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Williams TL, Nyimanu D, Kuc RE, Foster R, Glen RC, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. The biased apelin receptor agonist, MM07, reverses Sugen/hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension as effectively as the endothelin antagonist macitentan. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1369489. [PMID: 38655187 PMCID: PMC11035786 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1369489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterised by endothelial dysfunction and pathological vascular remodelling, resulting in the occlusion of pulmonary arteries and arterioles, right ventricular hypertrophy, and eventually fatal heart failure. Targeting the apelin receptor with the novel, G protein-biased peptide agonist, MM07, is hypothesised to reverse the developed symptoms of elevated right ventricular systolic pressure and right ventricular hypertrophy. Here, the effects of MM07 were compared with the clinical standard-of-care endothelin receptor antagonist macitentan. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomised and treated with either normoxia/saline, or Sugen/hypoxia (SuHx) to induce an established model of PAH, before subsequent treatment with either saline, macitentan (30 mg/kg), or MM07 (10 mg/kg). Rats were then anaesthetised and catheterised for haemodynamic measurements, and tissues collected for histopathological assessment. Results: The SuHx/saline group presented with significant increases in right ventricular hypertrophy, right ventricular systolic pressure, and muscularization of pulmonary arteries compared to normoxic/saline controls. Critically, MM07 was as at least as effective as macitentan in significantly reversing detrimental structural and haemodynamic changes after 4 weeks of treatment. Discussion: These results support the development of G protein-biased apelin receptor agonists with improved pharmacokinetic profiles for use in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Williams
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Duuamene Nyimanu
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rhoda E. Kuc
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Foster
- School of Chemistry, Astbury Centre for Structural Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Robert C. Glen
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Molecular Informatics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Biomolecular Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Janet J. Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony P. Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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2
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Chapman FA, Maguire JJ, Newby DE, Davenport AP, Dhaun N. Targeting the apelin system for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:2683-2696. [PMID: 37956047 PMCID: PMC10757586 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Its prevalence is rising due to ageing populations and the increasing incidence of diseases such as chronic kidney disease, obesity, and diabetes that are associated with elevated cardiovascular risk. Despite currently available treatments, there remains a huge burden of cardiovascular disease-associated morbidity for patients and healthcare systems, and newer treatments are needed. The apelin system, comprising the apelin receptor and its two endogenous ligands apelin and elabela, is a broad regulator of physiology that opposes the actions of the renin-angiotensin and vasopressin systems. Activation of the apelin receptor promotes endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and inotropy, lowers blood pressure, and promotes angiogenesis. The apelin system appears to protect against arrhythmias, inhibits thrombosis, and has broad anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic actions. It also promotes aqueous diuresis through direct and indirect (central) effects in the kidney. Thus, the apelin system offers therapeutic promise for a range of cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic diseases. This review will discuss current cardiovascular disease targets of the apelin system and future clinical utility of apelin receptor agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona A Chapman
- BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David E Newby
- BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Neeraj Dhaun
- BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Macrae RGC, Colzani MT, Williams TL, Bayraktar S, Kuc RE, Pullinger AL, Bernard WG, Robinson EL, Davenport EE, Maguire JJ, Sinha S, Davenport AP. Inducible apelin receptor knockdown reduces differentiation efficiency and contractility of hESC-derived cardiomyocytes. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:587-598. [PMID: 36239923 PMCID: PMC10064845 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The apelin receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor, has emerged as a key regulator of cardiovascular development, physiology, and disease. However, there is a lack of suitable human in vitro models to investigate the apelinergic system in cardiovascular cell types. For the first time we have used human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs) and a novel inducible knockdown system to examine the role of the apelin receptor in both cardiomyocyte development and to determine the consequences of loss of apelin receptor function as a model of disease. METHODS AND RESULTS Expression of the apelin receptor and its ligands in hESCs and hESC-CMs was determined. hESCs carrying a tetracycline-inducible short hairpin RNA targeting the apelin receptor were generated using the sOPTiKD system. Phenotypic assays characterized the consequences of either apelin receptor knockdown before hESC-CM differentiation (early knockdown) or in 3D engineered heart tissues as a disease model (late knockdown). hESC-CMs expressed the apelin signalling system at a similar level to the adult heart. Early apelin receptor knockdown decreased cardiomyocyte differentiation efficiency and prolonged voltage sensing, associated with asynchronous contraction. Late apelin receptor knockdown had detrimental consequences on 3D engineered heart tissue contractile properties, decreasing contractility and increasing stiffness. CONCLUSIONS We have successfully knocked down the apelin receptor, using an inducible system, to demonstrate a key role in hESC-CM differentiation. Knockdown in 3D engineered heart tissues recapitulated the phenotype of apelin receptor down-regulation in a failing heart, providing a potential platform for modelling heart failure and testing novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn G C Macrae
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Level 6, Addenbrooke’s Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria T Colzani
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas L Williams
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Level 6, Addenbrooke’s Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Semih Bayraktar
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rhoda E Kuc
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Level 6, Addenbrooke’s Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Anna L Pullinger
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Level 6, Addenbrooke’s Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - William G Bernard
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emma L Robinson
- School of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Level 6, Addenbrooke’s Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sanjay Sinha
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Level 6, Addenbrooke’s Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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Williams TL, Macrae RGC, Kuc RE, Brown AJH, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. Expanding the apelin receptor pharmacological toolbox using novel fluorescent ligands. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1139121. [PMID: 36967803 PMCID: PMC10034064 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1139121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The apelin receptor binds two distinct endogenous peptides, apelin and ELA, which act in an autocrine/paracrine manner to regulate the human cardiovascular system. As a class A GPCR, targeting the apelin receptor is an attractive therapeutic strategy. With improvements in imaging techniques, and the stability and brightness of dyes, fluorescent ligands are becoming increasingly useful in studying protein targets. Here, we describe the design and validation of four novel fluorescent ligands; two based on [Pyr1]apelin-13 (apelin488 and apelin647), and two based on ELA-14 (ELA488 and ELA647). METHODS Fluorescent ligands were pharmacologically assessed using radioligand and functional in vitro assays. Apelin647 was validated in high content imaging and internalisation studies, and in a clinically relevant human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte model. Apelin488 and ELA488 were used to visualise apelin receptor binding in human renal tissue. RESULTS All four fluorescent ligands retained the ability to bind and activate the apelin receptor and, crucially, triggered receptor internalisation. In high content imaging studies, apelin647 bound specifically to CHO-K1 cells stably expressing apelin receptor, providing proof-of-principle for a platform that could screen novel hits targeting this GPCR. The ligand also bound specifically to endogenous apelin receptor in stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Apelin488 and ELA488 bound specifically to apelin receptor, localising to blood vessels and tubules of the renal cortex. DISCUSSION Our data indicate that the described novel fluorescent ligands expand the pharmacological toolbox for studying the apelin receptor across multiple platforms to facilitate drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Williams
- Experimental Medicine & Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robyn G. C. Macrae
- Experimental Medicine & Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rhoda E. Kuc
- Experimental Medicine & Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Janet J. Maguire
- Experimental Medicine & Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony P. Davenport
- Experimental Medicine & Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Anthony P. Davenport,
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Nyimanu D, Chapman FA, Gallacher PJ, Kuc RE, Williams TL, Newby DE, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP, Dhaun N. Apelin is expressed throughout the human kidney, is elevated in chronic kidney disease & associates independently with decline in kidney function. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 88:5295-5306. [PMID: 35748053 PMCID: PMC9796317 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is its commonest complication. The apelin system is a potential therapeutic target for CVD but data relating to apelin in CKD are limited. We examined expression of the apelin system in human kidney, and investigated apelin and Elabela/Toddler (ELA), the endogenous ligands for the apelin receptor, in patients with CKD. METHODS Using autoradiography, immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we assessed expression of apelin, ELA and the apelin receptor in healthy human kidney, and measured plasma apelin and ELA in 155 subjects (128 patients with CKD, 27 matched controls) followed up for 5 years. Cardiovascular assessments included blood pressure, arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity) and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation. Surrogate markers of endothelial function (plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine and endothelin-1) and inflammation (C-reactive protein and interleukin-6) were measured. RESULTS The apelin system was expressed in healthy human kidney, throughout the nephron. Plasma apelin concentrations were 60% higher in women than men (6.48 [3.62-9.89] vs. 3.95 [2.02-5.85] pg/mL; P < .0001), and increased as glomerular filtration rate declined (R = -0.41, P < .0001), and albuminuria rose (R = 0.52, P < .0001). Plasma apelin and ELA were associated with vascular dysfunction. Plasma apelin associated independently with a 50% decline in glomerular filtration rate at 5 years. CONCLUSION We show for the first time that the apelin system is expressed in healthy human kidney. Plasma apelin is elevated in CKD and may be a potential biomarker of risk of decline in kidney function. Clinical studies exploring the therapeutic potential of apelin agonism in CKD are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duuamene Nyimanu
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona A Chapman
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter J Gallacher
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rhoda E Kuc
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas L Williams
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David E Newby
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Neeraj Dhaun
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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6
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Abraham GR, Kuc RE, Althage M, Greasley PJ, Ambery P, Maguire JJ, Wilkinson IB, Hoole SP, Cheriyan J, Davenport AP. Endothelin-1 is increased in the plasma of patients hospitalised with Covid-19. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 167:92-96. [PMID: 35339512 PMCID: PMC8941861 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Virus induced endothelial dysregulation is a well-recognised feature of severe Covid-19 infection. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is the most highly expressed peptide in endothelial cells and a potent vasoconstrictor, thus representing a potential therapeutic target. ET-1 plasma levels were measured in a cohort of 194 Covid-19 patients stratified according to the clinical severity of their illness. Hospitalised patients, including those who died and those developing acute myocardial or kidney injury, had significantly elevated ET-1 plasma levels during the acute phase of infection. The results support the hypothesis that endothelin receptor antagonists may provide clinical benefit for certain Covid-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Abraham
- Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK; Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Rhoda E Kuc
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Magnus Althage
- Late-stage Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter J Greasley
- Late-stage Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Philip Ambery
- Late-stage Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian B Wilkinson
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen P Hoole
- Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joseph Cheriyan
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Clinical Pharmacology Department and Cardiovascular Office, Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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7
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Williams TL, Strachan G, Macrae RGC, Kuc RE, Nyimanu D, Paterson AL, Sinha S, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. Differential expression in humans of the viral entry receptor ACE2 compared with the short deltaACE2 isoform lacking SARS-CoV-2 binding sites. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24336. [PMID: 34934117 PMCID: PMC8692523 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03731-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ACE2 is a membrane protein that regulates the cardiovascular system. Additionally, ACE2 acts as a receptor for host cell infection by human coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 that emerged as the cause of the on-going COVID-19 pandemic and has brought unprecedented burden to economy and health. ACE2 binds the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 with high affinity and shows little variation in amino acid sequence meaning natural resistance is rare. The discovery of a novel short ACE2 isoform (deltaACE2) provides evidence for inter-individual differences in SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and severity, and likelihood of developing subsequent 'Long COVID'. Critically, deltaACE2 loses SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding sites in the extracellular domain, and is predicted to confer reduced susceptibility to viral infection. We aimed to assess the differential expression of full-length ACE2 versus deltaACE2 in a panel of human tissues (kidney, heart, lung, and liver) that are implicated in COVID-19, and confirm ACE2 protein in these tissues. Using dual antibody staining, we show that deltaACE2 localises, and is enriched, in lung airway epithelia and bile duct epithelia in the liver. Finally, we also confirm that a fluorescently tagged SARS-CoV-2 spike protein monomer shows low binding at lung and bile duct epithelia where dACE2 is enriched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Williams
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 110, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Gregory Strachan
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robyn G C Macrae
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 110, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.,Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rhoda E Kuc
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 110, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Duuamene Nyimanu
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 110, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Anna L Paterson
- Department of Pathology, Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sanjay Sinha
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 110, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 110, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality and is independently associated with cardiovascular disease. The mainstay of treatment for CKD is blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which reduces blood pressure and proteinuria and slows kidney function decline. Despite this treatment, many patients progress to kidney failure, which requires dialysis or kidney transplantation, and/or die as a result of cardiovascular disease. The apelin system is an endogenous physiological regulator that is emerging as a potential therapeutic target for many diseases. This system comprises the apelin receptor and its two families of endogenous ligands, apelin and elabela/toddler. Preclinical and clinical studies show that apelin receptor ligands are endothelium-dependent vasodilators and potent inotropes, and the apelin system has a reciprocal relationship with the RAAS. In preclinical studies, apelin regulates glomerular haemodynamics and acts on the tubule to promote aquaresis. In addition, apelin is protective in several kidney injury models. Although the apelin system has not yet been studied in patients with CKD, the available data suggest that apelin is a promising potential therapeutic target for kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona A Chapman
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Duuamene Nyimanu
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David E Newby
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neeraj Dhaun
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK.
