1
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Rahman MM, Hossain MT, Reza MS, Peng Y, Feng S, Wei Y. Identification of Potential Long Non-Coding RNA Candidates that Contribute to Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in Humans through Computational Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12359. [PMID: 34830241 PMCID: PMC8619140 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent malignancy identified in adult females, resulting in enormous financial losses worldwide. Owing to the heterogeneity as well as various molecular subtypes, the molecular pathways underlying carcinogenesis in various forms of BC are distinct. Therefore, the advancement of alternative therapy is required to combat the ailment. Recent analyses propose that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) perform an essential function in controlling immune response, and therefore, may provide essential information about the disorder. However, their function in patients with triple-negative BC (TNBC) has not been explored in detail. Here, we analyzed the changes in the genomic expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) and lncRNA in standard control in response to cancer metastasis using publicly available single-cell RNA-Seq data. We identified a total of 197 potentially novel lncRNAs in TNBC patients of which 86 were differentially upregulated and 111 were differentially downregulated. In addition, among the 909 candidate lncRNA transcripts, 19 were significantly differentially expressed (DE) of which three were upregulated and 16 were downregulated. On the other hand, 1901 mRNA transcripts were significantly DE of which 1110 were upregulated and 791 were downregulated by TNBCs subtypes. The Gene Ontology (GO) analyses showed that some of the host genes were enriched in various biological, molecular, and cellular functions. The Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that some of the genes were involved in only one pathway of prostate cancer. The lncRNA-miRNA-gene network analysis showed that the lncRNAs TCONS_00076394 and TCONS_00051377 interacted with breast cancer-related micro RNAs (miRNAs) and the host genes of these lncRNAs were also functionally related to breast cancer. Thus, this study provides novel lncRNAs as potential biomarkers for the therapeutic intervention of this cancer subtype.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Computational Biology/methods
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Ontology
- Gene Regulatory Networks
- Humans
- Mammary Glands, Human/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Human/pathology
- MicroRNAs/classification
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Annotation
- RNA, Long Noncoding/classification
- RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
- RNA, Long Noncoding/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/classification
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/classification
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Motiar Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Vestal, New York, NY 13902, USA
| | - Md. Tofazzal Hossain
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China; (T.H.); (S.R.)
- Joint Engineering Research Center for Health Big Data Intelligent Analysis Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China;
- Department of Statistics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahaman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Selim Reza
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China; (T.H.); (S.R.)
- Joint Engineering Research Center for Health Big Data Intelligent Analysis Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Yin Peng
- Department of Pathology, The Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518060, China;
| | - Shengzhong Feng
- Joint Engineering Research Center for Health Big Data Intelligent Analysis Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Yanjie Wei
- Joint Engineering Research Center for Health Big Data Intelligent Analysis Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China;
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2
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Robledo M, García-Tomsig NI, Matia-González AM, García-Rodríguez FM, Jiménez-Zurdo JI. Synthetase of the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine from nitrogen-fixing α-rhizobia can bind functionally diverse RNA species. RNA Biol 2021; 18:1111-1123. [PMID: 33043803 PMCID: PMC8244774 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2020.1829365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Function of bacterial small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) and overall RNA metabolism is largely shaped by a vast diversity of RNA-protein interactions. However, in non-model bacteria with defined non-coding transcriptomes the sRNA interactome remains almost unexplored. We used affinity chromatography to capture proteins associated in vivo with MS2-tagged trans-sRNAs that regulate nutrient uptake (AbcR2 and NfeR1) and cell cycle (EcpR1) mRNAs by antisense-based translational inhibition in the nitrogen-fixing α-rhizobia Sinorhizobium meliloti. The three proteomes were rather distinct, with that of EcpR1 particularly enriched in cell cycle-related enzymes, whilst sharing several transcription/translation-related proteins recurrently identified associated with sRNAs. Strikingly, MetK, the synthetase of the major methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine, was reliably recovered as a binding partner of the three sRNAs, which reciprocally co-immunoprecipitated with a FLAG-tagged MetK variant. Induced (over)expression of the trans-sRNAs and MetK depletion did not influence canonical riboregulatory traits, `for example, protein titration or sRNA stability, respectively. An in vitro filter assay confirmed binding of AbcR2, NfeR1 and EcpR1 to MetK and further revealed interaction of the protein with other non-coding and coding transcripts but not with the 5S rRNA. These findings uncover a broad specificity for RNA binding as an unprecedented feature of this housekeeping prokaryotic enzyme.
