugs to block these effects has attracted interest from the scientific community with the aim of decreasing disease activity in inflammatory disorders or enhancing inflammation resolution. In this review, we critically reassess the widely held belief that the major role of GPR84 is that of being a medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) receptor. While MCFAs have been shown to activate GPR84, it remains to be demonstrated that they are present in relevant tissues at appropriate concentrations. In contrast to four other "full-time" free fatty acid receptor subtypes, GPR84 is not expressed by enteroendocrine cells and has limited expression in the gastrointestinal tract. Across multiple tissues and cell types, the highest expression levels of GPR84 are observed hours after exposure to an inflammatory stimulus. These factors obscure the relationship between ligand and receptor in the human body and do not support the exclusive physiological pairing of MCFAs with GPR84. To maximize the chances of developing efficacious drugs for inflammatory diseases, we must advance our understanding of GPR84 and what it does in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent B Luscombe
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Lucy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry and University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Angela J Russell
- Department of Chemistry and University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David R Greaves
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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13
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Miguelez C, De Deurwaerdère P, Sgambato V. Editorial: Non-Dopaminergic Systems in Parkinson's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:593822. [PMID: 33013427 PMCID: PMC7516253 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.593822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Miguelez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Autonomic and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Cognitives et Integratives d'Aquitaine, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France
| | - Véronique Sgambato
- University of Lyon, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229, Bron, France
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14
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Marsango S, Barki N, Jenkins L, Tobin AB, Milligan G. Therapeutic validation of an orphan G protein-coupled receptor: The case of GPR84. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 179:3529-3541. [PMID: 32869860 PMCID: PMC9361006 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of members of the GPCR superfamily as targets of a broad range of effective medicines many GPCRs remain poorly characterised. GPR84 is an example. Expression of GPR84 is strongly up regulated in immune cells in a range of pro-inflammatory settings and clinical trials to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis are currently ongoing using ligands with differing levels of selectivity and affinity as GPR84 antagonists. Although blockade of GPR84 may potentially prove effective also in diseases associated with inflammation of the lower gut there is emerging interest in defining if agonists of GPR84 might find utility in conditions in which regulation of metabolism or energy sensing is compromised. Here, we consider the physiological and pathological expression profile of GPR84 and, in the absence of direct structural information, recent developments and use of GPR84 pharmacological tool compounds to study its broader role and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Marsango
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Natasja Barki
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Laura Jenkins
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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15
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Stoveken HM, Zucca S, Masuho I, Grill B, Martemyanov KA. The orphan receptor GPR139 signals via G q/11 to oppose opioid effects. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:10822-10830. [PMID: 32576659 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ac120.014770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is critical for controlling neuronal activity that shapes neuromodulatory outcomes. Recent evidence indicates that the orphan receptor GPR139 influences opioid modulation of key brain circuits by opposing the actions of the µ-opioid receptor (MOR). However, the function of GPR139 and its signaling mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we report that GPR139 activates multiple heterotrimeric G proteins, including members of the Gq/11 and Gi/o families. Using a panel of reporter assays in reconstituted HEK293T/17 cells, we found that GPR139 functions via the Gq/11 pathway and thereby distinctly regulates cellular effector systems, including stimulation of cAMP production and inhibition of G protein inward rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels. Electrophysiological recordings from medial habenular neurons revealed that GPR139 signaling via Gq/11 is necessary and sufficient for counteracting MOR-mediated inhibition of neuronal firing. These results uncover a mechanistic interplay between GPCRs involved in controlling opioidergic neuromodulation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Stoveken
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Stefano Zucca
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Ikuo Masuho
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Brock Grill
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Kirill A Martemyanov
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
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16
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Foster SR, Hauser AS, Vedel L, Strachan RT, Huang XP, Gavin AC, Shah SD, Nayak AP, Haugaard-Kedström LM, Penn RB, Roth BL, Bräuner-Osborne H, Gloriam DE. Discovery of Human Signaling Systems: Pairing Peptides to G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Cell 2020; 179:895-908.e21. [PMID: 31675498 PMCID: PMC6838683 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The peptidergic system is the most abundant network of ligand-receptor-mediated signaling in humans. However, the physiological roles remain elusive for numerous peptides and more than 100 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Here we report the pairing of cognate peptides and receptors. Integrating comparative genomics across 313 species and bioinformatics on all protein sequences and structures of human class A GPCRs, we identify universal characteristics that uncover additional potential peptidergic signaling systems. Using three orthogonal biochemical assays, we pair 17 proposed endogenous ligands with five orphan GPCRs that are associated with diseases, including genetic, neoplastic, nervous and reproductive system disorders. We also identify additional peptides for nine receptors with recognized ligands and pathophysiological roles. This integrated computational and multifaceted experimental approach expands the peptide-GPCR network and opens the way for studies to elucidate the roles of these signaling systems in human physiology and disease. Video Abstract
Universal characteristics enabled prediction of peptide ligands and receptors Multifaceted screening enabled detection of pathway- and assay-dependent responses Peptide ligands discovered for BB3, GPR1, GPR15, GPR55, and GPR68 Each signaling system is a link to human physiology and is associated with disease
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R Foster
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Alexander S Hauser
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Line Vedel
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ryan T Strachan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Xi-Ping Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, and the Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, and the NIMH Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ariana C Gavin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sushrut D Shah
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine; Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Ajay P Nayak
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine; Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Linda M Haugaard-Kedström
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Raymond B Penn
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine; Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, and the Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, and the NIMH Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - David E Gloriam
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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17
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Yun SH, Park JI. Recent progress on the role and molecular mechanism of chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor II in cancer. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060520919236. [PMID: 32338091 PMCID: PMC7218465 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520919236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor II (COUP-TFII) is an orphan receptor that regulates the expression of genes involved in development and homeostasis. COUP-TFII is also dysregulated in cancer, where it plays important roles in oncogenesis and malignant progression. Recent studies have also investigated altered microRNA-mediated regulation of COUP-TFII in cancer. Although many investigators have studied the expression and clinical significance of COUP-TFII in several cancer types, there remain many controversies regarding its role in these diseases. In this review, we will describe the functions and underlying molecular mechanisms of COUP-TFII in several cancers, especially colorectal, gastric, breast, and prostate cancer; additionally, we will briefly summarize what is known about microRNA-mediated regulation of COUP-TFII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Hoon Yun
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-In Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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18
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Abstract
β-Arrestins are critical regulators of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that desensitize G protein signaling, promote receptor internalization, and initiate signaling on their own. Recent structural findings indicate that β-arrestins adopt different conformations upon interaction with agonist-activated GPCRs. Here, we established a β-arrestin-2 conformational bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) sensor composed of the bright Nanoluc BRET donor and the red-shifted CyOFP1 BRET acceptor. The sensor monitors early intramolecular conformational changes of β-arrestin-2 in complex with a wide panel of different class A and class B GPCRs upon agonist activation and with orphan GPCRs known to spontaneously recruit β-arrestin-2. The introduction of the R170E mutant in the β-arrestin-2 sensor allowed the detection of a partially active β-arrestin-2 conformation, which is not dependent on receptor phosphorylation, while the deletion of the β-arrestin-2 finger-loop region detected the "tail-conformation" corresponding to the interaction of β-arrestin with the carboxyl-terminal domain of GPCRs. The new sensors combine the advantages of the BRET technique in terms of sensitivity, robustness, and suitability for real-time measurements with a high responsiveness toward early conformational changes to help to elucidate the different conformational states of β-arrestins associated with GPCR activation in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuro Oishi