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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9
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Nyimanu D, Kay RG, Kuc RE, Brown AJH, Gribble FM, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. In vitro metabolism of synthetic Elabela/Toddler (ELA-32) peptide in human plasma and kidney homogenates analyzed with mass spectrometry and validation of endogenous peptide quantification in tissues by ELISA. Peptides 2021; 145:170642. [PMID: 34455010 PMCID: PMC8484864 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elabela/Toddler (ELA) is a novel endogenous ligand of the apelin receptor, whose signalling has emerged as a therapeutic target, for example, in cardiovascular disease and cancer. Shorter forms of ELA-32 have been predicted, including ELA-21 and ELA-11, but metabolism and stability of ELA-32 in humans is poorly understood. We, therefore, developed an LC-MS/MS assay to identify ELA-32 metabolites in human plasma and tissues. METHOD Human kidney homogenates or plasma were incubated at 37 °C with ELA-32 and aliquots withdrawn over 2-4 h into guanidine hydrochloride. Proteins were precipitated and supernatant solid-phase extracted. Peptides were extracted from coronary artery, brain and kidney by immunoprecipitation or solid-phase extraction following acidification. All samples were reduced and alkylated before analysis on an Orbitrap mass spectrometer in high and nano flow mode. RESULTS The half-life of ELA-32 in plasma and kidney were 47.2 ± 5.7 min and 44.2 ± 3 s, respectively. Using PEAKS Studio and manual data analysis, the most important fragments of ELA-32 with potential biological activity identified were ELA-11, ELA-16, ELA-19 and ELA-20. The corresponding fragments resulting from the loss of C-terminal amino acids were also identified. Endogenous levels of these peptides could not be measured, as ELA peptides are prone to oxidation and poor chromatographic peaks. CONCLUSIONS The relatively long ELA plasma half-life observed and identification of a potentially more stable fragment, ELA-16, may suggest that ELA could be a better tool compound and novel template for the development of new drugs acting at the apelin receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duuamene Nyimanu
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard G Kay
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Sosei Heptares, Granta Park, Cambridge, UK; Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Sciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rhoda E Kuc
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Fiona M Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Sciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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10
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Williams TL, Colzani MT, Macrae RGC, Robinson EL, Bloor S, Greenwood EJD, Zhan JR, Strachan G, Kuc RE, Nyimanu D, Maguire JJ, Lehner PJ, Sinha S, Davenport AP. Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte platform screens inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Commun Biol 2021; 4:926. [PMID: 34326460 PMCID: PMC8322398 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with cardiovascular comorbidities are more susceptible to severe infection with SARS-CoV-2, known to directly cause pathological damage to cardiovascular tissue. We outline a screening platform using human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, confirmed to express the protein machinery critical for SARS-CoV-2 infection, and a SARS-CoV-2 spike-pseudotyped virus system. The method has allowed us to identify benztropine and DX600 as novel inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a clinically relevant stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte line. Discovery of new medicines will be critical for protecting the heart in patients with SARS-CoV-2, and for individuals where vaccination is contraindicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Williams
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria T Colzani
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robyn G C Macrae
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emma L Robinson
- School of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stuart Bloor
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edward J D Greenwood
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jun Ru Zhan
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gregory Strachan
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rhoda E Kuc
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Duuamene Nyimanu
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sanjay Sinha
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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11
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Owen NE, Nyimanu D, Kuc RE, Upton PD, Morrell NW, Alexander GJ, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. Plasma levels of apelin are reduced in patients with liver fibrosis and cirrhosis but are not correlated with circulating levels of bone morphogenetic protein 9 and 10. Peptides 2021; 136:170440. [PMID: 33171278 PMCID: PMC7883214 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The peptide apelin is expressed in human healthy livers and is implicated in the development of hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. Mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II (BMPR-II) result in reduced plasma levels of apelin in patients with heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension. Ligands for BMPR-II include bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9), highly expressed in liver, and BMP10, expressed in heart and to a lesser extent liver. However, it is not known whether reductions in BMP9 and/or BMP10, with associated reduction in BMPR-II signalling, correlate with altered levels of apelin in patients with liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. METHODS Plasma from patients with liver fibrosis (n = 14), cirrhosis (n = 56), and healthy controls (n = 25) was solid-phase extracted using a method optimised for recovery of apelin, which was measured by ELISA. RESULTS Plasma apelin was significantly reduced in liver fibrosis (8.3 ± 1.2 pg/ml) and cirrhosis (6.5 ± 0.6 pg/ml) patients compared with controls (15.4 ± 2.0 pg/ml). There was no obvious relationship between apelin and BMP 9 or BMP10 previously measured in these patients. Within the cirrhotic group, there was no significant correlation between apelin levels and disease severity scores, age, sex, or treatment with β-blockers. CONCLUSIONS Apelin was significantly reduced in plasma of patients with both early (fibrosis) and late-stage (cirrhosis) liver disease. Fibrosis is more easily reversible and may represent a potential target for new therapeutic interventions. However, it remains unclear whether apelin signalling is detrimental in liver disease or is beneficial and therefore, whether an apelin antagonist or agonist have clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola E Owen
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Duuamene Nyimanu
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rhoda E Kuc
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Paul D Upton
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nicholas W Morrell
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Graeme J Alexander
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Upper 3rd Floor, Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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12
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Read C, Nyimanu D, Yang P, Kuc RE, Williams TL, Fitzpatrick CM, Foster R, Glen RC, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. The G Protein Biased Small Molecule Apelin Agonist CMF-019 is Disease Modifying in Endothelial Cell Apoptosis In Vitro and Induces Vasodilatation Without Desensitisation In Vivo. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:588669. [PMID: 33716722 PMCID: PMC7944139 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.588669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling through the apelin receptor is beneficial for a number of diseases including pulmonary arterial hypertension. The endogenous small peptides, apelin and elabela/toddler, are downregulated in pulmonary arterial hypertension but are not suitable for exogenous administration owing to a lack of bioavailability, proteolytic instability and susceptibility to renal clearance. CMF-019, a small molecule apelin agonist that displays strong bias towards G protein signaling over β-arrestin (∼400 fold), may be more suitable. This study demonstrates that in addition to being a positive inotrope, CMF-019 caused dose-dependent vasodilatation in vivo (50 nmol 4.16 ± 1.18 mmHg, **p < 0.01; 500 nmol 6.62 ± 1.85 mmHg, **p < 0.01), without receptor desensitization. Furthermore, CMF-019 rescues human pulmonary artery endothelial cells from apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor α and cycloheximide (5.66 ± 0.97%, **p < 0.01) by approximately 50% of that observable with rhVEGF (11.59 ± 1.85%, **p < 0.01), suggesting it has disease-modifying potential in vitro. CMF-019 displays remarkable bias at the apelin receptor for a small molecule and importantly recapitulates all aspects of the cardiovascular responses to the endogenous ligand, [Pyr1]apelin-13, in vivo. Additionally, it is able to protect human pulmonary artery endothelial cells from apoptosis, suggesting that the beneficial effects observed with apelin agonists extend beyond hemodynamic alleviation and address disease etiology itself. These findings support CMF-019 as a G protein biased small molecule apelin agonist in vitro and in vivo that could form the basis for the design of novel therapeutic agents in chronic diseases, such as, pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Read
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Duuamene Nyimanu
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peiran Yang
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rhoda E Kuc
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas L Williams
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M Fitzpatrick
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Foster
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Robert C Glen
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Molecular Informatics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Alexander SP, Armstrong JF, Davenport AP, Davies JA, Faccenda E, Harding SD, Levi‐Schaffer F, Maguire JJ, Pawson AJ, Southan C, Spedding M. A rational roadmap for SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pharmacotherapeutic research and development: IUPHAR Review 29. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4942-4966. [PMID: 32358833 PMCID: PMC7267163 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we identify opportunities for drug discovery in the treatment of COVID-19 and, in so doing, provide a rational roadmap whereby pharmacology and pharmacologists can mitigate against the global pandemic. We assess the scope for targeting key host and viral targets in the mid-term, by first screening these targets against drugs already licensed, an agenda for drug repurposing, which should allow rapid translation to clinical trials. A simultaneous, multi-pronged approach using conventional drug discovery methods aimed at discovering novel chemical and biological means of targeting a short list of host and viral entities which should extend the arsenal of anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. This longer term strategy would provide a deeper pool of drug choices for future-proofing against acquired drug resistance. Second, there will be further viral threats, which will inevitably evade existing vaccines. This will require a coherent therapeutic strategy which pharmacology and pharmacologists are best placed to provide. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on The Pharmacology of COVID-19. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.21/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve P.H. Alexander
- Chair, Nomenclature and Standards Committee of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (NC‐IUPHAR), School of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Jane F. Armstrong
- Curator, Guide to PHARMACOLOGY (GtoPdb), Deanery of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | - Jamie A. Davies
- Principal Investigator, Guide to PHARMACOLOGY (GtoPdb), Executive Committee, NC‐IUPHAR, Deanery of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- Curator, Guide to PHARMACOLOGY (GtoPdb), Deanery of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Simon D. Harding
- Database Developer, Guide to PHARMACOLOGY (GtoPdb), Deanery of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Francesca Levi‐Schaffer
- First Vice‐President and Chair of Immunopharmacology Section, International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR)Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | | | - Adam J. Pawson
- Senior Curator, Guide to PHARMACOLOGY (GtoPdb), Executive Committee, NC‐IUPHAR, Deanery of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Christopher Southan
- Deanery of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- TW2Informatics LtdGothenburgSweden
| | - Michael Spedding
- Secretary‐General, International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR) and Spedding Research Solutions SASLe VesinetFrance
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14
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Robinson EL, Alkass K, Bergmann O, Maguire JJ, Roderick HL, Davenport AP. Genes encoding ACE2, TMPRSS2 and related proteins mediating SARS-CoV-2 viral entry are upregulated with age in human cardiomyocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 147:88-91. [PMID: 32818486 PMCID: PMC7431326 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Robinson
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM) Maastricht University, The Netherlands and Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Dept. of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Kanar Alkass
- Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum, Oncology and Pathology, The National Board of Forensic Medicine, SE-17177 Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olaf Bergmann
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, TU-Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, Dresden 01307, Germany.; Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Cell and Molecular Biology, SE-17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - H Llewelyn Roderick
- KU Leuven, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Belgium and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, University of Oslo, 3000 Leuven, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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15