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MESH Headings
- Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
- Methionine Adenosyltransferase/genetics
- Methionine Adenosyltransferase/metabolism
- Nitrogen Fixation/physiology
- Plant Root Nodulation/physiology
- Plants/microbiology
- Protein Binding
- Protein Interaction Mapping
- RNA, Bacterial/classification
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/classification
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Untranslated/classification
- RNA, Small Untranslated/genetics
- RNA, Small Untranslated/metabolism
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- S-Adenosylmethionine/metabolism
- Sinorhizobium meliloti/enzymology
- Sinorhizobium meliloti/genetics
- Symbiosis/physiology
- Transcriptome
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Robledo
- Structure, Dynamics and Function of Rhizobacterial Genomes (Grupo de Ecología Genética de la Rizosfera), Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Natalia I. García-Tomsig
- Structure, Dynamics and Function of Rhizobacterial Genomes (Grupo de Ecología Genética de la Rizosfera), Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Ana M. Matia-González
- Department of Microbial and Cellular Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Fernando M. García-Rodríguez
- Structure, Dynamics and Function of Rhizobacterial Genomes (Grupo de Ecología Genética de la Rizosfera), Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - José I. Jiménez-Zurdo
- Structure, Dynamics and Function of Rhizobacterial Genomes (Grupo de Ecología Genética de la Rizosfera), Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
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3
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Huang Y, Wang J, Zhao Y, Wang H, Liu T, Li Y, Cui T, Li W, Feng Y, Luo J, Gong J, Ning L, Zhang Y, Wang D, Zhang Y. cncRNAdb: a manually curated resource of experimentally supported RNAs with both protein-coding and noncoding function. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:D65-D70. [PMID: 33010163 PMCID: PMC7778915 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA endowed with both protein-coding and noncoding functions is referred to as 'dual-function RNA', 'binary functional RNA (bifunctional RNA)' or 'cncRNA (coding and noncoding RNA)'. Recently, an increasing number of cncRNAs have been identified, including both translated ncRNAs (ncRNAs with coding functions) and untranslated mRNAs (mRNAs with noncoding functions). However, an appropriate database for storing and organizing cncRNAs is still lacking. Here, we developed cncRNAdb, a manually curated database of experimentally supported cncRNAs, which aims to provide a resource for efficient manipulation, browsing and analysis of cncRNAs. The current version of cncRNAdb documents about 2600 manually curated entries of cncRNA functions with experimental evidence, involving more than 2,000 RNAs (including over 1300 translated ncRNAs and over 600 untranslated mRNAs) across over 20 species. In summary, we believe that cncRNAdb will help elucidate the functions and mechanisms of cncRNAs and develop new prediction methods. The database is available at http://www.rna-society.org/cncrnadb/.
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MESH Headings
- 3' Untranslated Regions
- 5' Untranslated Regions
- Animals
- Databases, Nucleic Acid/organization & administration
- Drosophila melanogaster/genetics
- Humans
- Mice
- MicroRNAs/classification
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Pan troglodytes/genetics
- RNA, Circular/classification
- RNA, Circular/genetics
- RNA, Long Noncoding/classification
- RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/classification
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal/classification
- RNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/classification
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Transfer/classification
- RNA, Transfer/genetics
- Software
- Zebrafish/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan 528308, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Huafeng Wang
- Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan 528308, China
| | - Tianyuan Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuhe Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Tianyu Cui
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Weiyi Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yige Feng
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiaxin Luo
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiaqi Gong
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lin Ning
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510091, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan 528308, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan 528308, China
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510091, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan 528308, China
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4
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Viceconte N, Loriot A, Lona Abreu P, Scheibe M, Fradera Sola A, Butter F, De Smet C, Azzalin CM, Arnoult N, Decottignies A. PAR-TERRA is the main contributor to telomeric repeat-containing RNA transcripts in normal and cancer mouse cells. RNA 2021; 27:106-121. [PMID: 33127860 PMCID: PMC7749631 DOI: 10.1261/rna.076281.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) molecules play important roles at telomeres, from heterochromatin regulation to telomerase activity control. In human cells, TERRA is transcribed from subtelomeric promoters located on most chromosome ends and associates with telomeres. The origin of mouse TERRA molecules is, however, unclear, as transcription from the pseudoautosomal PAR locus was recently suggested to account for the vast majority of TERRA in embryonic stem cells (ESC). Here, we confirm the production of TERRA from both the chromosome 18q telomere and the PAR locus in mouse embryonic fibroblasts, ESC, and various mouse cancer and immortalized cell lines, and we identify two novel sources of TERRA on mouse chromosome 2 and X. Using various approaches, we show that PAR-TERRA molecules account for the majority of TERRA transcripts, displaying an increase of two to four orders of magnitude compared to the telomeric 18q transcript. Finally, we present a SILAC-based pull-down screen revealing a large overlap between TERRA-interacting proteins in human and mouse cells, including PRC2 complex subunits, chromatin remodeling factors, DNA replication proteins, Aurora kinases, shelterin complex subunits, Bloom helicase, Coilin, and paraspeckle proteins. Hence, despite originating from distinct genomic regions, mouse and human TERRA are likely to play similar functions in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikenza Viceconte
- Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations of Genomes, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Axelle Loriot
- Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations of Genomes, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrícia Lona Abreu
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marion Scheibe
- Quantitative Proteomics, Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Albert Fradera Sola
- Quantitative Proteomics, Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Falk Butter
- Quantitative Proteomics, Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Charles De Smet
- Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations of Genomes, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claus M Azzalin
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nausica Arnoult
- MCBD-University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0347, USA
| | - Anabelle Decottignies
- Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations of Genomes, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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5