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Julie Dam
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, F-75014 Paris, France
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19
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Orlandi C, Omori Y, Wang Y, Cao Y, Ueno A, Roux MJ, Condomitti G, de Wit J, Kanagawa M, Furukawa T, Martemyanov KA. Transsynaptic Binding of Orphan Receptor GPR179 to Dystroglycan-Pikachurin Complex Is Essential for the Synaptic Organization of Photoreceptors. Cell Rep 2020; 25:130-145.e5. [PMID: 30282023 PMCID: PMC6203450 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishing synaptic contacts between neurons is paramount for nervous system function. This process involves transsynaptic interactions between a host of cell adhesion molecules that act in cooperation with the proteins of the extracellular matrix to specify uniquephysiological propertiesofindividual synaptic connections. However, understanding of the molecular mechanisms that generate functional diversity in an input-specific fashion is limited. In this study, we identify that major components of the extracellular matrix proteins present in the synaptic cleft—members oftheheparansulfateproteoglycan (HSPG) family—associate with the GPR158/179 group of orphan receptors. Using the mammalian retina as a model system, we demonstrate that the HSPG member Pikachurin, released by photoreceptors, recruits a key post-synaptic signaling complex of downstream ON-bipolar neurons in coordination with the presynaptic dystroglycan glycoprotein complex. We further demonstrate that this transsynaptic assembly plays an essential role in synaptic transmission of photoreceptor signals. Orlandi et al. identify transsynaptic assembly at photoreceptor synapses involving pre-synaptic dystrophindystroglycan complex and the postsynaptic orphan receptor GPR179 bridged by HSPG protein Pikachurin in the cleft and demonstrate its role in shaping transmission of photoreceptor signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Orlandi
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Omori
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Yan Cao
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Akiko Ueno
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michel J Roux
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, INSERM, U1258, Illkirch, France
| | - Giuseppe Condomitti
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris de Wit
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Motoi Kanagawa
- Division of Molecular Brain Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Takahisa Furukawa
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kirill A Martemyanov
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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20
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Hahn N, Büschgens L, Schwedhelm-Domeyer N, Bank S, Geurten BRH, Neugebauer P, Massih B, Göpfert MC, Heinrich R. The Orphan Cytokine Receptor CRLF3 Emerged With the Origin of the Nervous System and Is a Neuroprotective Erythropoietin Receptor in Locusts. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:251. [PMID: 31680856 PMCID: PMC6797617 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The orphan cytokine receptor-like factor 3 (CRLF3) was identified as a neuroprotective erythropoietin receptor in locust neurons and emerged with the evolution of the eumetazoan nervous system. Human CRLF3 belongs to class I helical cytokine receptors that mediate pleiotropic cellular reactions to injury and diverse physiological challenges. It is expressed in various tissues including the central nervous system but its ligand remains unidentified. A CRLF3 ortholog in the holometabolous beetle Tribolium castaneum was recently shown to induce anti-apoptotic mechanisms upon stimulation with human recombinant erythropoietin. To test the hypothesis that CRLF3 represents an ancient cell-protective receptor for erythropoietin-like cytokines, we investigated its presence across metazoan species. Furthermore, we examined CRLF3 expression and function in the hemimetabolous insect Locusta migratoria. Phylogenetic analysis of CRLF3 sequences indicated that CRLF3 is absent in Porifera, Placozoa and Ctenophora, all lacking the traditional nervous system. However, it is present in all major eumetazoan groups ranging from cnidarians over protostomians to mammals. The CRLF3 sequence is highly conserved and abundant amongst vertebrates. In contrast, relatively few invertebrates express CRLF3 and these sequences show greater variability, suggesting frequent loss due to low functional importance. In L. migratoria, we identified the transcript Lm-crlf3 by RACE-PCR and detected its expression in locust brain, skeletal muscle and hemocytes. These findings correspond to the ubiquitous expression of crlf3 in mammalian tissues. We demonstrate that the sole addition of double-stranded RNA to the culture medium (called soaking RNA interference) specifically interferes with protein expression in locust primary brain cell cultures. This technique was used to knock down Lm-crlf3 expression and to abolish its physiological function. We confirmed that recombinant human erythropoietin rescues locust brain neurons from hypoxia-induced apoptosis and showed that this neuroprotective effect is absent after knocking down Lm-crlf3. Our results affirm the erythropoietin-induced neuroprotective function of CRLF3 in a second insect species from a different taxonomic group. They suggest that the phylogenetically conserved CRLF3 receptor may function as a cell protective receptor for erythropoietin or a structurally related cytokine also in other animals including vertebrate and mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Hahn
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Luca Büschgens
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicola Schwedhelm-Domeyer
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Bank
- Department of Animal Evolution and Biodiversity, Institute for Zoology & Anthropology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bart R H Geurten
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pia Neugebauer
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bita Massih
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin C Göpfert
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Heinrich
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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21
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Mashiko M, Kurosawa A, Tani Y, Tsuji T, Takeda S. GPR31 and GPR151 are activated under acidic conditions. J Biochem 2019; 166:317-322. [PMID: 31119277 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvz042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that not only proton-sensing channels, but also one family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprising OGR1, GPR4, G2A and TDAG8 are responsible for the sensing of extracellular protons, or pH. Here, we report that two other GPCRs, GPR31 and GPR151, were also activated in acidic condition. Elevated pH of assay mixtures resulted in a remarkable increase in [35S]GTPγS binding by GPR31-Giα and GPR151-Giα fusion proteins in a narrow range between pH 6 and 5. Our reporter gene assays with CHO cells expressing recombinant GPR31 or GPR151 also showed that activation was maximal at pH ∼5.8. Although these results from in vitro and cellular assays revealed slightly different pH sensitivities, all of our results indicated that GPR31 and GPR151 sensed extracellular protons equally well as other proton-sensing GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misaki Mashiko
- Division of Molecular Science, Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, Japan
| | - Aya Kurosawa
- Division of Molecular Science, Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yuki Tani
- Division of Molecular Science, Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsuji
- Division of Molecular Science, Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, Japan
| | - Shigeki Takeda
- Division of Molecular Science, Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, Japan
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22
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Ruiz-Hernández A, Romero-Nava R, Huang F, Hong E, Villafaña S. Altered function and expression of the orphan GPR135 at the cardiovascular level in diabetic Wistar rats. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2019; 38:484-491. [PMID: 31038027 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2019.1597116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications are the main cause of mortality in patients with diabetes, these have been associated with changes in function and expression of receptors coupled to G proteins (GPCR), which include orphan receptors which some of them tend to modify in diabetes, although others are not known, such as GPR135. For this reason, the objective of this work was to study the expression of the orphan receptor GPR135 in brain, heart, kidney, aorta, lung, spleen and liver of diabetic rats, as well as its function by the administration of siRNA (small interfering RNA) and curves to isoproterenol. Our results showed that GPR135 is expressed in all tissues analyzed and its expression is modified due to diabetes, we also observed that the responses to isoproterenol increase in diabetic rats administered with siRNA. Therefore, we conclude that the orphan receptor GPR135 is expressed in different tissues and its expression tends to be modified due to diabetes, besides that it is functional and that it seems to be coupled to Gi/o protein which has negative chronotropic and inotropic effects, therefore, we do not rule out that it participates in the cardiovascular complications associated with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Ruiz-Hernández
- a Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Rodrigo Romero-Nava
- b Laboratorio de Investigación en Farmacología, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez" , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Fengyang Huang
- b Laboratorio de Investigación en Farmacología, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez" , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Enrique Hong
- c Departamento de Farmacobiología, CINVESTAV , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Santiago Villafaña
- a Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Ciudad de México , México
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23