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Ford TJ, Corcoran D, Padmanabhan S, Aman A, Rocchiccioli P, Good R, McEntegart M, Maguire JJ, Watkins S, Eteiba H, Shaukat A, Lindsay M, Robertson K, Hood S, McGeoch R, McDade R, Yii E, Sattar N, Hsu LY, Arai AE, Oldroyd KG, Touyz RM, Davenport AP, Berry C. Genetic dysregulation of endothelin-1 is implicated in coronary microvascular dysfunction. Eur Heart J 2020; 41:3239-3252. [PMID: 31972008 PMCID: PMC7557475 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide linked to vascular diseases through a common intronic gene enhancer [(rs9349379-G allele), chromosome 6 (PHACTR1/EDN1)]. We performed a multimodality investigation into the role of ET-1 and this gene variant in the pathogenesis of coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) in patients with symptoms and/or signs of ischaemia but no obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS AND RESULTS Three hundred and ninety-one patients with angina were enrolled. Of these, 206 (53%) with obstructive CAD were excluded leaving 185 (47%) eligible. One hundred and nine (72%) of 151 subjects who underwent invasive testing had objective evidence of CMD (COVADIS criteria). rs9349379-G allele frequency was greater than in contemporary reference genome bank control subjects [allele frequency 46% (129/280 alleles) vs. 39% (5551/14380); P = 0.013]. The G allele was associated with higher plasma serum ET-1 [least squares mean 1.59 pg/mL vs. 1.28 pg/mL; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.10-0.53; P = 0.005]. Patients with rs9349379-G allele had over double the odds of CMD [odds ratio (OR) 2.33, 95% CI 1.10-4.96; P = 0.027]. Multimodality non-invasive testing confirmed the G allele was associated with linked impairments in myocardial perfusion on stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging at 1.5 T (N = 107; GG 56%, AG 43%, AA 31%, P = 0.042) and exercise testing (N = 87; -3.0 units in Duke Exercise Treadmill Score; -5.8 to -0.1; P = 0.045). Endothelin-1 related vascular mechanisms were assessed ex vivo using wire myography with endothelin A receptor (ETA) antagonists including zibotentan. Subjects with rs9349379-G allele had preserved peripheral small vessel reactivity to ET-1 with high affinity of ETA antagonists. Zibotentan reversed ET-1-induced vasoconstriction independently of G allele status. CONCLUSION We identify a novel genetic risk locus for CMD. These findings implicate ET-1 dysregulation and support the possibility of precision medicine using genetics to target oral ETA antagonist therapy in patients with microvascular angina. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03193294.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Ford
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 9DH, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Gosford Hospital, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - David Corcoran
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 9DH, UK
- West of Scotland Heart and Lung Centre, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Clydebank G81 4DY, UK
| | - Sandosh Padmanabhan
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 9DH, UK
| | - Alisha Aman
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 9DH, UK
| | - Paul Rocchiccioli
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 9DH, UK
- West of Scotland Heart and Lung Centre, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Clydebank G81 4DY, UK
| | - Richard Good
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 9DH, UK
- West of Scotland Heart and Lung Centre, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Clydebank G81 4DY, UK
| | - Margaret McEntegart
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 9DH, UK
- West of Scotland Heart and Lung Centre, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Clydebank G81 4DY, UK
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation (ACCI), Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stuart Watkins
- West of Scotland Heart and Lung Centre, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Clydebank G81 4DY, UK
| | - Hany Eteiba
- West of Scotland Heart and Lung Centre, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Clydebank G81 4DY, UK
| | - Aadil Shaukat
- West of Scotland Heart and Lung Centre, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Clydebank G81 4DY, UK
| | - Mitchell Lindsay
- West of Scotland Heart and Lung Centre, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Clydebank G81 4DY, UK
| | - Keith Robertson
- West of Scotland Heart and Lung Centre, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Clydebank G81 4DY, UK
| | - Stuart Hood
- West of Scotland Heart and Lung Centre, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Clydebank G81 4DY, UK
| | - Ross McGeoch
- Laboratory for Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert McDade
- West of Scotland Heart and Lung Centre, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Clydebank G81 4DY, UK
| | - Eric Yii
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 9DH, UK
| | - Naveed Sattar
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 9DH, UK
| | - Li-Yueh Hsu
- Laboratory for Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew E Arai
- Laboratory for Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Keith G Oldroyd
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 9DH, UK
- West of Scotland Heart and Lung Centre, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Clydebank G81 4DY, UK
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 9DH, UK
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation (ACCI), Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Colin Berry
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 9DH, UK
- West of Scotland Heart and Lung Centre, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Clydebank G81 4DY, UK
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16
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Read C, Yang P, Kuc RE, Nyimanu D, Williams TL, Glen RC, Holt LJ, Arulanantham H, Smart A, Davenport AP, Maguire JJ. Apelin peptides linked to anti-serum albumin domain antibodies retain affinity in vitro and are efficacious receptor agonists in vivo. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 126 Suppl 6:96-103. [PMID: 30901161 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The apelin receptor is a potential target in the treatment of heart failure and pulmonary arterial hypertension where levels of endogenous apelin peptides are reduced but significant receptor levels remain. Our aim was to characterise the pharmacology of a modified peptide agonist, MM202, designed to have high affinity for the apelin receptor and resistance to peptidase degradation and linked to an anti-serum albumin domain antibody (AlbudAb) to extend half-life in the blood. In competition, binding experiments in human heart MM202-AlbudAb (pKi = 9.39 ± 0.09) bound with similar high affinity as the endogenous peptides [Pyr1 ]apelin-13 (pKi = 8.83 ± 0.06) and apelin-17 (pKi = 9.57 ± 0.08). [Pyr1 ]apelin-13 was tenfold more potent in the cAMP (pD2 = 9.52 ± 0.05) compared to the β-arrestin (pD2 = 8.53 ± 0.03) assay, whereas apelin-17 (pD2 = 10.31 ± 0.28; pD2 = 10.15 ± 0.13, respectively) and MM202-AlbudAb (pD2 = 9.15 ± 0.12; pD2 = 9.26 ± 0.03, respectively) were equipotent in both assays, with MM202-AlbudAb tenfold less potent than apelin-17. MM202-AlbudAb bound to immobilised human serum albumin with high affinity (pKD = 9.02). In anaesthetised, male Sprague Dawley rats, MM202-AlbudAb (5 nmol, n = 15) significantly reduced left ventricular systolic pressure by 6.61 ± 1.46 mm Hg and systolic arterial pressure by 14.12 ± 3.35 mm Hg and significantly increased cardiac contractility by 533 ± 170 mm Hg/s, cardiac output by 1277 ± 190 RVU/min, stroke volume by 3.09 ± 0.47 RVU and heart rate by 4.64 ± 2.24 bpm. This study demonstrates that conjugating an apelin mimetic peptide to the AlbudAb structure retains receptor and in vivo activity and may be a new strategy for development of apelin peptides as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Read
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peiran Yang
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rhoda E Kuc
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Duuamene Nyimanu
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas L Williams
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert C Glen
- The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Davenport AP, Scully CCG, de Graaf C, Brown AJH, Maguire JJ. Advances in therapeutic peptides targeting G protein-coupled receptors. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19:389-413. [PMID: 32494050 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-0062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of peptide-activated pathways causes a range of diseases, fostering the discovery and clinical development of peptide drugs. Many endogenous peptides activate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) - nearly 50 GPCR peptide drugs have been approved to date, most of them for metabolic disease or oncology, and more than 10 potentially first-in-class peptide therapeutics are in the pipeline. The majority of existing peptide therapeutics are agonists, which reflects the currently dominant strategy of modifying the endogenous peptide sequence of ligands for peptide-binding GPCRs. Increasingly, novel strategies are being employed to develop both agonists and antagonists, to both introduce chemical novelty and improve drug-like properties. Pharmacodynamic improvements are evolving to allow biasing ligands to activate specific downstream signalling pathways, in order to optimize efficacy and reduce side effects. In pharmacokinetics, modifications that increase plasma half-life have been revolutionary. Here, we discuss the current status of the peptide drugs targeting GPCRs, with a focus on evolving strategies to improve pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | | | | | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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18
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Nyimanu D, Kay RG, Sulentic P, Kuc RE, Ambery P, Jermutus L, Reimann F, Gribble FM, Cheriyan J, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for detection and quantification of in vivo derived metabolites of [Pyr 1]apelin-13 in humans. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19934. [PMID: 31882594 PMCID: PMC6934825 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56157-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
[Pyr1]apelin-13 is the predominant apelin peptide isoform in the human cardiovascular system and plasma. To date, few studies have investigated [Pyr1]apelin-13 metabolism in vivo in rats with no studies examining its stability in humans. We therefore aimed to develop an LC-MS/MS method for detection and quantification of intact [Pyr1]apelin-13 and have used this method to identify the metabolites generated in vivo in humans. [Pyr1]apelin-13 (135 nmol/min) was infused into six healthy human volunteers for 120 minutes and blood collected at time 0 and 120 minutes after infusion. Plasma was extracted in the presence of guanidine hydrochloride and analysed by LC-MS/MS. Here we report a highly sensitive, robust and reproducible method for quantification of intact [Pyr1]apelin-13 and its metabolites in human plasma. Using this method, we showed that the circulating concentration of intact peptide was 58.3 ± 10.5 ng/ml after 120 minutes infusion. We demonstrated for the first time that in humans, [Pyr1]apelin-13 was cleaved from both termini but the C-terminal was more susceptible to cleavage. Consequently, of the metabolites identified, [Pyr1]apelin-13(1-12), [Pyr1]apelin-13(1-10) and [Pyr1]apelin-13(1-6) were the most abundant. These data suggest that apelin peptides designed for use as cardiovascular therapeutics, should include modifications that minimise C-terminal cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duuamene Nyimanu
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Richard G Kay
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Sciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Petra Sulentic
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rhoda E Kuc
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Philip Ambery
- Late-stage Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lutz Jermutus
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Sciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Sciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Joseph Cheriyan
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Nyimanu D, Kuc RE, Williams TL, Bednarek M, Ambery P, Jermutus L, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. Apelin-36-[L28A] and Apelin-36-[L28C(30kDa-PEG)] peptides that improve diet induced obesity are G protein biased ligands at the apelin receptor. Peptides 2019; 121:170139. [PMID: 31472173 PMCID: PMC6838674 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apelin signalling pathways have important cardiovascular and metabolic functions. Recently, apelin-36-[L28A] and apelin-36-[L28C(30kDa-PEG)], were reported to function independent of the apelin receptor in vivo to produce beneficial metabolic effects without modulating blood pressure. We aimed to show that these peptides bound to the apelin receptor and to further characterise their pharmacology in vitro at the human apelin receptor. METHODS [Pyr1]apelin-13 saturation binding experiments and competition binding experiments were performed in rat and human heart homogenates using [125I]apelin-13 (0.1 nM), and/or increasing concentrations of apelin-36, apelin-36-[L28A] and apelin-36-[L28C(30kDa-PEG)] (50pM-100μM). Apelin-36 and its analogues apelin-36-[F36A], apelin-36-[L28A], apelin-36-[L28C(30kDa-PEG)], apelin-36-[A28 A13] and [40kDa-PEG]-apelin-36 were tested in forskolin-induced cAMP inhibition and β-arrestin assays in CHO-K1 cells heterologously expressing the human apelin receptor. Bias signaling was quantified using the operational model for bias. RESULTS In both species, [Pyr1]apelin-13 had comparable subnanomolar affinity and the apelin receptor density was similar. Apelin-36, apelin-36-[L28A] and apelin-36-[L28C(30kDa-PEG)] competed for binding of [125I]apelin-13 with nanomolar affinities. Apelin-36-[L28A] and apelin-36-[L28C(30kDa-PEG)] inhibited forskolin-induced cAMP release, with nanomolar potencies but they were less potent compared to apelin-36 at recruiting β-arrestin. Bias analysis suggested that these peptides were G protein biased. Additionally, [40kDa-PEG]-apelin-36 and apelin-36-[F36A] retained nanomolar potencies in both cAMP and β-arrestin assays whilst apelin-36-[A13 A28] exhibited a similar profile to apelin-36-[L28C(30kDa-PEG)] in the β-arrestin assay but was more potent in the cAMP assay. CONCLUSIONS Apelin-36-[L28A] and apelin-36-[L28C(30kDa-PEG)] are G protein biased ligands of the apelin receptor, suggesting that the apelin receptor is an important therapeutic target in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duuamene Nyimanu
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rhoda E. Kuc
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Thomas L. Williams
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Maria Bednarek
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Philip Ambery
- Late-stage Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lutz Jermutus
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Janet J. Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Anthony P. Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Corresponding authors.