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Duan Y, Zhang W, Cheng Y, Shi M, Xia XQ. A systematic evaluation of bioinformatics tools for identification of long noncoding RNAs. RNA 2021; 27:80-98. [PMID: 33055239 PMCID: PMC7749630 DOI: 10.1261/rna.074724.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput RNA sequencing unveiled the complexity of transcriptome and significantly increased the records of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which were reported to participate in a variety of biological processes. Identification of lncRNAs is a key step in lncRNA analysis, and a bunch of bioinformatics tools have been developed for this purpose in recent years. While these tools allow us to identify lncRNA more efficiently and accurately, they may produce inconsistent results, making selection a confusing issue. We compared the performance of 41 analysis models based on 14 software packages and different data sets, including high-quality data and low-quality data from 33 species. In addition, computational efficiency, robustness, and joint prediction of the models were explored. As a practical guidance, key points for lncRNA identification under different situations were summarized. In this investigation, no one of these models could be superior to others under all test conditions. The performance of a model relied to a great extent on the source of transcripts and the quality of assemblies. As general references, FEELnc_all_cl, CPC, and CPAT_mouse work well in most species while COME, CNCI, and lncScore are good choices for model organisms. Since these tools are sensitive to different factors such as the species involved and the quality of assembly, researchers must carefully select the appropriate tool based on the actual data. Alternatively, our test suggests that joint prediction could behave better than any single model if proper models were chosen. All scripts/data used in this research can be accessed at http://bioinfo.ihb.ac.cn/elit.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Duan
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wanting Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yingyin Cheng
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mijuan Shi
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Xia
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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6
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Yao J, Wu DC, Nottingham RM, Lambowitz AM. Identification of protein-protected mRNA fragments and structured excised intron RNAs in human plasma by TGIRT-seq peak calling. eLife 2020; 9:e60743. [PMID: 32876046 PMCID: PMC7518892 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human plasma contains > 40,000 different coding and non-coding RNAs that are potential biomarkers for human diseases. Here, we used thermostable group II intron reverse transcriptase sequencing (TGIRT-seq) combined with peak calling to simultaneously profile all RNA biotypes in apheresis-prepared human plasma pooled from healthy individuals. Extending previous TGIRT-seq analysis, we found that human plasma contains largely fragmented mRNAs from > 19,000 protein-coding genes, abundant full-length, mature tRNAs and other structured small non-coding RNAs, and less abundant tRNA fragments and mature and pre-miRNAs. Many of the mRNA fragments identified by peak calling correspond to annotated protein-binding sites and/or have stable predicted secondary structures that could afford protection from plasma nucleases. Peak calling also identified novel repeat RNAs, miRNA-sized RNAs, and putatively structured intron RNAs of potential biological, evolutionary, and biomarker significance, including a family of full-length excised intron RNAs, subsets of which correspond to mirtron pre-miRNAs or agotrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yao
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology and Departments of Molecular Biosciences and Oncology, University of TexasAustinUnited States
| | - Douglas C Wu
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology and Departments of Molecular Biosciences and Oncology, University of TexasAustinUnited States
| | - Ryan M Nottingham
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology and Departments of Molecular Biosciences and Oncology, University of TexasAustinUnited States
| | - Alan M Lambowitz
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology and Departments of Molecular Biosciences and Oncology, University of TexasAustinUnited States
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7
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Kindgren P, Ivanov M, Marquardt S. Native elongation transcript sequencing reveals temperature dependent dynamics of nascent RNAPII transcription in Arabidopsis. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:2332-2347. [PMID: 31863587 PMCID: PMC7049701 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature profoundly affects the kinetics of biochemical reactions, yet how large molecular complexes such as the transcription machinery accommodate changing temperatures to maintain cellular function is poorly understood. Here, we developed plant native elongating transcripts sequencing (plaNET-seq) to profile genome-wide nascent RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) transcription during the cold-response of Arabidopsis thaliana with single-nucleotide resolution. Combined with temporal resolution, these data revealed transient genome-wide reprogramming of nascent RNAPII transcription during cold, including characteristics of RNAPII elongation and thousands of non-coding transcripts connected to gene expression. Our results suggest a role for promoter-proximal RNAPII stalling in predisposing genes for transcriptional activation during plant-environment interactions. At gene 3'-ends, cold initially facilitated transcriptional termination by limiting the distance of read-through transcription. Within gene bodies, cold reduced the kinetics of co-transcriptional splicing leading to increased intragenic stalling. Our data resolved multiple distinct mechanisms by which temperature transiently altered the dynamics of nascent RNAPII transcription and associated RNA processing, illustrating potential biotechnological solutions and future focus areas to promote food security in the context of a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kindgren
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Maxim Ivanov
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Marquardt
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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8
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Johnson NR, dePamphilis CW, Axtell MJ. Compensatory sequence variation between trans-species small RNAs and their target sites. eLife 2019; 8:e49750. [PMID: 31845648 PMCID: PMC6917502 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Trans-species small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) are delivered to host plants from diverse pathogens and parasites and can target host mRNAs. How trans-species sRNAs can be effective on diverse hosts has been unclear. Multiple species of the parasitic plant Cuscuta produce trans-species sRNAs that collectively target many host mRNAs. Confirmed target sites are nearly always in highly conserved, protein-coding regions of host mRNAs. Cuscuta trans-species sRNAs can be grouped into superfamilies that have variation in a three-nucleotide period. These variants compensate for synonymous-site variation in host mRNAs. By targeting host mRNAs at highly conserved protein-coding sites, and simultaneously expressing multiple variants to cover synonymous-site variation, Cuscuta trans-species sRNAs may be able to successfully target multiple homologous mRNAs from diverse hosts.