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Rocca MS, Ortolano R, Menabò S, Baronio F, Cassio A, Russo G, Balsamo A, Ferlin A, Baldazzi L. Mutational and functional studies on NR5A1 gene in 46,XY disorders of sex development: identification of six novel loss of function mutations. Fertil Steril 2019; 109:1105-1113. [PMID: 29935645 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.02.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the functional properties of six novel missense mutations of the NR5A1 gene encoding the steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) identified in six patients with 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD) and to describe their relative phenotype-genotype relationship. DESIGN Genetic and functional studies. SETTING University department. PATIENT(S) Six 46,XY DSD patients. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Sanger sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis to identify the mutations or deletions/duplications of the NR5A1 gene. Functional studies by transactivation assays to predict the impact of mutations on molecular function. RESULT(S) NR5A1 exons sequencing identified in six 46,XY DSD patients six novel mutations: p.T40R, p.T47C, p.G328W, p.A351E, p.R427W, and p.Q460R. Five missense variants were heterozygous, and one was homozygous (p.R427W). Functional analysis revealed a significant loss of DNA-binding and transactivation ability for all variants, except for p.Q460R, which showed a modest reduced activity compared with that of the wild-type protein. Phenotypes associated with these mutations varied from males with spontaneous puberty, substantial T production, and possible fertility, to females with and without müllerian structures and primary amenorrhea. CONCLUSION(S) We describe six novel mutations in NR5A1 gene and showed that they might affect protein structure, therefore compromising seriously the SF-1 role in regulating gonadal development. Clinically, we suggest that NR5A1 analysis should be performed whenever atypical sex organs are evidenced or there is an abnormal sexual development, to have proper diagnosis and better management of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Santa Rocca
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Rita Ortolano
- Centre for Rare Endocrine Conditions, Department of Women, Children and Urological Diseases, S. Orsola Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Soara Menabò
- Program of Endocrinology, Pediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Baronio
- Centre for Rare Endocrine Conditions, Department of Women, Children and Urological Diseases, S. Orsola Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cassio
- Program of Endocrinology, Pediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianni Russo
- Centre for Rare Endocrine Conditions, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Balsamo
- Program of Endocrinology, Pediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Ferlin
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lilia Baldazzi
- Centre for Rare Endocrine Conditions, Department of Women, Children and Urological Diseases, S. Orsola Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
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Liu G, Sun P, Dong B, Sehouli J. Key regulator of cellular metabolism, estrogen-related receptor α, a new therapeutic target in endocrine-related gynecological tumor. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:6887-6895. [PMID: 30588094 PMCID: PMC6296681 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s182466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα), is an orphan transcription factor. Recently, many studies have reported its regulatory mechanisms and transcriptional targets after identification. Therefore, it may be eligible to join the rank of other nuclear receptors that control almost all aspects of cell metabolism. Cellular metabolism reprogramming plays a key role in fueling malignant change. The purpose of this review was to demonstrate that the ERRα plays an important role in the association between gynecological endocrine-related tumors and energy metabolism. Furthermore, regulation of ERRα may represent a promising strategy to induce cellular metabolic vulnerability of cancer from different origins. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of current treatment strategies may be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- GuiFen Liu
- Laboratory of Gynaecologic Oncology, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 350001 Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China,
| | - PengMing Sun
- Laboratory of Gynaecologic Oncology, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 350001 Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Gynaecology, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 350001 Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China,
| | - BinHua Dong
- Laboratory of Gynaecologic Oncology, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 350001 Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China,
| | - Jalid Sehouli
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology and Gynaecology, Charité/Campus Virchow-Klinikum, European Competence Centre for Ovarian Cancer University of Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany
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25
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Condomitti G, Wierda KD, Schroeder A, Rubio SE, Vennekens KM, Orlandi C, Martemyanov KA, Gounko NV, Savas JN, de Wit J. An Input-Specific Orphan Receptor GPR158-HSPG Interaction Organizes Hippocampal Mossy Fiber-CA3 Synapses. Neuron 2018; 100:201-215.e9. [PMID: 30290982 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pyramidal neuron dendrites integrate synaptic input from multiple partners. Different inputs converging on the same dendrite have distinct structural and functional features, but the molecular mechanisms organizing input-specific properties are poorly understood. We identify the orphan receptor GPR158 as a binding partner for the heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) glypican 4 (GPC4). GPC4 is enriched on hippocampal granule cell axons (mossy fibers), whereas postsynaptic GPR158 is restricted to the proximal segment of CA3 apical dendrites receiving mossy fiber input. GPR158-induced presynaptic differentiation in contacting axons requires cell-surface GPC4 and the co-receptor LAR. Loss of GPR158 increases mossy fiber synapse density but disrupts bouton morphology, impairs ultrastructural organization of active zone and postsynaptic density, and reduces synaptic strength of this connection, while adjacent inputs on the same dendrite are unaffected. Our work identifies an input-specific HSPG-GPR158 interaction that selectively organizes synaptic architecture and function of developing mossy fiber-CA3 synapses in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Condomitti
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Keimpe D Wierda
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna Schroeder
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sara E Rubio
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristel M Vennekens
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cesare Orlandi
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Kirill A Martemyanov
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Natalia V Gounko
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Electron Microscopy Platform & VIB BioImaging Core, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeffrey N Savas
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Joris de Wit
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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26
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Murphy EP, Dobson AD, Keller C, Conneely OM. Differential regulation of transcription by the NURR1/NUR77 subfamily of nuclear transcription factors. Gene Expr 2018; 5:169-79. [PMID: 8882640 PMCID: PMC6138016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
NURR1 is an orphan member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors that shares close sequence homology to the orphan nuclear receptor and immediate early gene product NUR77(NGF1 beta). The physiological role of NURR1 has not been established in mammalian cells. However, the observation that NURR1 and NUR77 interact with at least one common enhancer element (AAAAGGTCA), together with their partly overlapping but differential expression patterns in mammalian tissues, suggests that these proteins may have both shared and independent transcription regulatory functions. To identify potential target genes that may be regulated by NURR1, we analyzed its DNA binding properties to potential cis-acting enhancer elements. Using point mutagenesis of the AAAAGGTCA motif, we have identified three additional sequences that bind specifically to both NURR1 and NUR77, one of which serves as a functional enhancer element. Comparative analysis of the transcription regulatory properties of NURR1 and NUR77 indicates that the proteins can display opposing transregulatory activities that are influenced by the specific cis-acting sequences to which they bind. Our results indicate that the transcriptional responses of specific target genes to the NURR1/NUR77 subfamily may be differentially regulated by the relative cellular levels of NURR1 and NUR77 and influenced by the specific enhancer sequences that mediate their activity. Finally, we have identified several potential target genes of neuronal and neuroendocrine origin whose promoters contain this element.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Murphy
- Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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27
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Kononoff J, Kallupi M, Kimbrough A, Conlisk D, de Guglielmo G, George O. Systemic and Intra-Habenular Activation of the Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptor GPR139 Decreases Compulsive-Like Alcohol Drinking and Hyperalgesia in Alcohol-Dependent Rats. eNeuro 2018; 5:ENEURO. [PMID: 29971251 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0153-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR139 is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is expressed mainly in the brain, with the highest expression in the medial habenula. The modulation of GPR139 receptor function has been hypothesized to be beneficial in the treatment of some mental disorders, but behavioral studies have not yet provided causal evidence of the role of GPR139 in brain dysfunction. Because of the high expression of GPR139 in the habenula, a critical brain region in addiction, we hypothesized that GPR139 may play role in alcohol dependence. Thus, we tested the effect of GPR139 receptor activation using the selective, brain-penetrant receptor agonist JNJ-63533054 on addiction-like behaviors in alcohol-dependent male rats. Systemic administration of JNJ-63533054 (30 mg/kg but not 10 mg/kg, p.o.) reversed the escalation of alcohol self-administration in alcohol-dependent rats, without affecting water or saccharin intake in dependent rats or alcohol intake in nondependent rats. Moreover, systemic JNJ-63533054 administration decreased withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia, without affecting somatic signs of alcohol withdrawal. Further analysis demonstrated that JNJ-63533054 was effective only in a subgroup of dependent rats that exhibited compulsive-like alcohol drinking. Finally, site-specific microinjection of JNJ-63533054 in the habenula but not interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) reduced both alcohol self-administration and withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia in dependent rats. These results provide robust preclinical evidence that GPR139 receptor activation reverses key addiction-like behaviors in dependent animals, suggest that GPR139 may be a novel target for the treatment of alcohol use disorder, and demonstrate that GPR139 is functionally relevant in regulating mammalian behavior.