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Read C, Nyimanu D, Williams TL, Huggins DJ, Sulentic P, Macrae RGC, Yang P, Glen RC, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CVII. Structure and Pharmacology of the Apelin Receptor with a Recommendation that Elabela/Toddler Is a Second Endogenous Peptide Ligand. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:467-502. [PMID: 31492821 PMCID: PMC6731456 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.017533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The predicted protein encoded by the APJ gene discovered in 1993 was originally classified as a class A G protein-coupled orphan receptor but was subsequently paired with a novel peptide ligand, apelin-36 in 1998. Substantial research identified a family of shorter peptides activating the apelin receptor, including apelin-17, apelin-13, and [Pyr1]apelin-13, with the latter peptide predominating in human plasma and cardiovascular system. A range of pharmacological tools have been developed, including radiolabeled ligands, analogs with improved plasma stability, peptides, and small molecules including biased agonists and antagonists, leading to the recommendation that the APJ gene be renamed APLNR and encode the apelin receptor protein. Recently, a second endogenous ligand has been identified and called Elabela/Toddler, a 54-amino acid peptide originally identified in the genomes of fish and humans but misclassified as noncoding. This precursor is also able to be cleaved to shorter sequences (32, 21, and 11 amino acids), and all are able to activate the apelin receptor and are blocked by apelin receptor antagonists. This review summarizes the pharmacology of these ligands and the apelin receptor, highlights the emerging physiologic and pathophysiological roles in a number of diseases, and recommends that Elabela/Toddler is a second endogenous peptide ligand of the apelin receptor protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Read
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Duuamene Nyimanu
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Thomas L Williams
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - David J Huggins
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Petra Sulentic
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Robyn G C Macrae
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Peiran Yang
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Robert C Glen
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
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Yang P, Read C, Kuc RE, Nyimanu D, Williams TL, Crosby A, Buonincontri G, Southwood M, Sawiak SJ, Glen RC, Morrell NW, Davenport AP, Maguire JJ. A novel cyclic biased agonist of the apelin receptor, MM07, is disease modifying in the rat monocrotaline model of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:1206-1221. [PMID: 30710493 PMCID: PMC6468262 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Apelin is an endogenous vasodilatory and inotropic peptide that is down-regulated in human pulmonary arterial hypertension, although the density of the apelin receptor is not significantly attenuated. We hypothesised that a G protein-biased apelin analogue MM07, which is more stable than the endogenous apelin peptide, may be beneficial in this condition with the advantage of reduced β-arrestin-mediated receptor internalisation with chronic use. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male Sprague-Dawley rats received either monocrotaline to induce pulmonary arterial hypertension or saline and then daily i.p. injections of either MM07 or saline for 21 days. The extent of disease was assessed by right ventricular catheterisation, cardiac MRI, and histological analysis of the pulmonary vasculature. The effect of MM07 on signalling, proliferation, and apoptosis of human pulmonary artery endothelial cells was investigated. KEY RESULTS MM07 significantly reduced the elevation of right ventricular systolic pressure and hypertrophy induced by monocrotaline. Monocrotaline-induced changes in cardiac structure and function, including right ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes, ejection fraction, and left ventricular end-diastolic volume, were attenuated by MM07. MM07 also significantly reduced monocrotaline-induced muscularisation of small pulmonary blood vessels. MM07 stimulated endothelial NOS phosphorylation and expression, promoted proliferation, and attenuated apoptosis of human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells in vitro. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings suggest that chronic treatment with MM07 is beneficial in this animal model of pulmonary arterial hypertension by addressing disease aetiology. These data support the development of G protein-biased apelin receptor agonists with improved pharmacokinetic profiles for use in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiran Yang
- Experimental Medicine and ImmunotherapeuticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Cai Read
- Experimental Medicine and ImmunotherapeuticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Rhoda E. Kuc
- Experimental Medicine and ImmunotherapeuticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Duuamene Nyimanu
- Experimental Medicine and ImmunotherapeuticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Thomas L. Williams
- Experimental Medicine and ImmunotherapeuticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Alexi Crosby
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Guido Buonincontri
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Mark Southwood
- Department of PathologyPapworth Hospital NHS Foundation TrustCambridgeUK
| | - Stephen J. Sawiak
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Robert C. Glen
- The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CambridgeUK and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonUK
| | | | | | - Janet J. Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and ImmunotherapeuticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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Davenport AP, Kuc RE, Southan C, Maguire JJ. New drugs and emerging therapeutic targets in the endothelin signaling pathway and prospects for personalized precision medicine. Physiol Res 2018; 67:S37-S54. [PMID: 29947527 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last thirty years since the discovery of endothelin-1, the therapeutic strategy that has evolved in the clinic, mainly in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension, is to block the action of the peptide either at the ET(A) subtype or both receptors using orally active small molecule antagonists. Recently, there has been a rapid expansion in research targeting ET receptors using chemical entities other than small molecules, particularly monoclonal antibody antagonists and selective peptide agonists and antagonists. While usually sacrificing oral bio-availability, these compounds have other therapeutic advantages with the potential to considerably expand drug targets in the endothelin pathway and extend treatment to other pathophysiological conditions. Where the small molecule approach has been retained, a novel strategy to combine two vasoconstrictor targets, the angiotensin AT(1) receptor as well as the ET(A) receptor in the dual antagonist sparsentan has been developed. A second emerging strategy is to combine drugs that have two different targets, the ET(A) antagonist ambrisentan with the phosphodiesterase inhibitor tadalafil, to improve the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. The solving of the crystal structure of the ET(B) receptor has the potential to identify allosteric binding sites for novel ligands. A further key advance is the experimental validation of a single nucleotide polymorphism that has genome wide significance in five vascular diseases and that significantly increases the amount of big endothelin-1 precursor in the plasma. This observation provides a rationale for testing this single nucleotide polymorphism to stratify patients for allocation to treatment with endothelin agents and highlights the potential to use personalized precision medicine in the endothelin field.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Yang P, Kuc RE, Brame AL, Dyson A, Singer M, Glen RC, Cheriyan J, Wilkinson IB, Davenport AP, Maguire JJ. [Pyr 1]Apelin-13 (1-12) Is a Biologically Active ACE2 Metabolite of the Endogenous Cardiovascular Peptide [Pyr 1]Apelin-13. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:92. [PMID: 28293165 PMCID: PMC5329011 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: Apelin is a predicted substrate for ACE2, a novel therapeutic target. Our aim was to demonstrate the endogenous presence of the putative ACE2 product [Pyr1]apelin-13(1–12) in human cardiovascular tissues and to confirm it retains significant biological activity for the apelin receptor in vitro and in vivo. The minimum active apelin fragment was also investigated. Methods and Results: [Pyr1]apelin-13 incubated with recombinant human ACE2 resulted in de novo generation of [Pyr1]apelin-13(1–12) identified by mass spectrometry. Endogenous [Pyr1]apelin-13(1–12) was detected by immunostaining in human heart and lung localized to the endothelium. Expression was undetectable in lung from patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. In human heart [Pyr1]apelin-13(1–12) (pKi = 8.04 ± 0.06) and apelin-13(F13A) (pKi = 8.07 ± 0.24) competed with [125I]apelin-13 binding with nanomolar affinity, 4-fold lower than for [Pyr1]apelin-13 (pKi = 8.83 ± 0.06) whereas apelin-17 exhibited highest affinity (pKi = 9.63 ± 0.17). The rank order of potency of peptides to inhibit forskolin-stimulated cAMP was apelin-17 (pD2 = 10.31 ± 0.28) > [Pyr1]apelin-13 (pD2 = 9.67 ± 0.04) ≥ apelin-13(F13A) (pD2 = 9.54 ± 0.05) > [Pyr1]apelin-13(1–12) (pD2 = 9.30 ± 0.06). The truncated peptide apelin-13(R10M) retained nanomolar potency (pD2 = 8.70 ± 0.04) but shorter fragments exhibited low micromolar potency. In a β-arrestin recruitment assay the rank order of potency was apelin-17 (pD2 = 10.26 ± 0.09) >> [Pyr1]apelin-13 (pD2 = 8.43 ± 0.08) > apelin-13(R10M) (pD2 = 8.26 ± 0.17) > apelin-13(F13A) (pD2 = 7.98 ± 0.04) ≥ [Pyr1]apelin-13(1–12) (pD2 = 7.84 ± 0.06) >> shorter fragments (pD2 < 6). [Pyr1]apelin-13(1–12) and apelin-13(F13A) contracted human saphenous vein with similar sub-nanomolar potencies and [Pyr1]apelin-13(1–12) was a potent inotrope in paced mouse right ventricle and human atria. [Pyr1]apelin-13(1–12) elicited a dose-dependent decrease in blood pressure in anesthetized rat and dose-dependent increase in forearm blood flow in human volunteers. Conclusions: We provide evidence that ACE2 cleaves [Pyr1]apelin-13 to [Pyr1]apelin-13(1–12) and this cleavage product is expressed in human cardiovascular tissues. We have demonstrated biological activity of [Pyr1]apelin-13(1–12) at the human and rodent apelin receptor in vitro and in vivo. Our data show that reported enhanced ACE2 activity in cardiovascular disease should not significantly compromise the beneficial effects of apelin based therapies for example in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiran Yang
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Rhoda E Kuc
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Aimée L Brame
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Alex Dyson
- Division of Medicine, Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London London, UK
| | - Mervyn Singer
- Division of Medicine, Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London London, UK
| | - Robert C Glen
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Molecular Informatics, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK; Department of Surgery and Cancer, Biomolecular Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Joseph Cheriyan
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian B Wilkinson
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
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Yang P, Read C, Kuc RE, Buonincontri G, Southwood M, Torella R, Upton PD, Crosby A, Sawiak SJ, Carpenter TA, Glen RC, Morrell NW, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. Elabela/Toddler Is an Endogenous Agonist of the Apelin APJ Receptor in the Adult Cardiovascular System, and Exogenous Administration of the Peptide Compensates for the Downregulation of Its Expression in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Circulation 2017; 135:1160-1173. [PMID: 28137936 PMCID: PMC5363837 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.023218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: Elabela/toddler (ELA) is a critical cardiac developmental peptide that acts through the G-protein–coupled apelin receptor, despite lack of sequence similarity to the established ligand apelin. Our aim was to investigate the receptor pharmacology, expression pattern, and in vivo function of ELA peptides in the adult cardiovascular system, to seek evidence for alteration in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in which apelin signaling is downregulated, and to demonstrate attenuation of PAH severity with exogenous administration of ELA in a rat model. Methods: In silico docking analysis, competition binding experiments, and downstream assays were used to characterize ELA receptor binding in human heart and signaling in cells expressing the apelin receptor. ELA expression in human cardiovascular tissues and plasma was determined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, dual-labeling immunofluorescent staining, and immunoassays. Acute cardiac effects of ELA-32 and [Pyr1]apelin-13 were assessed by MRI and cardiac catheterization in anesthetized rats. Cardiopulmonary human and rat tissues from PAH patients and monocrotaline- and Sugen/hypoxia-exposed rats were used to show changes in ELA expression in PAH. The effect of ELA treatment on cardiopulmonary remodeling in PAH was investigated in the monocrotaline rat model. Results: ELA competed for binding of apelin in human heart with overlap for the 2 peptides indicated by in silico modeling. ELA activated G-protein– and β-arrestin–dependent pathways. We detected ELA expression in human vascular endothelium and plasma. Comparable to apelin, ELA increased cardiac contractility, ejection fraction, and cardiac output and elicited vasodilatation in rat in vivo. ELA expression was reduced in cardiopulmonary tissues from PAH patients and PAH rat models, respectively. ELA treatment significantly attenuated elevation of right ventricular systolic pressure and right ventricular hypertrophy and pulmonary vascular remodeling in monocrotaline-exposed rats. Conclusions: These results show that ELA is an endogenous agonist of the human apelin receptor, exhibits a cardiovascular profile comparable to apelin, and is downregulated in human disease and rodent PAH models, and exogenous peptide can reduce the severity of cardiopulmonary remodeling and function in PAH in rats. This study provides additional proof of principle that an apelin receptor agonist may be of therapeutic use in PAH in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiran Yang
- From Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.Y., C.R., R.E.K., J.J.M., A.P.D.); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK (G.B., S.J.S., T.A.C.); Department of Pathology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, UK (M.S.); Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.D.U., A.C., N.W.M.); and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK (R.C.G.)
| | - Cai Read
- From Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.Y., C.R., R.E.K., J.J.M., A.P.D.); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK (G.B., S.J.S., T.A.C.); Department of Pathology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, UK (M.S.); Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.D.U., A.C., N.W.M.); and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK (R.C.G.)
| | - Rhoda E Kuc
- From Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.Y., C.R., R.E.K., J.J.M., A.P.D.); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK (G.B., S.J.S., T.A.C.); Department of Pathology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, UK (M.S.); Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.D.U., A.C., N.W.M.); and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK (R.C.G.)
| | - Guido Buonincontri
- From Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.Y., C.R., R.E.K., J.J.M., A.P.D.); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK (G.B., S.J.S., T.A.C.); Department of Pathology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, UK (M.S.); Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.D.U., A.C., N.W.M.); and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK (R.C.G.)
| | - Mark Southwood
- From Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.Y., C.R., R.E.K., J.J.M., A.P.D.); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK (G.B., S.J.S., T.A.C.); Department of Pathology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, UK (M.S.); Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.D.U., A.C., N.W.M.); and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK (R.C.G.)
| | - Rubben Torella
- From Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.Y., C.R., R.E.K., J.J.M., A.P.D.); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK (G.B., S.J.S., T.A.C.); Department of Pathology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, UK (M.S.); Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.D.U., A.C., N.W.M.); and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK (R.C.G.)
| | - Paul D Upton
- From Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.Y., C.R., R.E.K., J.J.M., A.P.D.); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK (G.B., S.J.S., T.A.C.); Department of Pathology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, UK (M.S.); Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.D.U., A.C., N.W.M.); and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK (R.C.G.)
| | - Alexi Crosby
- From Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.Y., C.R., R.E.K., J.J.M., A.P.D.); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK (G.B., S.J.S., T.A.C.); Department of Pathology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, UK (M.S.); Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.D.U., A.C., N.W.M.); and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK (R.C.G.)
| | - Stephen J Sawiak
- From Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.Y., C.R., R.E.K., J.J.M., A.P.D.); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK (G.B., S.J.S., T.A.C.); Department of Pathology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, UK (M.S.); Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.D.U., A.C., N.W.M.); and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK (R.C.G.)
| | - T Adrian Carpenter
- From Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.Y., C.R., R.E.K., J.J.M., A.P.D.); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK (G.B., S.J.S., T.A.C.); Department of Pathology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, UK (M.S.); Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.D.U., A.C., N.W.M.); and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK (R.C.G.)
| | - Robert C Glen
- From Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.Y., C.R., R.E.K., J.J.M., A.P.D.); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK (G.B., S.J.S., T.A.C.); Department of Pathology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, UK (M.S.); Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.D.U., A.C., N.W.M.); and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK (R.C.G.)
| | - Nicholas W Morrell
- From Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.Y., C.R., R.E.K., J.J.M., A.P.D.); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK (G.B., S.J.S., T.A.C.); Department of Pathology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, UK (M.S.); Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.D.U., A.C., N.W.M.); and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK (R.C.G.)
| | - Janet J Maguire
- From Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.Y., C.R., R.E.K., J.J.M., A.P.D.); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK (G.B., S.J.S., T.A.C.); Department of Pathology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, UK (M.S.); Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.D.U., A.C., N.W.M.); and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK (R.C.G.)
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- From Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.Y., C.R., R.E.K., J.J.M., A.P.D.); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK (G.B., S.J.S., T.A.C.); Department of Pathology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, UK (M.S.); Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.D.U., A.C., N.W.M.); and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK (R.C.G.).