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MESH Headings
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/growth & development
- Arabidopsis/parasitology
- Base Sequence
- Codon
- Computational Biology
- Conserved Sequence
- Cuscuta/genetics
- Cuscuta/growth & development
- Cuscuta/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genetic Variation
- Genome, Plant
- Host-Parasite Interactions
- Open Reading Frames
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/classification
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- RNA, Small Untranslated/classification
- RNA, Small Untranslated/genetics
- RNA, Small Untranslated/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Nicotiana/growth & development
- Nicotiana/parasitology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R Johnson
- Intercollege PhD Program in Plant Biology, Huck Institutes of the Life SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
- Department of BiologyThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
| | - Claude W dePamphilis
- Intercollege PhD Program in Plant Biology, Huck Institutes of the Life SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
- Department of BiologyThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
| | - Michael J Axtell
- Intercollege PhD Program in Plant Biology, Huck Institutes of the Life SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
- Department of BiologyThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
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9
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Pisanu C, Merkouri Papadima E, Melis C, Congiu D, Loizedda A, Orrù N, Calza S, Orrù S, Carcassi C, Severino G, Ardau R, Chillotti C, Del Zompo M, Squassina A. Whole Genome Expression Analyses of miRNAs and mRNAs Suggest the Involvement of miR-320a and miR-155-3p and their Targeted Genes in Lithium Response in Bipolar Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20236040. [PMID: 31801218 PMCID: PMC6928759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lithium is the mainstay in the maintenance of bipolar disorder (BD) and the most efficacious pharmacological treatment in suicide prevention. Nevertheless, its use is hampered by a high interindividual variability and important side effects. Genetic and epigenetic factors have been suggested to modulate lithium response, but findings so far have not allowed identifying molecular targets with predictive value. In this study we used next generation sequencing to measure genome-wide miRNA expression in lymphoblastoid cell lines from BD patients excellent responders (ER, n = 12) and non-responders (NR, n = 12) to lithium. These data were integrated with microarray genome-wide expression data to identify pairs of miRNA/mRNA inversely and significantly correlated. Significant pairs were prioritized based on strength of association and in-silico miRNA target prediction analyses to select candidates for validation with qRT-PCR. Thirty-one miRNAs were differentially expressed in ER vs. NR and inversely correlated with 418 genes differentially expressed between the two groups. A total of 331 of these correlations were also predicted by in-silico algorithms. miR-320a and miR-155-3p, as well as three of their targeted genes (CAPNS1 (Calpain Small Subunit 1) and RGS16 (Regulator of G Protein Signaling 16) for miR-320, SP4 (Sp4 Transcription Factor) for miR-155-3p) were validated. These miRNAs and mRNAs were previously implicated in psychiatric disorders (miR-320a and SP4), key processes of the central nervous system (CAPNS1, RGS16, SP4) or pathways involved in mental illnesses (miR-155-3p). Using an integrated approach, we identified miRNAs and their targeted genes potentially involved in lithium response in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pisanu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (C.P.); (E.M.P.); (C.M.); (D.C.); (G.S.); (M.D.Z.)
| | - Eleni Merkouri Papadima
- Department of Biomedical Science, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (C.P.); (E.M.P.); (C.M.); (D.C.); (G.S.); (M.D.Z.)
| | - Carla Melis
- Department of Biomedical Science, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (C.P.); (E.M.P.); (C.M.); (D.C.); (G.S.); (M.D.Z.)
| | - Donatella Congiu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (C.P.); (E.M.P.); (C.M.); (D.C.); (G.S.); (M.D.Z.)
| | - Annalisa Loizedda
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (C.N.R.), Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (I.R.G.B.), Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Nicola Orrù
- Medical Genetics, R. Binaghi Hospital, ASSL Cagliari, ATS Sardegna, 09021 Cagliari, Italy; (N.O.); (S.O.); (C.C.)
| | - Stefano Calza
- Unit of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy;
- Big & Open Data Innovation Laboratory, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - Sandro Orrù
- Medical Genetics, R. Binaghi Hospital, ASSL Cagliari, ATS Sardegna, 09021 Cagliari, Italy; (N.O.); (S.O.); (C.C.)
- Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Carlo Carcassi
- Medical Genetics, R. Binaghi Hospital, ASSL Cagliari, ATS Sardegna, 09021 Cagliari, Italy; (N.O.); (S.O.); (C.C.)
- Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Severino
- Department of Biomedical Science, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (C.P.); (E.M.P.); (C.M.); (D.C.); (G.S.); (M.D.Z.)
| | - Raffaella Ardau
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology of the University Hospital of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (R.A.); (C.C.)
| | - Caterina Chillotti
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology of the University Hospital of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (R.A.); (C.C.)
| | - Maria Del Zompo
- Department of Biomedical Science, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (C.P.); (E.M.P.); (C.M.); (D.C.); (G.S.); (M.D.Z.)
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology of the University Hospital of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (R.A.); (C.C.)
| | - Alessio Squassina
- Department of Biomedical Science, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (C.P.); (E.M.P.); (C.M.); (D.C.); (G.S.); (M.D.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-070-675-4323
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10
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Zhao R, Li FQ, Tian LL, Shang DS, Guo Y, Zhang JR, Liu M. Comprehensive analysis of the whole coding and non-coding RNA transcriptome expression profiles and construction of the circRNA-lncRNA co-regulated ceRNA network in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Funct Integr Genomics 2018; 19:109-121. [PMID: 30128795 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-018-0631-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a vital role in oncogenicity. Nevertheless, the regulatory mechanisms and functions remain poorly understood, especially for lncRNAs and circRNAs. In this study, we simultaneously detected, for the first time, the expression profiles of the whole transcriptome, including miRNA, circRNA and lncRNA + mRNA, in five pairs of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) and matched non-carcinoma tissues by microarrays. Five miRNAs, four circRNAs, three lncRNAs and five mRNAs that were dysregulated were selected to confirm the verification of the microarray data by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in 20 pairs of LSCC samples. We constructed LSCC-related competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks of lncRNAs and circRNAs (circRNA or lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA) respectively. Functional annotation revealed the lncRNA-mediated ceRNA network were enriched for genes involved in the tumor-associated pathways. Hsa_circ_0033988 with the highest degree in the circRNA-mediated ceRNA network was associated with fatty acid degradation, which was responsible for the depletion of fat in tumor-associated cachexia. Finally, to clarify the ncRNA co-regulation mechanism, we constructed a circRNA-lncRNA co-regulated network by integrating the above two networks and identified 9 modules for further study. A subnetwork of module 2 with the most dysregulated microRNAs was extracted to establish the ncRNA-involved TGF-β-associated pathway. In conclusion, our findings provide a high-throughput microarray data of the coding and non-coding RNAs and establish the foundation for further functional research on the ceRNA regulatory mechanism of non-coding RNAs in LSCC.