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Abstract
![]()
Autism is a developmental disorder
of the nervous system associated
with impaired social communication and interactions as well excessive
repetitive behaviors. There are no drug therapies that directly target
the pathology of this disease. The retinoic acid receptor-related
orphan receptor α (RORα) is a nuclear receptor that has
been demonstrated to have reduced expression in many individuals with
autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Several genes that have been shown
to be downregulated in individuals with ASD have also been identified
as putative RORα target genes. Utilizing a synthetic RORα/γ
agonist, SR1078, that we identified previously, we demonstrate that
treatment of BTBR mice (a model of autism) with SR1078 results in
reduced repetitive behavior. Furthermore, these mice display increased
expression of ASD-associated RORα target genes in both the brains
of the BTBR mice and in a human neuroblastoma cell line treated with
SR1078. These data suggest that pharmacological activation of RORα
may be a method for treatment of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Cyrielle Billon
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - John K. Walker
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Thomas P. Burris
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Solt
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, 1B2, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Thomas P Burris
- Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
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Divorty N, Mackenzie AE, Nicklin SA, Milligan G. G protein-coupled receptor 35: an emerging target in inflammatory and cardiovascular disease. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:41. [PMID: 25805994 PMCID: PMC4354270 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 35 (GPR35) is an orphan receptor, discovered in 1998, that has garnered interest as a potential therapeutic target through its association with a range of diseases. However, a lack of pharmacological tools and the absence of convincingly defined endogenous ligands have hampered the understanding of function necessary to exploit it therapeutically. Although several endogenous molecules can activate GPR35 none has yet been confirmed as the key endogenous ligand due to reasons that include lack of biological specificity, non-physiologically relevant potency and species ortholog selectivity. Recent advances have identified several highly potent synthetic agonists and antagonists, as well as agonists with equivalent potency at rodent and human orthologs, which will be useful as tool compounds. Homology modeling and mutagenesis studies have provided insight into the mode of ligand binding and possible reasons for the species selectivity of some ligands. Advances have also been made in determining the role of the receptor in disease. In the past, genome-wide association studies have associated GPR35 with diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, type 2 diabetes, and coronary artery disease. More recent functional studies have implicated it in processes as diverse as heart failure and hypoxia, inflammation, pain transduction and synaptic transmission. In this review, we summarize the progress made in understanding the molecular pharmacology, downstream signaling and physiological function of GPR35, and discuss its emerging potential applications as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Divorty
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow UK ; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow UK
| | - Amanda E Mackenzie
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow UK
| | - Stuart A Nicklin
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow UK
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow UK
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31
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Zhang H, Pao LI, Zhou A, Brace AD, Halenbeck R, Hsu AW, Bray TL, Hestir K, Bosch E, Lee E, Wang G, Liu H, Wong BR, Kavanaugh WM, Williams LT. Deorphanization of the human leukocyte tyrosine kinase (LTK) receptor by a signaling screen of the extracellular proteome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:15741-5. [PMID: 25331893 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1412009111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many transmembrane receptor-like proteins whose ligands have not been identified. A strategy for finding ligands when little is known about their tissue source is to screen each extracellular protein individually expressed in an array format by using a sensitive functional readout. Taking this approach, we have screened a large collection (3,191 proteins) of extracellular proteins for their ability to activate signaling of an orphan receptor, leukocyte tyrosine kinase (LTK). Only two related secreted factors, FAM150A and FAM150B (family with sequence similarity 150 member A and member B), stimulated LTK phosphorylation. FAM150A binds LTK extracellular domain with high affinity (K(D) = 28 pM). FAM150A stimulates LTK phosphorylation in a ligand-dependent manner. This strategy provides an efficient approach for identifying functional ligands for other orphan receptors.
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Abstract
We set out to deorphanize a subset of putative Drosophila odorant receptors expressed in trichoid sensilla using a transgenic in vivo misexpression approach. We identified farnesol as a potent and specific activator for the orphan odorant receptor Or83c. Farnesol is an intermediate in juvenile hormone biosynthesis, but is also produced by ripe citrus fruit peels. Here, we show that farnesol stimulates robust activation of Or83c-expressing olfactory neurons, even at high dilutions. The CD36 homolog Snmp1 is required for normal farnesol response kinetics. The neurons expressing Or83c are found in a subset of poorly characterized intermediate sensilla. We show that these neurons mediate attraction behavior to low concentrations of farnesol and that Or83c receptor mutants are defective for this behavior. Or83c neurons innervate the DC3 glomerulus in the antennal lobe and projection neurons relaying information from this glomerulus to higher brain centers target a region of the lateral horn previously implicated in pheromone perception. Our findings identify a sensitive, narrowly tuned receptor that mediates attraction behavior to farnesol and demonstrates an effective approach to deorphanizing odorant receptors expressed in neurons located in intermediate and trichoid sensilla that may not function in the classical "empty basiconic neuron" system.
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33
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Esch AM, Thompson NE, Lamberski JA, Mertz JE, Burgess RR. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα) and use in immunoaffinity chromatography. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 84:47-58. [PMID: 22565152 PMCID: PMC3587309 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα) is an orphan nuclear receptor whose elevated expression is thought to contribute to breast, colon, and ovarian cancers. In order to investigate the role of ERRα in human disease, there is a need for immunological reagents suitable for detection and purification of ERRα. We expressed recombinant human ERRα in Escherichia coli, purified the protein, and used it to generate monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to ERRα. Nine high-affinity mAbs were chosen for their abilities to detect overexpressed ERRα in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and Western blots, after which isotyping and preliminary epitope mapping was performed. The mAbs were all IgG subtypes and reacted with several different regions of full-length ERRα. A majority of the mAbs were found to be useful for immunoprecipitation of ERRα, and several could detect DNA-bound ERRα in electrophoretic mobility supershift assays (EMSAs) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). The suitability of mAbs to detect ERRα in immunofluorescence assays was assessed. One mAb in particular, 2ERR10, could specifically detect endogenous ERRα in mammary carcinoma cells. Finally, we performed assays to screen for mAbs that gently release ERRα in the presence of a low-molecular-weight polyhydroxylated compound (polyol) and nonchaotropic salt. Using gentle immunoaffinity chromatography, we were able to isolate ERRα from mammalian cells by eluting with a polyol-salt solution. Our characterization studies show that these monoclonal antibodies perform well in a variety of biochemical assays. We anticipate that these novel reagents will prove useful for the detection and purification of ERRα in research and clinical applications.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromatography, Affinity/methods
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- HEK293 Cells
- Histidine/chemistry
- Histidine/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoprecipitation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Oligopeptides/chemistry
- Oligopeptides/metabolism
- Polymers/chemistry
- Receptors, Estrogen/chemistry
- Receptors, Estrogen/immunology
- Receptors, Estrogen/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/isolation & purification
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Transfection
- ERRalpha Estrogen-Related Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Esch
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Nancy E. Thompson
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Lamberski
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Janet E. Mertz
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Richard R. Burgess
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the late 1980s, the cloning of several nuclear receptors led to the intense search and isolation of new members of this superfamily. Despite their identification, many of these receptors were dubbed 'orphan' receptors, as their physiological ligands remained unknown. Recent reports have presented evidence for one family of orphan receptors, the retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors (RORs), in several pathologies, including osteoporosis, several autoimmune diseases, asthma, cancer, diabetes and obesity. The present review summarizes the studies identifying ligands for the RORs and evaluates their role as targets for potential therapeutics. RECENT FINDINGS Significant progress was made in the initial identification of ligands for the RORs when X-ray crystallographic studies identified several molecules within the ligand-binding pockets of RORalpha and RORbeta. Recently, we identified endogenous and synthetic ligands for RORalpha and RORgamma, thereby solidifying their function as ligand-dependent transcription factors. SUMMARY Recent studies have established roles for the RORs in physiological development and the advent of disease. Identification of ligands for the RORs, both endogenous and synthetic, has established these receptors as attractive new therapeutic targets for the treatment of ROR-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Solt
- The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
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35