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25
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Kennedy AJ, Yang P, Read C, Kuc RE, Yang L, Taylor EJA, Taylor CW, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. Chemerin Elicits Potent Constrictor Actions via Chemokine-Like Receptor 1 (CMKLR1), not G-Protein-Coupled Receptor 1 (GPR1), in Human and Rat Vasculature. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.004421. [PMID: 27742615 PMCID: PMC5121526 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating levels of chemerin are significantly higher in hypertensive patients and positively correlate with blood pressure. Chemerin activates chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1 or ChemR23) and is proposed to activate the "orphan" G-protein-coupled receptor 1 (GPR1), which has been linked with hypertension. Our aim was to localize chemerin, CMKLR1, and GPR1 in the human vasculature and determine whether 1 or both of these receptors mediate vasoconstriction. METHODS AND RESULTS Using immunohistochemistry and molecular biology in conduit arteries and veins and resistance vessels, we localized chemerin to endothelium, smooth muscle, and adventitia and found that CMKLR1 and GPR1 were widely expressed in smooth muscle. C9 (chemerin149-157) contracted human saphenous vein (pD2=7.30±0.31) and resistance arteries (pD2=7.05±0.54) and increased blood pressure in rats by 9.1±1.0 mm Hg at 200 nmol. Crucially, these in vitro and in vivo vascular actions were blocked by CCX832, which we confirmed to be highly selective for CMKLR1 over GPR1. C9 inhibited cAMP accumulation in human aortic smooth muscle cells and preconstricted rat aorta, consistent with the observed vasoconstrictor action. Downstream signaling was explored further and, compared to chemerin, C9 showed a bias factor=≈5000 for the Gi protein pathway, suggesting that CMKLR1 exhibits biased agonism. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that chemerin acts at CMKLR1, but not GPR1, to increase blood pressure. Chemerin has an established detrimental role in metabolic syndrome, and these direct vascular actions may contribute to hypertension, an additional risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This study provides proof of principle for the therapeutic potential of selective CMKLR1 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Kennedy
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peiran Yang
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cai Read
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rhoda E Kuc
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Yang
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emily J A Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Colin W Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Level 6, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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26
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Read C, Fitzpatrick CM, Yang P, Kuc RE, Maguire JJ, Glen RC, Foster RE, Davenport AP. Cardiac action of the first G protein biased small molecule apelin agonist. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 116:63-72. [PMID: 27475715 PMCID: PMC5012889 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Apelin peptide analogues displaying bias towards G protein signalling pathways have beneficial cardiovascular actions compared with the native peptide in humans in vivo. Our aim was to determine whether small molecule agonists could retain G protein bias. We have identified a biased small molecule, CMF-019, and characterised it in vitro and in vivo. In competition radioligand binding experiments in heart homogenates, CMF-019 bound to the human, rat and mouse apelin receptor with high affinity (pKi=8.58±0.04, 8.49±0.04 and 8.71±0.06 respectively). In cell-based functional assays, whereas, CMF-019 showed similar potency for the Gαi pathway to the endogenous agonist [Pyr(1)]apelin-13 (pD2=10.00±0.13 vs 9.34±0.15), in β-arrestin and internalisation assays it was less potent (pD2=6.65±0.15 vs 8.65±0.10 and pD2=6.16±0.21 vs 9.28±0.10 respectively). Analysis of these data demonstrated a bias of ∼400 for the Gαi over the β-arrestin pathway and ∼6000 over receptor internalisation. CMF-019 was tested for in vivo activity using intravenous injections into anaesthetised male Sprague-Dawley rats fitted with a pressure-volume catheter in the left ventricle. CMF-019 caused a significant increase in cardiac contractility of 606±112mmHg/s (p<0.001) at 500nmol. CMF-019 is the first biased small molecule identified at the apelin receptor and increases cardiac contractility in vivo. We have demonstrated that Gαi over β-arrestin/internalisation bias can be retained in a non-peptide analogue and predict that such bias will have the therapeutic benefit following chronic use. CMF-019 is suitable as a tool compound and provides the basis for design of biased agonists with improved pharmacokinetics for treatment of cardiovascular conditions such as pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acids, Branched-Chain/chemistry
- Amino Acids, Branched-Chain/metabolism
- Amino Acids, Branched-Chain/pharmacokinetics
- Amino Acids, Branched-Chain/pharmacology
- Animals
- Apelin
- Apelin Receptors
- Benzimidazoles/chemistry
- Benzimidazoles/metabolism
- Benzimidazoles/pharmacokinetics
- Benzimidazoles/pharmacology
- Binding Sites
- Binding, Competitive
- CHO Cells
- Cardiotonic Agents/chemistry
- Cardiotonic Agents/metabolism
- Cardiotonic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Cardiotonic Agents/pharmacology
- Cricetulus
- Half-Life
- Heart Ventricles/drug effects
- Heart Ventricles/metabolism
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/agonists
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/chemistry
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Docking Simulation
- Myocardial Contraction/drug effects
- Random Allocation
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Structural Homology, Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Read
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Peiran Yang
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Rhoda E Kuc
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert C Glen
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK; Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Richard E Foster
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Biology, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, UK.
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27
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Abstract
The endothelins comprise three structurally similar 21-amino acid peptides. Endothelin-1 and -2 activate two G-protein coupled receptors, ETA and ETB, with equal affinity, whereas endothelin-3 has a lower affinity for the ETA subtype. Genes encoding the peptides are present only among vertebrates. The ligand-receptor signaling pathway is a vertebrate innovation and may reflect the evolution of endothelin-1 as the most potent vasoconstrictor in the human cardiovascular system with remarkably long lasting action. Highly selective peptide ETA and ETB antagonists and ETB agonists together with radiolabeled analogs have accurately delineated endothelin pharmacology in humans and animal models, although surprisingly no ETA agonist has been discovered. ET antagonists (bosentan, ambrisentan) have revolutionized the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension, with the next generation of antagonists exhibiting improved efficacy (macitentan). Clinical trials continue to explore new applications, particularly in renal failure and for reducing proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy. Translational studies suggest a potential benefit of ETB agonists in chemotherapy and neuroprotection. However, demonstrating clinical efficacy of combined inhibitors of the endothelin converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase has proved elusive. Over 28 genetic modifications have been made to the ET system in mice through global or cell-specific knockouts, knock ins, or alterations in gene expression of endothelin ligands or their target receptors. These studies have identified key roles for the endothelin isoforms and new therapeutic targets in development, fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, and cardiovascular and neuronal function. For the future, novel pharmacological strategies are emerging via small molecule epigenetic modulators, biologicals such as ETB monoclonal antibodies and the potential of signaling pathway biased agonists and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly A Hyndman
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Neeraj Dhaun
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Southan
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Donald E Kohan
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer S Pollock
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David M Pollock
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David J Webb
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
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28
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Maguire JJ. Evidence for biased agonists and antagonists at the endothelin receptors. Life Sci 2016; 159:30-33. [PMID: 26898124 PMCID: PMC5000545 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Biased ligands represent a new strategy for the development of more effective and better tolerated drugs. To date there has been a paucity of research exploring the potential of ligands that exhibit either G protein or β-arrestin pathway selectivity at the endothelin receptors. Re-analysis of data may allow researchers to determine whether there is existing evidence that the endogenous ET peptides or currently available agonists and antagonists exhibit pathway bias in a particular physiological or disease setting and this is explored in the review. An alternative to molecules that bind at the orthosteric site of the ET receptors are cell penetrating peptides that interact with a segment of an intracellular loop of the receptor to modify signalling behaviour. One such peptide IC2B has been shown to have efficacy in a model of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Finally, understanding the molecular pathways that contribute to disease is critical to determining whether biased ligands will provide clinical benefit. The role of ETA signalling in ovarian cancer has been delineated in some detail and this has led to the suggestion that the development of ETA G protein biased agonists or β-arrestin biased antagonists should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Level 6 ACCI, Box 110 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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29
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Yang P, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. Apelin, Elabela/Toddler, and biased agonists as novel therapeutic agents in the cardiovascular system. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:560-7. [PMID: 26143239 PMCID: PMC4577653 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Apelin and its G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) have emerged as a key signalling pathway in the cardiovascular system. The peptide is a potent inotropic agent and vasodilator. Remarkably, a peptide, Elabela/Toddler, that has little sequence similarity to apelin, has been proposed as a second endogenous apelin receptor ligand and is encoded by a gene from a region of the genome previously classified as 'non-coding'. Apelin is downregulated in pulmonary arterial hypertension and heart failure. To replace the missing endogenous peptide, 'biased' apelin agonists have been designed that preferentially activate G protein pathways, resulting in reduced β-arrestin recruitment and receptor internalisation, with the additional benefit of attenuating detrimental β-arrestin signalling. Proof-of-concept studies support the clinical potential for apelin receptor biased agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiran Yang
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Level 6 Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Level 6 Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Level 6 Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Shaikh LH, Zhou J, Teo AED, Garg S, Neogi SG, Figg N, Yeo GS, Yu H, Maguire JJ, Zhao W, Bennett MR, Azizan EAB, Davenport AP, McKenzie G, Brown MJ. LGR5 Activates Noncanonical Wnt Signaling and Inhibits Aldosterone Production in the Human Adrenal. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:E836-44. [PMID: 25915569 PMCID: PMC4454794 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-1734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Aldosterone synthesis and cellularity in the human adrenal zona glomerulosa (ZG) is sparse and patchy, presumably due to salt excess. The frequency of somatic mutations causing aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) may be a consequence of protection from cell loss by constitutive aldosterone production. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to delineate a process in human ZG, which may regulate both aldosterone production and cell turnover. DESIGN This study included a comparison of 20 pairs of ZG and zona fasciculata transcriptomes from adrenals adjacent to an APA (n = 13) or a pheochromocytoma (n = 7). INTERVENTIONS Interventions included an overexpression of the top ZG gene (LGR5) or stimulation by its ligand (R-spondin-3). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES A transcriptome profile of ZG and zona fasciculata and aldosterone production, cell kinetic measurements, and Wnt signaling activity of LGR5 transfected or R-spondin-3-stimulated cells were measured. RESULTS LGR5 was the top gene up-regulated in ZG (25-fold). The gene for its cognate ligand R-spondin-3, RSPO3, was 5-fold up-regulated. In total, 18 genes associated with the Wnt pathway were greater than 2-fold up-regulated. ZG selectivity of LGR5, and its absence in most APAs, were confirmed by quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. Both R-spondin-3 stimulation and LGR5 transfection of human adrenal cells suppressed aldosterone production. There was reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis of transfected cells, and the noncanonical activator protein-1/Jun pathway was stimulated more than the canonical Wnt pathway (3-fold vs 1.3-fold). ZG of adrenal sections stained positive for apoptosis markers. CONCLUSION LGR5 is the most selectively expressed gene in human ZG and reduces aldosterone production and cell number. Such conditions may favor cells whose somatic mutation reverses aldosterone inhibition and cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalarukh Haris Shaikh
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit (L.H.S., J.Z., A.E.D.T., S.G., J.J.M., E.A.B.A., A.P.D., M.J.B.) and Cardiovascular Division (N.F., H.Y., M.R.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge National Institute for Health Research (S.G.N.), Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories (G.S.Y.), Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, and Human Research Tissue Bank (W.Z.), Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (E.A.B.A.), Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; and Medical Research Council Cancer Unit (G.M.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Junhua Zhou
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit (L.H.S., J.Z., A.E.D.T., S.G., J.J.M., E.A.B.A., A.P.D., M.J.B.) and Cardiovascular Division (N.F., H.Y., M.R.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge National Institute for Health Research (S.G.N.), Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories (G.S.Y.), Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, and Human Research Tissue Bank (W.Z.), Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (E.A.B.A.), Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; and Medical Research Council Cancer Unit (G.M.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ada E D Teo
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit (L.H.S., J.Z., A.E.D.T., S.G., J.J.M., E.A.B.A., A.P.D., M.J.B.) and Cardiovascular Division (N.F., H.Y., M.R.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge National Institute for Health Research (S.G.N.), Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories (G.S.Y.), Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, and Human Research Tissue Bank (W.Z.), Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (E.A.B.A.), Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; and Medical Research Council Cancer Unit (G.M.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sumedha Garg