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MESH Headings
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Computational Biology
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Ontology
- Gene Regulatory Networks
- Humans
- Laryngeal Neoplasms/genetics
- Laryngeal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Laryngeal Neoplasms/pathology
- MicroRNAs/classification
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Microarray Analysis
- Molecular Sequence Annotation
- RNA/classification
- RNA/genetics
- RNA/metabolism
- RNA, Circular
- RNA, Long Noncoding/classification
- RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
- RNA, Long Noncoding/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/classification
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Transcriptome
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Feng-Qing Li
- Department of Gerontology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lin-Li Tian
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - De-Si Shang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jia-Rui Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China.
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11
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Chen Y, Dong J, Bennetzen JL, Zhong M, Yang J, Zhang J, Li S, Hao X, Zhang Z, Wang X. Integrating transcriptome and microRNA analysis identifies genes and microRNAs for AHO-induced systemic acquired resistance in N. tabacum. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12504. [PMID: 28970509 PMCID: PMC5624873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Acetonyl-3-hydroxyoxindole (AHO) induces systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in Nicotiana. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is not well understood. To understand the molecular regulation during SAR induction, we examined mRNA levels, microRNA (miRNA) expression, and their regulatory mechanisms in control and AHO-treated tobacco leaves. Using RNA-seq analysis, we identified 1,445 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at least 2 folds with AHO treatment. The DEGs significantly enriched in six metabolism pathways including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis for protective cuticle and wax. Key DEGs including PALs and PR-10 in salicylic acid pathway involved in SAR were significantly regulated. In addition, we identified 403 miRNAs belonging to 200 miRNA families by miRNA sequencing. In total, AHO treatment led to 17 up- and 6 down-regulated at least 2 folds (Wald test, P < 0.05) miRNAs (DEMs), respectively. Targeting analysis implicated four DEMs regulating three DEGs involved in disease resistance, including miR156, miR172f, miR172g, miR408a, SPL6 and AP2. We concluded that both mRNA and miRNA regulation enhances AHO-induced SAR. These data regarding DEGs, miRNAs, and their regulatory mechanisms provide molecular evidence for the mechanisms involved in tobacco SAR, which are likely to be present in other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongdui Chen
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology; Key Lab of Southwestern Crop Gene Resource and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming, 650223, P. R. China
| | - Jiahong Dong
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology; Key Lab of Southwestern Crop Gene Resource and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming, 650223, P. R. China
| | - Jeffrey L Bennetzen
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, 650201, P. R. China
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Micai Zhong
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, 650201, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology; Key Lab of Southwestern Crop Gene Resource and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming, 650223, P. R. China
| | - Shunlin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, P. R. China
| | - Zhongkai Zhang
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology; Key Lab of Southwestern Crop Gene Resource and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming, 650223, P. R. China.
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, 650201, P. R. China.
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, USA.
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12
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Wucher V, Legeai F, Hédan B, Rizk G, Lagoutte L, Leeb T, Jagannathan V, Cadieu E, David A, Lohi H, Cirera S, Fredholm M, Botherel N, Leegwater PA, Le Béguec C, Fieten H, Johnson J, Alföldi J, André C, Lindblad-Toh K, Hitte C, Derrien T. FEELnc: a tool for long non-coding RNA annotation and its application to the dog transcriptome. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:e57. [PMID: 28053114 PMCID: PMC5416892 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw1306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) has become a standard for cataloguing and monitoring RNA populations. One of the main bottlenecks, however, is to correctly identify the different classes of RNAs among the plethora of reconstructed transcripts, particularly those that will be translated (mRNAs) from the class of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Here, we present FEELnc (FlExible Extraction of LncRNAs), an alignment-free program that accurately annotates lncRNAs based on a Random Forest model trained with general features such as multi k-mer frequencies and relaxed open reading frames. Benchmarking versus five state-of-the-art tools shows that FEELnc achieves similar or better classification performance on GENCODE and NONCODE data sets. The program also provides specific modules that enable the user to fine-tune classification accuracy, to formalize the annotation of lncRNA classes and to identify lncRNAs even in the absence of a training set of non-coding RNAs. We used FEELnc on a real data set comprising 20 canine RNA-seq samples produced by the European LUPA consortium to substantially expand the canine genome annotation to include 10 374 novel lncRNAs and 58 640 mRNA transcripts. FEELnc moves beyond conventional coding potential classifiers by providing a standardized and complete solution for annotating lncRNAs and is freely available at https://github.com/tderrien/FEELnc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Wucher
- Institut Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS, UMR6290, University Rennes1, Rennes, Cedex 35043, France
| | - Fabrice Legeai
- IGEPP, BIPAA, INRA, Campus Beaulieu, Le Rheu 35653, France
- Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique, Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires, Genscale, Campus Beaulieu, Rennes 35042, France
| | - Benoît Hédan
- Institut Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS, UMR6290, University Rennes1, Rennes, Cedex 35043, France
| | - Guillaume Rizk
- Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique, Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires, Genscale, Campus Beaulieu, Rennes 35042, France
| | - Lætitia Lagoutte
- Institut Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS, UMR6290, University Rennes1, Rennes, Cedex 35043, France
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern 3001, Switzerland
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern 3001, Switzerland
| | - Edouard Cadieu
- Institut Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS, UMR6290, University Rennes1, Rennes, Cedex 35043, France
| | - Audrey David
- IGEPP, BIPAA, INRA, Campus Beaulieu, Le Rheu 35653, France
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 63, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- The Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Susanna Cirera