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Schmid SM, Kott S, Sager C, Huelsken T, Hollmann M. The glutamate receptor subunit delta2 is capable of gating its intrinsic ion channel as revealed by ligand binding domain transplantation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:10320-5. [PMID: 19506248 PMCID: PMC2700928 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0900329106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The family of ionotropic glutamate receptors includes 2 subunits, delta1 and delta2, the physiological relevance of which remains poorly understood. Both are nonfunctional in heterologous expression systems, although the isolated, crystallized ligand binding domain (LBD) of delta2 is capable of binding D-serine. To investigate these seemingly contradictory observations we tested whether delta receptors can be ligand gated at all. We used a strategy that replaced the native LBD of delta2 by a proven glutamate-binding LBD. Test transplantations between alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole propionate (AMPA) and kainate receptors (GluR1 and GluR6, respectively) showed that this approach can produce functional chimeras even if only one part of the bipartite LBD is swapped. Upon outfitting delta2 with the LBD of GluR6, the chimera formed glutamate-gated ion channels with low Ca(2+) permeability and unique rectification properties. Ligand-induced conformational changes can thus gate delta2, suggesting that the LBD of this receptor works fundamentally differently from that of other ionotropic glutamate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine M. Schmid
- Department of Biochemistry I–Receptor Biochemistry
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience
| | - Sabine Kott
- Department of Biochemistry I–Receptor Biochemistry
| | - Charlotte Sager
- Department of Biochemistry I–Receptor Biochemistry
- Ruhr University Research School, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Michael Hollmann
- Department of Biochemistry I–Receptor Biochemistry
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience
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36
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Abstract
Interest has recently been rekindled in receptors that are activated by low molecular weight, noncatecholic, biogenic amines that are typically found as trace constituents of various vertebrate and invertebrate tissues and fluids. The timing of this resurgent focus on receptors activated by the "trace amines" (TA) beta-phenylethylamine (PEA), tyramine (TYR), octopamine (OCT), synephrine (SYN), and tryptamine (TRYP) is the direct result of 2 publications that appeared in 2001 describing the cloning of a novel G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) referred to by their discoverers Borowsky et al. as TA1 and Bunzow et al. as TA receptor 1 (TAR1). When heterologously expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes and various eukaryotic cell lines, recombinant rodent and human TAR dose-dependently couple to the stimulation of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) production. Structure-activity profiling based on this functional response has revealed that in addition to the TA, other biologically active compounds containing a 2-carbon aliphatic side chain linking an amino group to at least 1 benzene ring are potent and efficacious TA receptor agonists with amphetamine (AMPH), methamphetamine, 3-iodothyronamine, thyronamine, and dopamine (DA) among the most notable. Almost 100 years after the search for TAR began, numerous TA1/TAR1-related sequences, now called TA-associated receptors (TAAR), have been identified in the genome of every species of vertebrate examined to date. Consequently, even though heterologously expressed TAAR1 fits the pharmacological criteria established for a bona fide TAR, a major challenge for those working in the field is to discern the in vivo pharmacology and physiology of each purported member of this extended family of GPCR. Only then will it be possible to establish whether TAAR1 is the family archetype or an iconoclast.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Grandy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, L334, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States.
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Potier N, Billas IML, Steinmetz A, Schaeffer C, van Dorsselaer A, Moras D, Renaud JP. Using nondenaturing mass spectrometry to detect fortuitous ligands in orphan nuclear receptors. Protein Sci 2003; 12:725-33. [PMID: 12649431 PMCID: PMC2323851 DOI: 10.1110/ps.0232503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nondenaturing electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) has been used to reveal the presence of potential ligands in the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of orphan nuclear receptors. This new approach, based on supramolecular mass spectrometry, allowed the detection and identification of fortuitous ligands for the retinoic acid-related orphan receptor beta (RORbeta) and the ultraspiracle protein (USP). These fortuitous ligands were specifically captured from the host cell with the proper stoichiometry. After organic extraction, these molecules have been characterized by classic analytical methods and identified as stearic acid for RORbeta and a phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) for USP, as confirmed by crystallography. These molecules act as "fillers" and may not be the physiological ligands, but they prove to be essential to stabilize the active conformation of the LBD, enabling its crystallization. The resulting crystal structures provide a detailed picture of the ligand-binding pocket, allowing the design of highly specific synthetic ligands that can be used to characterize the function of orphan nuclear receptors. An additional advantage of this new method is that it is not based on a functional test and that it can detect low-affinity ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle Potier
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux, CNRS UMR7509, 67087 Strasbourg, France
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Lammerich HP, Busmann A, Kutzleb C, Wendland M, Seiler P, Berger C, Eickelmann P, Meyer M, Forssmann WG, Maronde E. Identification and functional characterization of hemorphins VV-H-7 and LVV-H-7 as low-affinity agonists for the orphan bombesin receptor subtype 3. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 138:1431-40. [PMID: 12721098 PMCID: PMC1573796 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The human orphan G-protein coupled receptor bombesin receptor subtype 3 (hBRS-3) was screened for peptide ligands by a Ca(2+)mobilization assay resulting in the purification and identification of two specific ligands, the naturally occurring VV-hemorphin-7 (VV-H-7) and LVV-hemorphin-7 (LVV-H-7), from human placental tissue. These peptides were functionally characterized as full agonists with unique specificity albeit low affinity for hBRS-3 compared to other bombesin receptors. 2. VV-H-7 and LVV-H-7 induced a dose-dependent response in hBRS-3 overexpressing CHO cells, as well as in NCI-N417 cells expressing the hBRS-3 endogenously. The affinity of VV-H-7 was higher in NCI-N417 cells compared to overexpressing CHO cells. In detail, the EC(50) values were 45+/-15 microM for VV-H-7 and 183+/-60 microM for LVV-H-7 in CHO cells, and 19+/-6 microM for VV-H-7 and 38+/-18 microM for LVV-H-7 in NCI-N417 cells. Other hemorphins had no effect. Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and neuromedin B (NMB) showed similar EC(50) values of 13-20 microM (GRP) and of 1-2 microM (NMB) on both cell lines. 3. Structure-function analysis revealed that both the N-terminal valine and the C-terminal phenylalanine residues of VV-H-7 are critical for the ligand-receptor interaction. 4. Endogenous hBRS-3 in NCI-N417 activated by VV-H-7 couples to phospholipase C resulting in changes of intracellular calcium, which is initially released from an inositol trisphosphate (IP(3))-sensitive store followed by a capacitive calcium entry from extracellular space. 5. VV-H-7-induced hBRS-3 activation led to phosphorylation of p42/p44-MAP kinase in NCI-N417 cells, but did not stimulate cell proliferation. In contrast, phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (p125(FAK)) was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annette Busmann
- IPF PharmaCeuticals GmbH, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 31, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Author for correspondence:
| | - Christian Kutzleb
- IPF PharmaCeuticals GmbH, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 31, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Wendland
- IPF PharmaCeuticals GmbH, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 31, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Petra Seiler
- IPF PharmaCeuticals GmbH, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 31, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia Berger
- Kali-Chemie Pharma GmbH/Solvay Pharma, Hans-Böckler-Allee 20, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Eickelmann
- Kali-Chemie Pharma GmbH/Solvay Pharma, Hans-Böckler-Allee 20, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Meyer
- IPF PharmaCeuticals GmbH, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 31, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Erik Maronde
- IPF PharmaCeuticals GmbH, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 31, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Abstract
Urotensin-II (U-II), a peptide isolated from the urophysis of teleost fish 35 years ago, is the endogenous ligand of the mammalian orphan receptor GPR14/SENR. Recently, human homologues of both the receptor (UT-II) and the peptide (hU-II) have been discovered. Following de-orphanization, hU-II was declared the 'new endothelin' as initial studies suggested similarities between the peptides, and in isolated arteries of cynomolgus monkey U-II was a more potent constrictor than endothelin-1 (ET-1), with equal efficacy. However, effects of U-II in vascular tissue from other mammalian species are variable and although potent, U-II exhibits a lesser maximal response than ET-1. In contrast, in humans U-II has emerged as a ubiquitious constrictor of both arteries and veins in vitro and elicits a reduction in blood flow in the forearm and skin microcirculation in vivo. In addition to direct vasoconstrictor activity on smooth muscle receptors, endothelium-dependent U-II-mediated vasodilatation has also been observed. Non-vascular, peripheral actions of U-II include potent inotropy and airway smooth muscle constriction and U-II and its receptor are present throughout rat brain implying a possible neurotransmitter or neuromodulatory role in the central nervous system. U-II is proposed to contribute to human diseases including atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, pulmonary hypertension and tumour growth. The development of selective receptor antagonists should help to clarify the relative importance of hU-II as a multifunctional peptide in mammalian systems and its role in disease. What is clear is that U-II is emerging as a new and potentially important mammalian transmitter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet J Maguire
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.