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit (L.H.S., J.Z., A.E.D.T., S.G., J.J.M., E.A.B.A., A.P.D., M.J.B.) and Cardiovascular Division (N.F., H.Y., M.R.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge National Institute for Health Research (S.G.N.), Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories (G.S.Y.), Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, and Human Research Tissue Bank (W.Z.), Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (E.A.B.A.), Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; and Medical Research Council Cancer Unit (G.M.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sudeshna Guha Neogi
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit (L.H.S., J.Z., A.E.D.T., S.G., J.J.M., E.A.B.A., A.P.D., M.J.B.) and Cardiovascular Division (N.F., H.Y., M.R.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge National Institute for Health Research (S.G.N.), Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories (G.S.Y.), Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, and Human Research Tissue Bank (W.Z.), Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (E.A.B.A.), Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; and Medical Research Council Cancer Unit (G.M.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Nichola Figg
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit (L.H.S., J.Z., A.E.D.T., S.G., J.J.M., E.A.B.A., A.P.D., M.J.B.) and Cardiovascular Division (N.F., H.Y., M.R.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge National Institute for Health Research (S.G.N.), Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories (G.S.Y.), Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, and Human Research Tissue Bank (W.Z.), Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (E.A.B.A.), Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; and Medical Research Council Cancer Unit (G.M.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Giles S Yeo
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit (L.H.S., J.Z., A.E.D.T., S.G., J.J.M., E.A.B.A., A.P.D., M.J.B.) and Cardiovascular Division (N.F., H.Y., M.R.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge National Institute for Health Research (S.G.N.), Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories (G.S.Y.), Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, and Human Research Tissue Bank (W.Z.), Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (E.A.B.A.), Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; and Medical Research Council Cancer Unit (G.M.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Haixiang Yu
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit (L.H.S., J.Z., A.E.D.T., S.G., J.J.M., E.A.B.A., A.P.D., M.J.B.) and Cardiovascular Division (N.F., H.Y., M.R.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge National Institute for Health Research (S.G.N.), Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories (G.S.Y.), Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, and Human Research Tissue Bank (W.Z.), Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (E.A.B.A.), Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; and Medical Research Council Cancer Unit (G.M.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit (L.H.S., J.Z., A.E.D.T., S.G., J.J.M., E.A.B.A., A.P.D., M.J.B.) and Cardiovascular Division (N.F., H.Y., M.R.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge National Institute for Health Research (S.G.N.), Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories (G.S.Y.), Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, and Human Research Tissue Bank (W.Z.), Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (E.A.B.A.), Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; and Medical Research Council Cancer Unit (G.M.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Wanfeng Zhao
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit (L.H.S., J.Z., A.E.D.T., S.G., J.J.M., E.A.B.A., A.P.D., M.J.B.) and Cardiovascular Division (N.F., H.Y., M.R.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge National Institute for Health Research (S.G.N.), Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories (G.S.Y.), Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, and Human Research Tissue Bank (W.Z.), Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (E.A.B.A.), Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; and Medical Research Council Cancer Unit (G.M.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Martin R Bennett
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit (L.H.S., J.Z., A.E.D.T., S.G., J.J.M., E.A.B.A., A.P.D., M.J.B.) and Cardiovascular Division (N.F., H.Y., M.R.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge National Institute for Health Research (S.G.N.), Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories (G.S.Y.), Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, and Human Research Tissue Bank (W.Z.), Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (E.A.B.A.), Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; and Medical Research Council Cancer Unit (G.M.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Elena A B Azizan
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit (L.H.S., J.Z., A.E.D.T., S.G., J.J.M., E.A.B.A., A.P.D., M.J.B.) and Cardiovascular Division (N.F., H.Y., M.R.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge National Institute for Health Research (S.G.N.), Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories (G.S.Y.), Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, and Human Research Tissue Bank (W.Z.), Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (E.A.B.A.), Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; and Medical Research Council Cancer Unit (G.M.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit (L.H.S., J.Z., A.E.D.T., S.G., J.J.M., E.A.B.A., A.P.D., M.J.B.) and Cardiovascular Division (N.F., H.Y., M.R.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge National Institute for Health Research (S.G.N.), Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories (G.S.Y.), Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, and Human Research Tissue Bank (W.Z.), Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (E.A.B.A.), Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; and Medical Research Council Cancer Unit (G.M.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Grahame McKenzie
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit (L.H.S., J.Z., A.E.D.T., S.G., J.J.M., E.A.B.A., A.P.D., M.J.B.) and Cardiovascular Division (N.F., H.Y., M.R.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge National Institute for Health Research (S.G.N.), Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories (G.S.Y.), Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, and Human Research Tissue Bank (W.Z.), Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (E.A.B.A.), Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; and Medical Research Council Cancer Unit (G.M.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Morris J Brown
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit (L.H.S., J.Z., A.E.D.T., S.G., J.J.M., E.A.B.A., A.P.D., M.J.B.) and Cardiovascular Division (N.F., H.Y., M.R.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge National Institute for Health Research (S.G.N.), Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories (G.S.Y.), Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, and Human Research Tissue Bank (W.Z.), Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (E.A.B.A.), Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; and Medical Research Council Cancer Unit (G.M.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
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Brame AL, Maguire JJ, Yang P, Dyson A, Torella R, Cheriyan J, Singer M, Glen RC, Wilkinson IB, Davenport AP. Design, characterization, and first-in-human study of the vascular actions of a novel biased apelin receptor agonist. Hypertension 2015; 65:834-40. [PMID: 25712721 PMCID: PMC4354462 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.05099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. [Pyr1]apelin-13 is an endogenous vasodilator and inotrope but is downregulated in pulmonary hypertension and heart failure, making the apelin receptor an attractive therapeutic target. Agonists acting at the same G-protein–coupled receptor can be engineered to stabilize different conformational states and function as biased ligands, selectively stimulating either G-protein or β-arrestin pathways. We used molecular dynamics simulations of apelin/receptor interactions to design cyclic analogues and identified MM07 as a biased agonist. In β-arrestin and internalization assays (G-protein–independent), MM07 was 2 orders of magnitude less potent than [Pyr1]apelin-13. In a G-protein–dependent saphenous vein contraction assay, both peptides had comparable potency (pD2:[Pyr1]apelin-13 9.93±0.24; MM07 9.54±0.42) and maximum responses with a resulting bias for MM07 of ≈350- to 1300-fold for the G-protein pathway. In rats, systemic infusions of MM07 (10-100nmol) caused a dose-dependent increase in cardiac output that was significantly greater than the response to [Pyr1]apelin-13. Similarly, in human volunteers, MM07 produced a significant dose-dependent increase in forearm blood flow with a maximum dilatation double that is seen with [Pyr1]apelin-13. Additionally, repeated doses of MM07 produced reproducible increases in forearm blood flow. These responses are consistent with a more efficacious action of the biased agonist. In human hand vein, both peptides reversed an established norepinephrine constrictor response and significantly increased venous flow. Our results suggest that MM07 acting as a biased agonist at the apelin receptor can preferentially stimulate the G-protein pathway, which could translate to improved efficacy in the clinic by selectively stimulating vasodilatation and inotropic actions but avoiding activating detrimental β-arrestin–dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee L Brame
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (A.L.B., J.J.M., P.Y., J.C., I.B.W., A.P.D.); Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, London, UK (A.D., M.S.); and Unilever Centre for Molecular Sciences Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of. Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.)
| | - Janet J Maguire
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (A.L.B., J.J.M., P.Y., J.C., I.B.W., A.P.D.); Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, London, UK (A.D., M.S.); and Unilever Centre for Molecular Sciences Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of. Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.)
| | - Peiran Yang
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (A.L.B., J.J.M., P.Y., J.C., I.B.W., A.P.D.); Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, London, UK (A.D., M.S.); and Unilever Centre for Molecular Sciences Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of. Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.)
| | - Alex Dyson
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (A.L.B., J.J.M., P.Y., J.C., I.B.W., A.P.D.); Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, London, UK (A.D., M.S.); and Unilever Centre for Molecular Sciences Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of. Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.)
| | - Rubben Torella
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (A.L.B., J.J.M., P.Y., J.C., I.B.W., A.P.D.); Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, London, UK (A.D., M.S.); and Unilever Centre for Molecular Sciences Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of. Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.)
| | - Joseph Cheriyan
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (A.L.B., J.J.M., P.Y., J.C., I.B.W., A.P.D.); Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, London, UK (A.D., M.S.); and Unilever Centre for Molecular Sciences Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of. Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.)
| | - Mervyn Singer
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (A.L.B., J.J.M., P.Y., J.C., I.B.W., A.P.D.); Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, London, UK (A.D., M.S.); and Unilever Centre for Molecular Sciences Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of. Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.)
| | - Robert C Glen
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (A.L.B., J.J.M., P.Y., J.C., I.B.W., A.P.D.); Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, London, UK (A.D., M.S.); and Unilever Centre for Molecular Sciences Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of. Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.)
| | - Ian B Wilkinson
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (A.L.B., J.J.M., P.Y., J.C., I.B.W., A.P.D.); Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, London, UK (A.D., M.S.); and Unilever Centre for Molecular Sciences Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of. Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.)
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- From the Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (A.L.B., J.J.M., P.Y., J.C., I.B.W., A.P.D.); Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, London, UK (A.D., M.S.); and Unilever Centre for Molecular Sciences Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of. Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.).
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Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. Endothelin@25 - new agonists, antagonists, inhibitors and emerging research frontiers: IUPHAR Review 12. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:5555-72. [PMID: 25131455 PMCID: PMC4290702 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of endothelin (ET)-1 in 1988, the main components of the signalling pathway have become established, comprising three structurally similar endogenous 21-amino acid peptides, ET-1, ET-2 and ET-3, that activate two GPCRs, ETA and ETB . Our aim in this review is to highlight the recent progress in ET research. The ET-like domain peptide, corresponding to prepro-ET-193-166 , has been proposed to be co-synthesized and released with ET-1, to modulate the actions of the peptide. ET-1 remains the most potent vasoconstrictor in the human cardiovascular system with a particularly long-lasting action. To date, the major therapeutic strategy to block the unwanted actions of ET in disease, principally in pulmonary arterial hypertension, has been to use antagonists that are selective for the ETA receptor (ambrisentan) or that block both receptor subtypes (bosentan). Macitentan represents the next generation of antagonists, being more potent than bosentan, with longer receptor occupancy and it is converted to an active metabolite; properties contributing to greater pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic efficacy. A second strategy is now being more widely tested in clinical trials and uses combined inhibitors of ET-converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase such as SLV306 (daglutril). A third strategy based on activating the ETB receptor, has led to the renaissance of the modified peptide agonist IRL1620 as a clinical candidate in delivering anti-tumour drugs and as a pharmacological tool to investigate experimental pathophysiological conditions. Finally, we discuss biased signalling, epigenetic regulation and targeting with monoclonal antibodies as prospective new areas for ET research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Maguire