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1870, Denmark
| | - Merete Fredholm
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1870, Denmark
| | - Nadine Botherel
- Institut Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS, UMR6290, University Rennes1, Rennes, Cedex 35043, France
| | - Peter A.J. Leegwater
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CM, the Netherlands
| | - Céline Le Béguec
- Institut Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS, UMR6290, University Rennes1, Rennes, Cedex 35043, France
| | - Hille Fieten
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CM, the Netherlands
| | - Jeremy Johnson
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jessica Alföldi
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Catherine André
- Institut Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS, UMR6290, University Rennes1, Rennes, Cedex 35043, France
| | - Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 23, Sweden
| | - Christophe Hitte
- Institut Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS, UMR6290, University Rennes1, Rennes, Cedex 35043, France
| | - Thomas Derrien
- Institut Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS, UMR6290, University Rennes1, Rennes, Cedex 35043, France
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13
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Pian C, Zhang G, Chen Z, Chen Y, Zhang J, Yang T, Zhang L. LncRNApred: Classification of Long Non-Coding RNAs and Protein-Coding Transcripts by the Ensemble Algorithm with a New Hybrid Feature. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154567. [PMID: 27228152 PMCID: PMC4882039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
As a novel class of noncoding RNAs, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been verified to be associated with various diseases. As large scale transcripts are generated every year, it is significant to accurately and quickly identify lncRNAs from thousands of assembled transcripts. To accurately discover new lncRNAs, we develop a classification tool of random forest (RF) named LncRNApred based on a new hybrid feature. This hybrid feature set includes three new proposed features, which are MaxORF, RMaxORF and SNR. LncRNApred is effective for classifying lncRNAs and protein coding transcripts accurately and quickly. Moreover,our RF model only requests the training using data on human coding and non-coding transcripts. Other species can also be predicted by using LncRNApred. The result shows that our method is more effective compared with the Coding Potential Calculate (CPC). The web server of LncRNApred is available for free at http://mm20132014.wicp.net:57203/LncRNApred/home.jsp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Pian
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangle Zhang
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liangyun Zhang
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
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14
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Wickramasinghe VO, Andrews R, Ellis P, Langford C, Gurdon JB, Stewart M, Venkitaraman AR, Laskey RA. Selective nuclear export of specific classes of mRNA from mammalian nuclei is promoted by GANP. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:5059-71. [PMID: 24510098 PMCID: PMC4005691 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear phase of the gene expression pathway culminates in the export of mature messenger RNAs (mRNAs) to the cytoplasm through nuclear pore complexes. GANP (germinal- centre associated nuclear protein) promotes the transfer of mRNAs bound to the transport factor NXF1 to nuclear pore complexes. Here, we demonstrate that GANP, subunit of the TRanscription-EXport-2 (TREX-2) mRNA export complex, promotes selective nuclear export of a specific subset of mRNAs whose transport depends on NXF1. Genome-wide gene expression profiling showed that half of the transcripts whose nuclear export was impaired following NXF1 depletion also showed reduced export when GANP was depleted. GANP-dependent transcripts were highly expressed, yet short-lived, and were highly enriched in those encoding central components of the gene expression machinery such as RNA synthesis and processing factors. After injection into Xenopus oocyte nuclei, representative GANP-dependent transcripts showed faster nuclear export kinetics than representative transcripts that were not influenced by GANP depletion. We propose that GANP promotes the nuclear export of specific classes of mRNAs that may facilitate rapid changes in gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vihandha O. Wickramasinghe
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK, Wellcome Trust, Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK and Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Robert Andrews
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK, Wellcome Trust, Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK and Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Peter Ellis
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK, Wellcome Trust, Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK and Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Cordelia Langford
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK, Wellcome Trust, Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK and Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - John B. Gurdon
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK, Wellcome Trust, Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK and Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Murray Stewart
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK, Wellcome Trust, Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK and Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Ashok R. Venkitaraman
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK, Wellcome Trust, Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK and Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Ronald A. Laskey
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK, Wellcome Trust, Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK and Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
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15
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Abstract
Traditionally, researchers match a microRNA guide strand to mRNA sequences using sequence comparisons to predict its potential target genes. However, many of the predictions can be false positives due to limitations in sequence comparison alone. In this work, we consider the association of two related RNA structures that share a common guide strand: the microRNA duplex and the microRNA-target binding structure. We have analyzed thousands of such structure pairs and found many of them share high structural similarity. Therefore, we conclude that when predicting microRNA target genes, considering just the microRNA guide strand matches to gene sequences may not be sufficient--the microRNA duplex structure formed by the guide strand and its companion passenger strand must also be considered. We have developed software to translate RNA binding structure into encoded representations, and we have also created novel automatic comparison methods utilizing such encoded representations to determine RNA structure similarity. Our software and methods can be utilized in the other RNA secondary structure comparisons as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hui-Hsien Chou