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Wiley KE, Davenport AP. Comparison of vasodilators in human internal mammary artery: ghrelin is a potent physiological antagonist of endothelin-1. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 136:1146-52. [PMID: 12163347 PMCID: PMC1573443 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1 The potential vasodilator function of the peptide ghrelin, recently identified as the endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue orphan receptor (GHS-R), was investigated in human endothelium-denuded internal mammary artery. The peptide endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent and long-lasting vasoconstrictor. Comparisons were made with established and putative endogenous vasodilators to determine if any could reverse ET-1-induced vasoconstriction in this vessel. 2 Ghrelin (0.1-300 nM) potently dilated 10 nM ET-1-induced constrictions (pD(2) 8.39+/-0.29; E(MAX) 63+/-5.6%; n=9/14, responders/total). 3 ANP (pD(2) 7.75+/-0.14; E(MAX) 106+/-2.0; n=5/5) and CGRP (pD(2) 8.08+/-0.17; E(MAX) 76+/-15% n=5/6) both produced complete reversal of the constrictor response to ET-1 (E(MAX) not significantly different from 100%, P>0.05 one-sample t-test). 4 The following caused partial reversal of the ET-1 response: Adrenomedullin (n=9/9) and two peptides derived from proadrenomedullin, PAMP-12 (n=6/7) and PAMP-20 (n=9/9) (pD(2) values 7.63+/-0.28, 7.97+/-0.23 and 8.51+/-0.29; E(MAX) 58+/-7.3, 54+/-10 and 51+/-7.8% respectively). Unexpectedly, amylin was only 2 fold less potent than CGRP, although there was less than 50% reversal of the ET-1 constriction (pD(2) 7.86+/-0.30; E(MAX) 41+/-5.4%; n=7/9). CNP (n=6/6) also partially reversed constrictions to ET-1 (E(MAX) 53+/-6.3; pD(2) 8.07+/-0.38). 5 BNP (n=4/5) and PGI(2) (n=6/8) were weak vasodilators, since concentration-response curves failed to reach a maximum within the range tested. PGE(2) caused a small dilatation in some vessels (E(MAX) 17+/-2.1%; pD(2) 8.63+/-0.36; n=4/8). 6 We have demonstrated ghrelin to be an effective, endothelium-independent vasodilator of the long-lasting constrictor ET-1 in human arteries producing responses similar to those of adrenomedullin (P>0.05, ANOVA). British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 136, 1146-1152
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Wiley
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK.
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Katugampola SD, Pallikaros Z, Davenport AP. [125I-His(9)]-ghrelin, a novel radioligand for localizing GHS orphan receptors in human and rat tissue: up-regulation of receptors with athersclerosis. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 134:143-9. [PMID: 11522606 PMCID: PMC1572927 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Ghrelin is the recently identified endogenous ligand for the cloned growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). We have characterized for the first time the binding of human [125I-His(9)]-ghrelin to normal human and rat tissue and demonstrated expression of this 'orphan' receptor that has previously been predicted to exist from mRNA. Furthermore, we have discovered that [125I-His(9)]-ghrelin density is significantly increased in atherosclerosis. 2. [125I-His(9)]-Ghrelin bound to non-diseased human heart (left ventricle) with an association rate constant (k(obs)) of 0.16+/-0.004 min(-1), a dissociation rate constant of 0.068+/-0.0005 min(-1) (kinetically derived K(D) of 0.1 nM; n=5 individuals+/-s.e.mean), a K(D) of 0.43+/-0.08 nM and B(max) of 7.8+/-0.9 fmol mg(-1) protein (n=6 individual+/-s.e.mean). 3. Specific [125I-His(9)]-ghrelin binding was to the human vasculature including aorta, coronary, pulmonary, arcuate arteries in the kidney and saphenous veins. In rat tissues, binding sites were also localized to the vasculature in peripheral tissues as well as the granular layer of the cerebellum in the CNS. 4. [125I-His(9)]-Ghrelin binding was significantly up-regulated (3 - 4 fold) in both atherosclerotic coronary arteries and saphenous vein grafts with advanced intimal thickening, compared with normal vessels (P<0.05). 5. Our results suggest that the native receptor for [125I-His(9)]-ghrelin may be widely distributed in the human cardiovascular system. Furthermore, changes in the density of this proposed ghrelin receptor implicates this new transmitter system in the development of atherosclerosis and may therefore represent a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Katugampola
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK.
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Kotani M, Mollereau C, Detheux M, Le Poul E, Brézillon S, Vakili J, Mazarguil H, Vassart G, Zajac JM, Parmentier M. Functional characterization of a human receptor for neuropeptide FF and related peptides. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 133:138-44. [PMID: 11325803 PMCID: PMC1572755 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Neuropeptides FF (NPFF) and AF (NPAF) are involved in pain modulation and opioid tolerance. These peptides were known to act through uncharacterized G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). We describe here, using an aequorin-based assay as screening tool, that an orphan GPCR, previously designated HLWAR77, is a functional high affinity receptor for NPFF and related peptides. This receptor is further designated as NPFFR. 2. Binding experiments were performed with a new radioiodinated probe, [(125)I]-EYF, derived from the EFW-NPSF sequence of the rat NPFF precursor. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell membranes expressing NPFFR bound [(125)I]-EYF with a K(d) of 0.06 nM. Various NPFF analogues and related peptides inhibited [(125)I]-EYF specific binding with the following rank order (K(i)): human NPAF (0.22 nM), SQA-NPFF (0.29 nM), NPFF (0.30 nM), 1DMe (0.31 nM), EYW-NPSF (0.32 nM), QFW-NPSF (0.35 nM), 3D (1.12 nM), Met-enk-RF-NH(2) (3.25 nM), FMRF-NH(2) (10.5 nM) and NPSF (12.1 nM). 3. The stimulatory activity of the same set of peptides was measured by a functional assay based on the co-expression of NPFFR, G(alpha 16) and apoaequorin. The rank order of potency was consistent with the results of the binding assay. 4. Membranes from NPFFR expressing CHO cells bound GTP gamma[(35)S] in the presence of SQA-NPFF. This functional response was prevented by pertussis toxin treatment, demonstrating the involvement of G(i) family members. 5. SQA-NPFF inhibited forskolin induced cyclic AMP accumulation in recombinant CHO cells in a dose dependent manner. This response was abolished as well by pertussis toxin pre-treatment. 6. RT -- PCR analysis of human tissues mRNA revealed that expression of NPFFR was mainly detected in placenta, thymus and at lower levels in pituitary gland, spleen and testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kotani
- I.R.I.B.H.N., Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine Mollereau
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Michel Detheux
- Euroscreen S.A., 802 Route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Jalal Vakili
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Honoré Mazarguil
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Gilbert Vassart
- I.R.I.B.H.N., Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marie Zajac
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Marc Parmentier
- I.R.I.B.H.N., Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Author for correspondence:
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Katugampola SD, Maguire JJ, Matthewson SR, Davenport AP. [(125)I]-(Pyr(1))Apelin-13 is a novel radioligand for localizing the APJ orphan receptor in human and rat tissues with evidence for a vasoconstrictor role in man. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 132:1255-60. [PMID: 11250876 PMCID: PMC1572672 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2000] [Accepted: 01/08/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. We have determined the binding characteristics of [(125)I]-(Pyr(1))Apelin-13, a putative ligand for the APJ orphan receptor in human cardiovascular and rat tissue and investigated the functional properties of (Pyr(1))Apelin-13 in human saphenous vein. 2. The binding of [(125)I]-(Pyr(1))Apelin-13 to sections of human heart tissue was time dependent and rapid at 23 degrees C. Data were fitted to a single site model with an association rate constant (k(obs)) of 0.115 min(-1). [(125)I]-(Pyr(1))Apelin-13 also dissociated from a single site with a dissociation rate constant of 0.0105 min(-1). 3. In saturation binding experiments [(125)I]-(Pyr(1))Apelin-13 bound to human left ventricle with a K(D) value of 0.35+/-0.08 nM, B(max) of 4.3+/-0.9 fmol mg(-1) protein with a Hill slope of 0.97+/-0.04 and to the right atria with a K(D) of 0.33+/-0.09 nM, B(max) of 3.1+/-0.6 fmol mg(-1) protein and a Hill slope of 0.93+/-0.05. 4. [(125)I]-(Pyr(1))Apelin-13 binding sites were localized using autoradiography to human cardiovascular tissue, including coronary artery, aorta and saphenous vein grafts. In rat tissue a high density of receptors were localized to the molecular layer of the rat cerebellum, rat lung, rat heart and low levels in the rat kidney cortex. 2. (Pyr(1))Apelin-13 potently contracted human saphenous vein with a pD(2) value of 8.4+/-0.2 (n=8). The maximum response elicited by the peptide was 22.6+/-6% of 100 mM KCl. 6. We provide the first evidence of APJ receptor expression, relative densities and functional properties of (Pyr(1))Apelin-13 in human cardiovascular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Katugampola
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ.