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, McGrath JC, Catterall WA, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ, Abul-Hasn N, Anderson CM, Anderson CMH, Araiksinen MS, Arita M, Arthofer E, Barker EL, Barratt C, Barnes NM, Bathgate R, Beart PM, Belelli D, Bennett AJ, Birdsall NJM, Boison D, Bonner TI, Brailsford L, Bröer S, Brown P, Calo G, Carter WG, Catterall WA, Chan SLF, Chao MV, Chiang N, Christopoulos A, Chun JJ, Cidlowski J, Clapham DE, Cockcroft S, Connor MA, Cox HM, Cuthbert A, Dautzenberg FM, Davenport AP, Dawson PA, Dent G, Dijksterhuis JP, Dollery CT, Dolphin AC, Donowitz M, Dubocovich ML, Eiden L, Eidne K, Evans BA, Fabbro D, Fahlke C, Farndale R, Fitzgerald GA, Fong TM, Fowler CJ, Fry JR, Funk CD, Futerman AH, Ganapathy V, Gaisnier B, Gershengorn MA, Goldin A, Goldman ID, Gundlach AL, Hagenbuch B, Hales TG, Hammond JR, Hamon M, Hancox JC, Hauger RL, Hay DL, Hobbs AJ, Hollenberg MD, Holliday ND, Hoyer D, Hynes NA, Inui KI, Ishii S, Jacobson KA, Jarvis GE, Jarvis MF, Jensen R, Jones CE, Jones RL, Kaibuchi K, Kanai Y, Kennedy C, Kerr ID, Khan AA, Klienz MJ, Kukkonen JP, Lapoint JY, Leurs R, Lingueglia E, Lippiat J, Lolait SJ, Lummis SCR, Lynch JW, MacEwan D, Maguire JJ, Marshall IL, May JM, McArdle CA, McGrath JC, Michel MC, Millar NS, Miller LJ, Mitolo V, Monk PN, Moore PK, Moorhouse AJ, Mouillac B, Murphy PM, Neubig RR, Neumaier J, Niesler B, Obaidat A, Offermanns S, Ohlstein E, Panaro MA, Parsons S, Pwrtwee RG, Petersen J, Pin JP, Poyner DR, Prigent S, Prossnitz ER, Pyne NJ, Pyne S, Quigley JG, Ramachandran R, Richelson EL, Roberts RE, Roskoski R, Ross RA, Roth M, Rudnick G, Ryan RM, Said SI, Schild L, Sanger GJ, Scholich K, Schousboe A, Schulte G, Schulz S, Serhan CN, Sexton PM, Sibley DR, Siegel JM, Singh G, Sitsapesan R, Smart TG, Smith DM, Soga T, Stahl A, Stewart G, Stoddart LA, Summers RJ, Thorens B, Thwaites DT, Toll L, Traynor JR, Usdin TB, Vandenberg RJ, Villalon C, Vore M, Waldman SA, Ward DT, Willars GB, Wonnacott SJ, Wright E, Ye RD, Yonezawa A, Zimmermann M. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: overview. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:1449-58. [PMID: 24528237 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties from the IUPHAR database. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. This compilation of the major pharmacological targets is divided into seven areas of focus: G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors & Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and GRAC and provides a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P H Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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Kuc RE, Maguire JJ, Siew K, Patel S, Derksen DR, Margaret Jackson V, O'Shaughnessey KM, Davenport AP. Characterization of [¹²⁵I]GLP-1(9-36), a novel radiolabeled analog of the major metabolite of glucagon-like peptide 1 to a receptor distinct from GLP1-R and function of the peptide in murine aorta. Life Sci 2014; 102:134-8. [PMID: 24641952 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is an insulin secretagogue, released in response to meal ingestion and efficiently lowers blood glucose in Type 2 diabetic patients. GLP-1(7-36) is rapidly metabolized by dipeptidyl peptidase IV to the major metabolite GLP-1(9-36)-amide, often thought to be inactive. Inhibitors of this enzyme are widely used to treat diabetes. Our aim was to characterize the binding of GLP-1(9-36) to native mouse tissues and to cells expressing GLP1-R as well as to measure functional responses in the mouse aorta compared with GLP-1(7-36). MAIN METHODS The affinity of [(125)I]GLP-1(7-36) and [(125)I]GLP-1(9-36) was measured in mouse tissues by saturation binding and autoradiography used to determine receptor distribution. The affinity of both peptides was compared in binding to recombinant GLP-1 receptors using cAMP and scintillation proximity assays. Vasoactivity was determined in mouse aortae in vitro. KEY FINDINGS In cells expressing GLP-1 receptors, GLP-1(7-36) bound with the expected high affinities (0.1 nM) and an EC50 of 0.07 nM in cAMP assays but GLP-1(9-36) bound with 70,000 and 100,000 fold lower affinities respectively. In contrast, in mouse brain, both labeled peptides bound with a single high affinity, with Hill slopes close to unity, although receptor density was an order of magnitude lower for [(125)I]GLP-1(9-36). In functional experiments both peptides had similar potencies, GLP-1(7-36), pD2=7.40 ± 0.24 and GLP-1(9-36), pD2=7.57 ± 0.64. SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that GLP-1(9-36) binds and has functional activity in the vasculature but these actions may be via a pathway that is distinct from the classical GLP-1 receptor and insulin secretagogue actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhoda E Kuc
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Keith Siew
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sheena Patel
- Pfizer, Cardiovascular Medicine, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Anthony P Davenport
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Maguire JJ, Jones KL, Kuc RE, Clarke MC, Bennett MR, Davenport AP. The CCR5 chemokine receptor mediates vasoconstriction and stimulates intimal hyperplasia in human vessels in vitro. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 101:513-21. [PMID: 24323316 PMCID: PMC3928001 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The chemokine receptor CCR5 and its inflammatory ligands have been linked to atherosclerosis, an accelerated form of which occurs in saphenous vein graft disease. We investigated the function of vascular smooth muscle CCR5 in human coronary artery and saphenous vein, vascular tissues susceptible to atherosclerosis, and vasospasm. METHODS AND RESULTS CCR5 ligands were vasoconstrictors in saphenous vein and coronary artery. In vein, constrictor responses to CCL4 were completely blocked by CCR5 antagonists, including maraviroc. CCR5 antagonists prevented the development of a neointima after 14 days in cultured saphenous vein. CCR5 and its ligands were expressed in normal and diseased coronary artery and saphenous vein and localized to medial and intimal smooth muscle, endothelial, and inflammatory cells. [(125)I]-CCL4 bound to venous smooth muscle with KD = 1.15 ± 0.26 nmol/L and density of 22 ± 9 fmol mg(-1) protein. CONCLUSIONS Our data support a potential role for CCR5 in vasoconstriction and neointimal formation in vitro and imply that CCR5 chemokines may contribute to vascular remodelling and augmented vascular tone in human coronary artery and vein graft disease. The repurposing of maraviroc for the treatment of cardiovascular disease warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet J. Maguire
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Level 6 ACCI, Box 110 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Katie L. Jones
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Level 6 ACCI, Box 110 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rhoda E. Kuc
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Level 6 ACCI, Box 110 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Murray C.H. Clarke
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Level 6 ACCI, Box 110 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Martin R. Bennett
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Level 6 ACCI, Box 110 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Anthony P. Davenport
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Level 6 ACCI, Box 110 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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Kuc RE, Carlebur M, Maguire JJ, Yang P, Long L, Toshner M, Morrell NW, Davenport AP. Modulation of endothelin receptors in the failing right ventricle of the heart and vasculature of the lung in human pulmonary arterial hypertension. Life Sci 2014; 118:391-6. [PMID: 24582810 PMCID: PMC4288792 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), increases in endothelin-1 (ET-1) contribute to elevated pulmonary vascular resistance which ultimately causes death by right ventricular (RV) heart failure. ET antagonists are effective in treating PAH but lack efficacy in treating left ventricular (LV) heart failure, where ETA receptors are significantly increased. The aim was to quantify the density of ETA and ETB receptors in cardiopulmonary tissue from PAH patients and the monocrotaline (MCT) rat, which recapitulates some of the pathophysiological features, including increased RV pressure. MAIN METHODS Radioligand binding assays were used to quantify affinity, density and ratio of ET receptors. KEY FINDINGS In RV from human PAH hearts, there was a significant increase in the ratio of ETA to ETB receptors compared with normal hearts. In the RV of the MCT rat, the ratio also changed but was reversed. In both human and rat, there was no change in LV. In human PAH lungs, ETA receptors were significantly increased in the medial layer of small pulmonary arteries with no change detectable in MCT rat vessels. SIGNIFICANCE Current treatments for PAH focus mainly on pulmonary vasodilatation. The increase in ETA receptors in arteries provides a mechanism for the beneficial vasodilator actions of ET antagonists. The increase in the ratio of ETA in RV also implicates changes to ET signalling although it is unclear if ET antagonism is beneficial but the results emphasise the unexploited potential for therapies that target the RV, to improve survival in patients with PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhoda E Kuc
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Myrna Carlebur
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Peiran Yang
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lu Long
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Mark Toshner
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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Zheng Y, Humphry M, Maguire JJ, Bennett MR, Clarke MCH. Intracellular interleukin-1 receptor 2 binding prevents cleavage and activity of interleukin-1α, controlling necrosis-induced sterile inflammation. Immunity 2013; 38:285-95. [PMID: 23395675 PMCID: PMC3659285 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Necrosis can induce profound inflammation or be clinically silent. However, the mechanisms underlying such tissue specificity are unknown. Interleukin-1α (IL-1α) is a key danger signal released upon necrosis that exerts effects on both innate and adaptive immunity and is considered to be constitutively active. In contrast, we have shown that necrosis-induced IL-1α activity is tightly controlled in a cell type-specific manner. Most cell types examined expressed a cytosolic IL-1 receptor 2 (IL-1R2) whose binding to pro-IL-1α inhibited its cytokine activity. In cell types exhibiting a silent necrotic phenotype, IL-1R2 remained associated with pro-IL-1α. Cell types possessing inflammatory necrotic phenotypes either lacked IL-1R2 or had activated caspase-1 before necrosis, which degraded and dissociated IL-1R2 from pro-IL-1α. Full IL-1α activity required cleavage by calpain after necrosis, which increased its affinity for IL-1 receptor 1. Thus, we report a cell type-dependent process that fundamentally governs IL-1α activity postnecrosis and the mechanism allowing conditional release of this blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zheng
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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Ling L, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. Endothelin-2, the forgotten isoform: emerging role in the cardiovascular system, ovarian development, immunology and cancer. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:283-95. [PMID: 22118774 PMCID: PMC3572556 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-2 [ET-2; also known as vasoactive intestinal contractor (VIC), in rodents] differs from endothelin-1 (ET-1) by only two amino acids, and unlike the third isoform, endothelin-3 (ET-3), it has the same affinity as ET-1 for both ET(A) and ET(B) receptors. It is often assumed that ET-2 would mimic the actions of the more abundant ET-1 and current pharmacological interventions used to inhibit the ET system would also block the actions of ET-2. These assumptions have focused research on ET-1 with ET-2 studied in much less detail. Recent research suggests that our understanding of the ET family requires re-evaluation. Although ET-2 is very similar in structure as well as pharmacology to ET-1, and may co-exist in the same tissue compartments, there is converging evidence for an important and distinct ET-2 pathway. Specifically is has been demonstrated that ET-2 has a key role in ovarian physiology, with ET-2-mediated contraction proposed as a final signal facilitating ovulation. Furthermore, ET-2 may also have a pathophysiological role in heart failure, immunology and cancer. Comparison of ET-2 versus ET-1 mRNA expression suggests this may be accomplished at the level of gene expression but differences may also exist in peptide synthesis by enzymes such as endothelin converting enzymes (ECEs) and chymase, which may allow the two pathways to be distinguished pharmacologically and become separate drug targets. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Endothelin. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2013.168.issue-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lowell Ling
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Maguire JJ, Kuc RE, Pell VR, Davenport AP. 12 Pharmacology of Human ETA and ETB Receptor Signalling VIA G-Protein and Beta-Arrestin Pathways. Heart 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2012-302951.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Maguire JJ, Kuc RE, Davenport AP. Defining the affinity and receptor sub-type selectivity of four classes of endothelin antagonists in clinically relevant human cardiovascular tissues. Life Sci 2012; 91:681-6. [PMID: 22634326 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We have compared the endothelin receptor subtype affinity (K(D)) and selectivity of four structural classes of antagonists (peptide, sulphonamide-based, carboxylic acid-based, myceric acid-based) in human cardiovascular tissues to determine whether these are predicted by values reported for human cloned receptors. Additionally, affinities (K(B)) for these antagonists, determined in ET-1-mediated vasoconstriction assays in human blood vessels, were used to identify discrepancies between K(B) and K(D) determined in the same tissues. MAIN METHODS Competition binding experiments were carried out in sections of human left ventricle, coronary artery and homogenates of saphenous vein to determine K(D) values for structurally different ET(A)-selective (FR139317, BMS 182874, S97-139, sitaxentan, ambrisentan) and mixed (PD142893, Ro462005, bosentan, L-749329, SB209670) antagonists. Schild-derived values of antagonist affinity were obtained in vascular functional studies. KEY FINDINGS When compared with previously reported data in human cloned endothelin receptors, those antagonists reported to be ET(A)-selective exhibited even greater ET(A) selectivity in human ventricle (BMS 182874, sitaxentan, ambrisentan) that expressed both receptor subtypes. Those antagonists reported to have <100 fold selectivity in cloned receptors (PD142893, Ro-462005, bosentan, SB209670, L-749329) did not distinguish between receptor subtypes in human left ventricle. For antagonists where we determined affinity in vascular functional and binding assays (Ro462005, bosentan, BMS 182874, L-749329, SB209670) there was no correlation between the degree of discrepancy in K(B) and K(D) and structural class. SIGNIFICANCE For an antagonist to retain ET(A)-selectivity in vivo it may be necessary to identify those compounds that have at least 1000 fold ET(A):ET(B) selectivity in in vitro assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet J Maguire
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Level 6 ACCI, Box 110 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Maguire JJ, Kuc RE, Pell VR, Green A, Brown M, Kumar S, Wehrman T, Quinn E, Davenport AP. Comparison of human ETA and ETB receptor signalling via G-protein and β-arrestin pathways. Life Sci 2012; 91:544-9. [PMID: 22480514 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the pharmacology of ET(A)- and ET(B)-mediated β-arrestin recruitment and compare this to established human pharmacology of these receptors to identify evidence for endothelin receptor biased signalling and pathway specific blockade by antagonists. MAIN METHODS The ability of ET-1, ET-2, ET-3, sarafotoxin 6b and sarafotoxin 6c to activate ET(A) and ET(B)-mediated β-arrestin recruitment was determined in CHO-K1 cells. Affinities were obtained for ET(A) selective (BQ123, sitaxentan, ambrisentan), ET(B) selective (BQ788) and mixed (bosentan) antagonists using ET-1 and compared to affinities obtained in competition experiments in human heart and by Schild analysis in human saphenous vein. Agonist dependence of affinities was compared for BQ123 and BQ788 in the ET(A) and ET(B) β-arrestin assays respectively. KEY FINDINGS For β-arrestin recruitment, order of potency was as expected for the ET(A) (ET-1≥ET-2>>ET-3) and ET(B) (ET-1=ET-2=ET-3) receptors. However, at the ET(A) receptor sarafotoxin 6b and ET-3 were partial agonists. Antagonism of ET peptides by selective and mixed antagonists appeared non-competitive. BQ123, but not BQ788, exhibited agonist-dependent affinities. Bosentan was significantly more effective an inhibitor of β-arrestin recruitment mediated by ET(A) compared to the ET(B) receptor. In the ET(A) vasoconstrictor assay, ET-1, ET-2 and S6b were equipotent, full agonists and antagonists tested behaved in a competitive manner, although affinities were lower than predicted from the competition binding experiments in left ventricle. SIGNIFICANCE These data suggest that the pharmacology of ET(A) and ET(B) receptors linked to G-protein- and β-arrestin mediated responses was different and bosentan appeared to show bias, preferentially blocking ET(A) mediated β-arrestin recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet J Maguire