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Kissopoulou A, Jonasson J, Lindahl TL, Osman A. Next generation sequencing analysis of human platelet PolyA+ mRNAs and rRNA-depleted total RNA. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81809. [PMID: 24349131 PMCID: PMC3859545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Platelets are small anucleate cells circulating in the blood vessels where they play a key role in hemostasis and thrombosis. Here, we compared platelet RNA-Seq results obtained from polyA+ mRNA and rRNA-depleted total RNA. Materials and Methods We used purified, CD45 depleted, human blood platelets collected by apheresis from three male and one female healthy blood donors. The Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform was employed to sequence cDNA converted either from oligo(dT) isolated polyA+ RNA or from rRNA-depleted total RNA. The reads were aligned to the GRCh37 reference assembly with the TopHat/Cufflinks alignment package using Ensembl annotations. A de novo assembly of the platelet transcriptome using the Trinity software package and RSEM was also performed. The bioinformatic tools HTSeq and DESeq from Bioconductor were employed for further statistical analyses of read counts. Results Consistent with previous findings our data suggests that mitochondrially expressed genes comprise a substantial fraction of the platelet transcriptome. We also identified high transcript levels for protein coding genes related to the cytoskeleton function, chemokine signaling, cell adhesion, aggregation, as well as receptor interaction between cells. Certain transcripts were particularly abundant in platelets compared with other cell and tissue types represented by RNA-Seq data from the Illumina Human Body Map 2.0 project. Irrespective of the different library preparation and sequencing protocols, there was good agreement between samples from the 4 individuals. Eighteen differentially expressed genes were identified in the two sexes at 10% false discovery rate using DESeq. Conclusion The present data suggests that platelets may have a unique transcriptome profile characterized by a relative over-expression of mitochondrially encoded genes and also of genomic transcripts related to the cytoskeleton function, chemokine signaling and surface components compared with other cell and tissue types. The in vivo functional significance of the non-mitochondrial transcripts remains to be shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antheia Kissopoulou
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jon Jonasson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Tomas L. Lindahl
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Abdimajid Osman
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Philosof A, Béjà O. Bacterial, archaeal and viral-like rhodopsins from the Red Sea. Environ Microbiol Rep 2013; 5:475-482. [PMID: 23754728 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The Gulf of Aqaba, extending north to the Red Sea, is an oligotrophic basin with typical open ocean gyre characteristics. Here we report on the existence of diverse microbial rhodopsins in the Gulf of Aqaba, based on 454-pyrosequencing-generated metagenome and metatranscriptome data sets, obtained from the microbial fraction smaller than 1.6 μm. Bacterial SAR11, SAR86 and archaeal proteorhodopsins as well as viral-like rhodopsins were detected on the DNA level. On the RNA level, only SAR11 and SAR86 proteorhodopsin transcripts were detected. Our results add to the growing evidence that microbial rhodopsins are a diverse, abundant and widespread protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Philosof
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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18
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Zhao G, Jiao F, Liao Q, Luo H, Li H, Sun L, Bu D, Yu K, Zhao Y, Chen R. Genome-wide identification of cancer-related polyadenylated and non-polyadenylated RNAs in human breast and lung cell lines. Sci China Life Sci 2013; 56:503-12. [PMID: 23666362 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic mRNAs consist of two forms of transcripts: poly(A)+ and poly(A)-, based on the presence or absence of poly(A) tails at the 3' end. Poly(A)+ mRNAs are mainly protein coding mRNAs, whereas the functions of poly(A)- mRNA are largely unknown. Previous studies have shown that a significant proportion of gene transcripts are poly(A)- or bimorphic (containing both poly(A)+ and poly(A)- transcripts). We compared the expression levels of poly(A)- and poly(A)+ RNA mRNAs in normal and cancer cell lines. We also investigated the potential functions of these RNA transcripts using an integrative workflow to explore poly(A)+ and poly(A)- transcriptome sequences between a normal human mammary gland cell line (HMEC) and a breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), as well as between a normal human lung cell line (NHLF) and a lung cancer cell line (A549). The data showed that normal and cancer cell lines differentially express these two forms of mRNA. Gene ontology (GO) annotation analyses hinted at the functions of these two groups of transcripts and grouped the differentially expressed genes according to the form of their transcript. The data showed that cell cycle-, apoptosis-, and cell death-related functions corresponded to most of the differentially expressed genes in these two forms of transcripts, which were also associated with the cancers. Furthermore, translational elongation and translation functions were also found for the poly(A)- protein-coding genes in cancer cell lines. We demonstrate that poly(A)- transcripts play an important role in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoguang Zhao
- Bioinformatic Research Group, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Advanced Computing Research Laboratory, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Fu Y, Deiorio-Haggar K, Anthony J, Meyer MM. Most RNAs regulating ribosomal protein biosynthesis in Escherichia coli are narrowly distributed to Gammaproteobacteria. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:3491-503. [PMID: 23396277 PMCID: PMC3616713 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In Escherichia coli, 12 distinct RNA structures within the transcripts encoding ribosomal proteins interact with specific ribosomal proteins to allow autogenous regulation of expression from large multi-gene operons, thus coordinating ribosomal protein biosynthesis across multiple operons. However, these RNA structures are typically not represented in the RNA Families Database or annotated in genomic sequences databases, and their phylogenetic distribution is largely unknown. To investigate the extent to which these RNA structures are conserved across eubacterial phyla, we created multiple sequence alignments representing 10 of these messenger RNA (mRNA) structures in E. coli. We find that while three RNA structures are widely distributed across many phyla of bacteria, seven of the RNAs are narrowly distributed to a few orders of Gammaproteobacteria. To experimentally validate our computational predictions, we biochemically confirmed dual L1-binding sites identified in many Firmicute species. This work reveals that RNA-based regulation of ribosomal protein biosynthesis is used in nearly all eubacterial phyla, but the specific RNA structures that regulate ribosomal protein biosynthesis in E. coli are narrowly distributed. These results highlight the limits of our knowledge regarding ribosomal protein biosynthesis regulation outside of E. coli, and the potential for alternative RNA structures responsible for regulating ribosomal proteins in other eubacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michelle M. Meyer
- Department of Biology, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Ave. Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
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20