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Maguire JJ, Kuc RE, Davenport AP. Orphan-receptor ligand human urotensin II: receptor localization in human tissues and comparison of vasoconstrictor responses with endothelin-1. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 131:441-6. [PMID: 11015293 PMCID: PMC1572358 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2000] [Revised: 07/13/2000] [Accepted: 07/14/2000] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We have determined the distribution of receptors for human urotensin-II (U-II) in human and rat CNS and peripheral tissues. In rat, [(125)I]-U-II binding density was highest in the abducens nucleus of brainstem (139.6+/-14 amol mm(-2)). Moderate levels were detected in dorsal horn of spinal cord and lower levels in aorta (22. 5+/-6 amol mm(-2)). In human tissues density was highest in skeletal muscle and cerebral cortex ( approximately 30 amol mm(-2)), with lower levels (<15 amol mm(-2)) in kidney cortex and left ventricle. Little binding was identified in atria, conducting system of the heart and lung parenchyma. Receptor density was less in human coronary artery smooth muscle (14.6+/-3 amol mm(-2), n=10) than rat aorta with no significant difference between normal and atherosclerotic vessels. In human skeletal muscle [(125)I]-U-II bound to a single receptor population with K(D)=0.24+/-0.17 nM and B(max)=1.97+/-1.1 fmol mg(-1) protein (n=4). U-II contracted human coronary, mammary and radial arteries, saphenous and umbilical veins with sub-nanomolar EC(50) values. U-II was 50 times more potent in arteries and <10 times more potent in veins than endothelin-1 (ET-1). The maximum response to U-II ( approximately 20% of control KCl) was significantly less than to ET-1 ( approximately 80% KCl). In contrast, in rat aorta, U-II and ET-1 were equipotent with similar maximum responses. This is the first report of high affinity receptors for [(125)I]-U-II in human CNS and peripheral tissues. This peptide produces potent, low efficacy, vasoconstriction in human arteries and veins. These data suggest a potential role for U-II in human physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet J Maguire
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Level 6 Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ
| | - Rhoda E Kuc
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Level 6 Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Level 6 Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ
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Abstract
The possible role of the endothelium in modulating responses to human urotensin-II (U-II) was investigated using isolated segments of rat thoracic aorta, small mesenteric artery, left anterior descending coronary artery and basilar artery. Human U-II was a potent vasoconstrictor of endothelium-intact isolated rat thoracic aorta (EC(50)=3.5+/-1.1 nM, R(max)=103+/-10% of control contraction induced by 60 mM KCl and 1 microM noradrenaline). However the contractile response was not significantly altered by removal of the endothelium or inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis with L-NAME (100 microM). Human U-II did not cause relaxation of noradrenaline-precontracted, endothelium-intact rat aortae. Human U-II contracted endothelium-intact rat isolated left anterior descending coronary arteries (EC(50)=1.3+/-0.8 nM, R(max)=20.1+/-4.9% of control contraction induced by 10 microM 5-HT). The contractile response was significantly enhanced by removal of the endothelium (R(max)=55.4+/-16.1%). Moreover, human U-II caused concentration-dependent relaxation of 5-HT-precontracted arteries, which was abolished by L-NAME or removal of the endothelium. No contractile effects of human U-II were found in rat small mesenteric arteries. However the peptide caused potent, concentration- and endothelium-dependent relaxations of methoxamine-precontracted vessels. The relaxant responses were potentiated by L-NAME (300 microM) but abolished in the additional presence of 25 mM KCl (which inhibits the actions of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor). The present study is the first to show that human U-II is a potent endothelium-dependent vasodilator in some rat resistance vessels, and acts through release of EDHF as well as nitric oxide. Our findings have also highlighted clear anatomical differences in the responses of different vascular beds to human U-II which are likely to be important in determining the overall cardiovascular activity of this peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona E Bottrill
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QJ
| | - Stephen A Douglas
- Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, PA 19406-0939, U.S.A
| | - C Robin Hiley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QJ
- Author for correspondence:
| | - Richard White
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QJ
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Tensen CP, Cox KJ, Smit AB, van der Schors RC, Meyerhof W, Richter D, Planta RJ, Hermann PM, van Minnen J, Geraerts WP, Knol JC, Burke JF, Vreugdenhil E, van Heerikhuizen H. The lymnaea cardioexcitatory peptide (LyCEP) receptor: a G-protein-coupled receptor for a novel member of the RFamide neuropeptide family. J Neurosci 1998; 18:9812-21. [PMID: 9822740 PMCID: PMC6793288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel G-protein-coupled receptor (GRL106) resembling neuropeptide Y and tachykinin receptors was cloned from the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis. Application of a peptide extract from the Lymnaea brain to Xenopus oocytes expressing GRL106 activated a calcium-dependent chloride channel. Using this response as a bioassay, we purified the ligand for GRL106, Lymnaea cardioexcitatory peptide (LyCEP), an RFamide-type decapeptide (TPHWRPQGRF-NH2) displaying significant similarity to the Achatina cardioexcitatory peptide (ACEP-1) as well as to the recently identified family of mammalian prolactin-releasing peptides. In the Lymnaea brain, the cells that produce egg-laying hormone are the predominant site of GRL106 gene expression and appear to be innervated by LyCEP-containing fibers. Indeed, LyCEP application transiently hyperpolarizes isolated egg-laying hormone cells. In the Lymnaea pericardium, LyCEP-containing fibers end blindly at the pericardial lumen, and the heart is stimulated by LyCEP in vitro. These data confirm that LyCEP is an RFamide ligand for GRL106.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Tensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abdulla FA, Smith PA. Nociceptin inhibits T-type Ca2+ channel current in rat sensory neurons by a G-protein-independent mechanism. J Neurosci 1997; 17:8721-8. [PMID: 9348341 PMCID: PMC6573070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/1997] [Revised: 09/02/1997] [Accepted: 09/03/1997] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nociceptin (orphanin FQ) is a novel, opioid-like, heptadecapeptide that is an endogenous ligand for the opioid receptor-like (ORL1) receptor. Unlike classical opioids, nociceptin can produce hyperalgesia when injected intracerebroventricularly into mice. Despite this, nociceptin has been reported to decrease transmitter release, activate an inwardly rectifying K+ conductance, and suppress high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channel conductances (HVA gCa) in much the same way as micro-, delta-, and kappa-opioids. We report an action of nociceptin that is not shared by morphine: the suppression of low-voltage-activated, transient calcium (barium) current (IBa,T) in acutely dissociated rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons (EC50 = 100 nM). This effect was reflected as inhibition of bursts of action potentials that can be evoked in "medium-sized" DRG neurons. Experiments with GTP-gamma-S (100 microM), GDP-beta-S (2 mM), or aluminum fluoride (AlF3) (100 microM) in the patch pipette failed to provide evidence for G-protein involvement in nociceptin-induced IBa,T suppression. By contrast, both morphine and nociceptin suppressed HVA gCa, and the latter response was affected by intracellular GTP-gamma-S, GDP-beta-S, and AlF3 in ways that confirmed G-protein involvement. The selective effect of nociceptin on IBa,T may therefore be relevant to understanding why its behavioral actions differ from those of other opioids. This G-protein-independent effect of the action of nociceptin may reflect a new general mechanism of action for opioid peptides within the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Abdulla