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Level 6 ACCI, Box 110 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Ling L, Kuc RE, Maguire JJ, Davie NJ, Webb DJ, Gibbs P, Alexander GJM, Davenport AP. Comparison of endothelin receptors in normal versus cirrhotic human liver and in the liver from endothelial cell-specific ETB knockout mice. Life Sci 2012; 91:716-22. [PMID: 22365955 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Endothelin (ET) antagonists show promise in animal models of cirrhosis and portal hypertension. The aim was to pharmacologically characterise the expression of endothelin receptors in human liver, hepatic artery and portal vein. MAIN METHODS Immunofluorescence staining, receptor autoradiography and competition binding assays were used to localise and quantify ET receptors on hepatic parenchyma, hepatic artery and portal vein in human cirrhotic or normal liver. Additional experiments were performed to determine the affinity and selectivity of ET antagonists for liver ET endothelin receptors. An endothelial cell ET(B) knockout murine model was used to examine the function of sinusoid endothelial ET(B) receptors. KEY FINDINGS ET(B) receptors predominated in normal human liver and displayed the highest ratio (ET(B):ET(A) 63:47) compared with other peripheral tissues. In two patients examined, liver ET(B) expression was up-regulated in cirrhosis (ET(B):ET(A) 83:17). Both sub-types localised to the media of normal portal vein but ET(B) receptors were downregulated fivefold in the media of cirrhotic portal vein. Sinusoid diameter was fourfold smaller in endothelial cell ET(B) knockout mice. The liver morphology of ET(B) knockout mice was markedly different to normal murine liver, with loss of the wide spread sinusoidal pattern. In the knockout mice, sinusoids were reduced in both number and absolute diameter, while large intrahepatic veins were congested with red blood cells. SIGNIFICANCE These data support a role for the ET system in cirrhosis of the liver and suggest that endothelial ET(B) blockade may cause sinusoidal constriction which may contribute to hepatotoxicity associated with some endothelin antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lowell Ling
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Box 110 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Radioligand binding is widely used to characterize receptors and determine their anatomical distribution, particularly the superfamily of seven transmembrane-spanning G protein-coupled receptors for both established transmitters such as endothelin-1 and an increasing number of orphan receptors recently paired with their cognate ligands. Three types of assay are described. In saturation experiments, tissue sections, cultured cells, or homogenates are incubated with an increasing concentration of a radiolabeled ligand, which can be a labeled analog of a naturally occurring transmitter, hormone, or synthetic drug. Analysis using iterative nonlinear curve-fitting programs, such as KELL, measures the affinity of the labeled ligand for a receptor (equilibrium dissociation constant, K ( D )), receptor density (B (max)), and Hill slope (nH). The affinity and selectivity of an unlabeled ligand to compete for the binding of a fixed concentration of a radiolabeled ligand to a receptor are determined using a competition binding assay. Kinetic assays measure the rate of association to or dissociation from a receptor from which a kinetic K ( D ) may be derived. Quantitative autoradiography and image analysis is a sensitive technique to detect low levels of radiolabeled ligands and determine the anatomical distribution of receptors in sections that retain the morphology of the tissue. The measurement of bound radioligand within discrete regions of autoradiographical images using -computer-assisted image analysis is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet J Maguire
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Maguire JJ, Kirby HR, Mead EJ, Kuc RE, d'Anglemont de Tassigny X, Colledge WH, Davenport AP. Inotropic action of the puberty hormone kisspeptin in rat, mouse and human: cardiovascular distribution and characteristics of the kisspeptin receptor. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27601. [PMID: 22132116 PMCID: PMC3222648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptins, the ligands of the kisspeptin receptor known for its roles in reproduction and cancer, are also vasoconstrictor peptides in atherosclerosis-prone human aorta and coronary artery. The aim of this study was to further investigate the cardiovascular localisation and function of the kisspeptins and their receptor in human compared to rat and mouse heart. Immunohistochemistry and radioligand binding techniques were employed to investigate kisspeptin receptor localisation, density and pharmacological characteristics in cardiac tissues from all three species. Radioimmunoassay was used to detect kisspeptin peptide levels in human normal heart and to identify any pathological changes in myocardium from patients transplanted for cardiomyopathy or ischaemic heart disease. The cardiac function of kisspeptin receptor was studied in isolated human, rat and mouse paced atria, with a role for the receptor confirmed using mice with targeted disruption of Kiss1r. The data demonstrated that kisspeptin receptor-like immunoreactivity localised to endothelial and smooth muscle cells of intramyocardial blood vessels and to myocytes in human and rodent tissue. [125I]KP-14 bound saturably, with subnanomolar affinity to human and rodent myocardium (KD = 0.12 nM, human; KD = 0.44 nM, rat). Positive inotropic effects of kisspeptin were observed in rat, human and mouse. No response was observed in mice with targeted disruption of Kiss1r. In human heart a decrease in cardiac kisspeptin level was detected in ischaemic heart disease. Kisspeptin and its receptor are expressed in the human, rat and mouse heart and kisspeptins possess potent positive inotropic activity. The cardiovascular actions of the kisspeptins may contribute to the role of these peptides in pregnancy but the consequences of receptor activation must be considered if kisspeptin receptor agonists are developed for use in the treatment of reproductive disorders or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet J Maguire
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Endothelin (ET)-1 is the major isoform in the human kidney where it interacts with two G protein-coupled receptors, ET(A) and ET(B). It contains high densities of ET receptors, but in contrast to most other peripheral organs, the majority (70%) are of the ET(B) subtype and largely have a differential distribution to ET(A) receptors within renal cells, thus mediating contrasting physiological and pathophysiological actions. ET-1 remains the most potent constrictor of human-isolated vessels, including those of the kidney which are particularly sensitive to the actions of this peptide. The pharmacological response is unusual in being sustained for a considerable period of time and slow to wash out. Smooth muscle cells of the renal vasculature mainly express ET(A) receptors, and ET(A)-selective antagonists fully block these constrictor responses. The vascular endothelium only expresses ET(B) receptors. ET-1 also acts in an autocrine or paracrine manner, and binds to ET(B) receptors to stimulate the release of vasodilators. ET-1 is unusual amongst the mammalian bioactive peptides in possessing two disulphide bridges, conferring resistance to enzymatic degradation. However, the plasma half-life of ET-1 is surprisingly short as a result of the second major function of endothelial ET(B) receptors in removing ET-1 from the circulation, mainly in the kidneys and lungs. Thus, ET(B) receptors have a critical role in protecting target organs such as the heart and may limit the detrimental vasoconstrictor effect caused by upregulation of ET-1 associated with disease. Inhibition of the renal medullary ET(B) system causes sodium retention because of its role in systemic fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. ET(A)/ET(B) antagonists would be expected to block the beneficial vasodilatory, clearing, and natriuretic actions of ET(B) receptors. Since many of the deleterious actions of ET-1, vasoconstriction, mesangial cell proliferation, and inflammation occur mainly via ET(A) receptors, selective ET(A) blockade may be more beneficial in renal disease.
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Abstract
There is increasing recognition of an important contribution of chemokines and their receptors in the pathology of atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular disease. The chemokine receptor CCR5 was initially known for its role as a co-receptor for HIV infection of macrophages and is the target of the recently approved CCR5 antagonist maraviroc. However, evidence is now emerging supporting a role for CCR5 and its ligands CCL3 (MIP-1α), CCL4 (MIP-1β) and CCL5 (RANTES) in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Specifically, the CCR5 deletion polymorphism CCR5delta32, which confers resistance to HIV infection, has been associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and both CCR5 antagonism and gene deletion reduce atherosclerosis in mouse models of the disease. Antagonism of CCL5 has also been shown to reduce atherosclerotic burden in these animal models. Crucially, CCR5 and its ligands CCL3, CCL4 and CCL5 have been identified in human and mouse vasculature and have been detected in human atherosclerotic plaque. Not unexpectedly, CC chemokines have also been linked to saphenous vein graft disease, which shares similarity to native vessel atherosclerosis. Distinct roles for chemokine-receptor systems in atherogenesis have been proposed, with CCR5 likely to be critical in recruitment of monocytes to developing plaques. With an increased burden of cardiovascular disease observed in HIV-infected individuals, the potential cardiovascular-protective effects of drugs that target the CCR5 receptor warrant greater attention. The availability of clinically validated antagonists such as maraviroc currently provides an advantage for targeting of CCR5 over other chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Jones
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Macaluso NJM, Pitkin SL, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP, Glen RC. Discovery of a competitive apelin receptor (APJ) antagonist. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1017-23. [PMID: 21560248 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The apelin receptor (APJ) is a class A G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and is a putative target for the treatment of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Apelin-13 (NH₂-QRPRLSHKGPMPF-COOH) is a vasoactive peptide and one of the most potent endogenous inotropic agents identified to date. We report the design and discovery of a novel APJ antagonist. By using a bivalent ligand approach, we have designed compounds with two 'affinity' motifs and a short series of linker groups with different conformational and non-bonded interaction properties. One of these, cyclo(1-6)CRPRLC-KH-cyclo(9-14)CRPRLC is a competitive antagonist at APJ. Radioligand binding in CHO cells transfected with human APJ gave a K(i) value of 82 nM, competition binding in human left ventricle gave a K(D) value of 3.2 μM, and cAMP accumulation assays in CHO-K1-APJ cells gave a K(D) value of 1.32 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Maximilian Macaluso
- Unilever Centre for Molecular Sciences Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK
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Kirby HR, Maguire JJ, Colledge WH, Davenport AP. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXVII. Kisspeptin receptor nomenclature, distribution, and function. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 62:565-78. [PMID: 21079036 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.002774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptins are members of the Arg-Phe amide family of peptides, which have been identified as endogenous ligands for a G-protein-coupled receptor encoded by a gene originally called GPR54 (also known as AXOR12 or hOT7T175). After this pairing, the gene has been renamed KISS1R. The International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification recommends that the official name for the receptor is the kisspeptin receptor to follow the convention of naming the receptor protein after the endogenous ligand. The endogenous ligand was initially called metastin, after its role as a metastasis suppressor, and is now referred to as kisspeptin-54 (KP-54), a C-terminally amidated 54-amino acid peptide cleaved from the 145-amino acid gene product. Shorter C-terminal cleavage fragments [KP-14, KP-13 and KP-10 (the smallest active fragment)] are also biologically active. Both receptor and peptide are widely expressed in human, rat, and mouse; the receptor sequence shares more than 80% homology in these species. Activation of the kisspeptin receptor by kisspeptin is via coupling to G(q/11) and the phospholipase C pathway, causing Ca(2+) mobilization. Mutations in the KISS1R gene result in hypogonadotropic hypogonadotropism, and targeted disruption of Kiss1r in mice reproduces this phenotype, which led to the discovery of the remarkable ability of the kisspeptin receptor to act as a molecular switch for puberty. In addition to regulating the reproductive axis, the kisspeptin receptor is also implicated in cancer, placentation, diabetes, and the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R Kirby
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Kelland NF, Kuc RE, McLean DL, Azfer A, Bagnall AJ, Gray GA, Gulliver-Sloan FH, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP, Kotelevtsev YV, Webb DJ. Endothelial cell-specific ETB receptor knockout: autoradiographic and histological characterisation and crucial role in the clearance of endothelin-1. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2011; 88:644-51. [PMID: 20628430 DOI: 10.1139/y10-041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of endothelin B receptors (ETB), either through selective pharmacological antagonism or genetic mutation, increases the circulating concentration of endothelin-1 (ET-1), suggesting ETB plays an important role in clearance of this peptide. However, the cellular site of ETB-mediated clearance has not yet been determined. We have used a novel mouse model of endothelial cell-specific knockout (KO) of ETB (EC ETB(-/-)) to evaluate the relative contribution of EC-ETB to the clearance of ET-1. Phenotypic evidence of EC-specific ETB KO was confirmed by immunocytochemistry and autoradiography. Binding of the radiolabelled selective ETB ligand BQ3020 was significantly and selectively decreased in EC-rich tissues of EC ETB(-/-) mice, including the lung, liver, and kidney. By contrast, ETA binding was unaltered. RT-PCR confirmed equal expression of ET-1 in tissue from EC ETB(-/-) mice and controls, despite increased concentration of plasma ET-1 in EC ETB(-/-). Clearance of an intravenous bolus of [(125)I]ET-1 was impaired in EC ETB(-/-) mice. Pretreatment with the selective ETB antagonist A192621 impaired [(125)I]ET-1 clearance in control animals to a similar extent, but did not further impair clearance in EC ETB(-/-) mice. These studies suggest that EC-ETB are largely responsible for the clearance of ET-1 from the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N F Kelland
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine whether the apelin/APJ system is altered in human cardiovascular disease by investigating whether the expression of apelin or its receptor is altered at the protein level. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Radioligand binding studies were used to determine apelin receptor density in human cardiac tissues. Apelin peptide levels in cardiovascular tissues were determined by radioimmunoassay. In vitro pharmacology was used to assess vasoactive properties of apelin in human coronary artery. Localization of apelin and its receptor in coronary artery was determined using immunohistochemistry. KEY RESULTS Apelin receptor density was significantly decreased in left ventricle from patients with dilated cardiomyopathy or ischaemic heart disease compared with controls, but apelin peptide levels remained unchanged. Apelin was up-regulated in human atherosclerotic coronary artery and this additional peptide localized to the plaque, colocalizing with markers for macrophages and smooth muscle cells. Apelin potently constricted human coronary artery. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We have detected changes in the apelin/APJ system in human diseased cardiac and vascular tissue. The decrease in receptor density in heart failure may limit the positive inotropic actions of apelin, contributing to contractile dysfunction. The contribution of the increased apelin levels in atherosclerotic coronary artery to disease progression remains to be determined. These data suggest a potential role for the apelin/APJ system in human cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Pitkin
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Level 6 Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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