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2H7
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Jasper JR, Kosaka A, To ZP, Chang DJ, Eglen RM. Cloning, expression and pharmacology of a truncated splice variant of the human 5-HT7 receptor (h5-HT7b). Br J Pharmacol 1997; 122:126-32. [PMID: 9298538 PMCID: PMC1564895 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0701336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The rat 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)7 receptor displays two splice variations, a long form, and a truncated splice isoform, arising from the introduction of a stop codon near the carboxy-terminus. The human-5HT7 receptor gene contains at least two introns and encodes a 445 amino acid 5-HT receptor. 2. A truncated splice variation in the human 5-HT7 receptor was isolated from a human placental cDNA library. In accordance with current NC-IUPHAR nomenclature guidelines, it is suggested that this receptor be donated as the h5-HT7b receptor and the long form of the receptor as h5-HT7a. 3. The h5-HT7b receptor was stably expressed in HEK 293 cells and ligand affinities were determined by displacement of [3H]-5-carboxyamidotryptamine (5-CT; Kd = 0.28 +/- 0.6 nM, Bmax = 7.3 +/- 17 pmol mg-1 protein). The rank order of affinities (pKi) for a series of ligands was: 5-carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT, 9.65) > 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, 9.41) > methiothepin (8.87) > mesulergine (7.87) > 8-hydroxy-2 (di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT, 6.85) > ketanserin (6.44). 4. The h5-HT7b receptor coupled positively to adenylyl cyclase in HEK 293 cells. This response was elicited by a number of agonists with the following order of potency (pEC50): 5-CT (8.7 +/- 0.11) > 5-MeOT (5-methoxytryptamine; 8.1 +/- 0.20) > 5-HT (7.5 +/- 0.13) tryptamine (5.6 +/- 0.36) > 8-OH-DPAT (5.3 +/- 0.28) > 5-methoxytryptamine (5.0 +/- 0.06). This rank order was comparable to that observed in the radioligand binding studies. 5. In a similar fashion to that described for the 5-HT7a receptor, PCR studies suggested that the 5-HT7b receptor mRNA is found in great abundance throughout the brain, in the small intestine and aorta. 6. It is concluded that the h5-HT7 receptor, like the rat receptor, exists as splice variants exhibiting similar pharmacology, signal transduction and distribution. It is thus likely that there exists a complex physiological role for alternate splicing products of the 5-HT7 receptor gene.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Placenta/chemistry
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Radioligand Assay
- Rats
- Receptors, Serotonin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Serotonin/genetics
- Receptors, Serotonin/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Jasper
- Center for Biological Research, Roche Bioscience, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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Vaughan CW, Ingram SL, Christie MJ. Actions of the ORL1 receptor ligand nociceptin on membrane properties of rat periaqueductal gray neurons in vitro. J Neurosci 1997; 17:996-1003. [PMID: 8994054 PMCID: PMC6573185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/1996] [Revised: 11/13/1996] [Accepted: 11/15/1996] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The actions of the endogenous ORL1-receptor ligand nociceptin on the membrane properties and synaptic currents in rat periaqueductal gray (PAG) neurons were examined by the use of whole-cell patch-clamp recording in brain slices. Nociceptin produced an outward current in all neurons tested, with an EC50 of 39 +/- 7 nM. The outward current was unaffected by naloxone. Outward currents reversed polarity at -110 +/- 3 mV in 2.5 mM extracellular potassium, and the reversal potential increased when the extracellular potassium concentration was raised (slope = 66.3 mV/log[K+]o mM). Thus, the nociceptin-induced outward current was attributable to an increased K+ conductance. Nociceptin inhibited evoked fast GABAergic (IP-SCs) and glutamatergic (EPSCs) postsynaptic currents and increased paired-pulse facilitation in a subpopulation of PAG neurons. Nociceptin inhibited evoked IPSCs and EPSCs in approximately 50% of neurons throughout the PAG, except in the ventrolateral PAG, where nociceptin inhibited evoked IPSCs in most neurons. Nociceptin decreased the frequency of spontaneous miniature postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs and mEPSCs) in a subpopulation of PAG neurons but had no effect on their amplitude distributions. Thus, nociceptin had a presynaptic inhibitory effect on transmitter release. These findings suggest that nociceptin, via its pre- and postsynaptic actions, has the potential to modulate the analgesic, behavioral, and autonomic functions of the PAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Vaughan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Greene ME, Blumberg B, McBride OW, Yi HF, Kronquist K, Kwan K, Hsieh L, Greene G, Nimer SD. Isolation of the human peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma cDNA: expression in hematopoietic cells and chromosomal mapping. Gene Expr 1995; 4:281-99. [PMID: 7787419 PMCID: PMC6134382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/1994] [Accepted: 01/31/1995] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors, which includes the retinoic acid receptors and v-erb A, play important roles in the molecular control of hematopoiesis. To identify nuclear receptors expressed in hematopoietic cells, we screened a human bone marrow cDNA library using a degenerate oligonucleotide and isolated a 1.85-kb full-length cDNA encoding a new human member of this superfamily, the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (hPPAR gamma). Two different hPPAR gamma transcripts were expressed in hematopoietic cells: a 1.85-kb transcript, which corresponds to the full-length mRNA (PPAR gamma 1), and a 0.65-kb transcript (PPAR gamma 2), which cannot encode all of the nuclear receptor functional domains. Normal neutrophils and peripheral blood lymphocytes, as well as circulating leukemic cells from patients with AML, ALL, and CML, express only PPAR gamma 2 on Northern blot analysis. In contrast, only the PPAR gamma 1 transcript was detected in a variety of human leukemia cell lines and in cultured normal primary bone marrow stromal cells. Both transcripts were detected in various fetal and adult nonhematopoietic tissues. We mapped the location of the hPPAR gamma gene to human chromosome 3p25 by somatic cell hybridization and linkage analysis. PPARs have been shown to be activated by peroxisome proliferating agents, long-chain fatty acids and arachidonic acid. Human PPAR gamma, although homologous to the PPAR gamma s of other species, has unique sequence and amino acid differences. Identification of hPPAR gamma will allow further understanding of its role in human cellular leukotriene, prostaglandin, and peroxide degradative or synthetic pathways, as well as its role in lipid metabolism and regulation of adipocyte differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Bone Marrow/physiology
- Cell Fusion
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- Female
- Fetus/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Library
- Genetic Linkage
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia/genetics
- Leukemia/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/isolation & purification
- RNA, Messenger/classification
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Greene
- UCLA School of Medicine, Department of Medicine 90024, USA
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