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Rubelt F, Sievert V, Knaust F, Diener C, Lim TS, Skriner K, Klipp E, Reinhardt R, Lehrach H, Konthur Z. Onset of immune senescence defined by unbiased pyrosequencing of human immunoglobulin mRNA repertoires. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49774. [PMID: 23226220 PMCID: PMC3511497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system protects us from foreign substances or pathogens by generating specific antibodies. The variety of immunoglobulin (Ig) paratopes for antigen recognition is a result of the V(D)J rearrangement mechanism, while a fast and efficient immune response is mediated by specific immunoglobulin isotypes obtained through class switch recombination (CSR). To get a better understanding on how antibody-based immune protection works and how it changes with age, the interdependency between these two parameters need to be addressed. Here, we have performed an in depth analysis of antibody repertoires of 14 healthy donors representing different gender and age groups. For this task, we developed a unique pyrosequencing approach, which is able to monitor the expression levels of all immunoglobulin V(D)J recombinations of all isotypes including subtypes in an unbiased and quantitative manner. Our results show that donors have individual immunoglobulin repertoires and cannot be clustered according to V(D)J recombination patterns, neither by age nor gender. However, after incorporating isotype-specific analysis and considering CSR information into hierarchical clustering the situation changes. For the first time the donors cluster according to age and separate into young adults and elderly donors (>50). As a direct consequence, this clustering defines the onset of immune senescence at the age of fifty and beyond. The observed age-dependent reduction of CSR ability proposes a feasible explanation why reduced efficacy of vaccination is seen in the elderly and implies that novel vaccine strategies for the elderly should include the "Golden Agers".
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rubelt
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Sievert
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Knaust
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Diener
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- Theoretische Biophysik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Theam Soon Lim
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Karl Skriner
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edda Klipp
- Theoretische Biophysik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard Reinhardt
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Genome Centre Cologne, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Lehrach
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zoltán Konthur
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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21
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Sheikh A, Charles RC, Sharmeen N, Rollins SM, Harris JB, Bhuiyan MS, Arifuzzaman M, Khanam F, Bukka A, Kalsy A, Porwollik S, Leung DT, Brooks WA, LaRocque RC, Hohmann EL, Cravioto A, Logvinenko T, Calderwood SB, McClelland M, Graham JE, Qadri F, Ryan ET. In vivo expression of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi genes in the blood of patients with typhoid fever in Bangladesh. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1419. [PMID: 22180799 PMCID: PMC3236720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi is the cause of typhoid fever. It is a human-restricted pathogen, and few data exist on S. Typhi gene expression in humans. Methodology/Principal Findings We applied an RNA capture and amplification technique, Selective Capture of Transcribed Sequences (SCOTS), and microarray hybridization to identify S. Typhi transcripts expressed in the blood of five humans infected with S. Typhi in Bangladesh. In total, we detected the expression of mRNAs for 2,046 S. Typhi genes (44% of the S. Typhi genome) in human blood; expression of 912 genes was detected in all 5 patients, and expression of 1,100 genes was detected in 4 or more patients. Identified transcripts were associated with the virulence-associated PhoP regulon, Salmonella pathogenicity islands, the use of alternative carbon and energy sources, synthesis and transport of iron, thiamine, and biotin, and resistance to antimicrobial peptides and oxidative stress. The most highly represented group were genes currently annotated as encoding proteins designated as hypothetical, unknown, or unclassified. Of the 2,046 detected transcripts, 1,320 (29% of the S. Typhi genome) had significantly different levels of detection in human blood compared to in vitro cultures; detection of 141 transcripts was significantly different in all 5 patients, and detection of 331 transcripts varied in at least 4 patients. These mRNAs encode proteins of unknown function, those involved in energy metabolism, transport and binding, cell envelope, cellular processes, and pathogenesis. We confirmed increased expression of a subset of identified mRNAs by quantitative-PCR. Conclusions/Significance We report the first characterization of bacterial transcriptional profiles in the blood of patients with typhoid fever. S. Typhi is an important global pathogen whose restricted host range has greatly inhibited laboratory studies. Our results suggest that S. Typhi uses a largely uncharacterized genetic repertoire to survive within cells and utilize alternate energy sources during infection. Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi is the cause of typhoid fever and infects over 21 million cases and causes 200,000 deaths each year. S. Typhi only infects humans and this has greatly limited studies of S. Typhi pathogenesis. To study bacterial gene expression in human hosts, we used Selective Capture of Transcribed Sequences (SCOTS) and array hybridization to identify S. Typhi mRNAs expressed in the blood of 5 patients with S. Typhi infection. In total, we detected the expression of 2,046 S. Typhi genes (44% of the S. Typhi genome) in human blood; of these, 1,320 (29% of the S. Typhi genome) had significantly different levels of detection in human blood compared to in vitro cultures. Our results provide insight into S. Typhi pathogenesis, identifying both previously described and novel interactions occurring between host and microbe during the natural course of human infection. Further study of these genes, especially those of unknown function, may further our understanding of S. Typhi pathogenesis and aid in vaccine, diagnostic, and/or drug target development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaullah Sheikh
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Richelle C. Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Nusrat Sharmeen
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sean M. Rollins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jason B. Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Md. Saruar Bhuiyan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Arifuzzaman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Farhana Khanam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Archana Bukka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Anuj Kalsy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Steffen Porwollik
- The Vaccine Research Institute of San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel T. Leung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - W. Abdullah Brooks
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Regina C. LaRocque
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth L. Hohmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alejandro Cravioto
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tanya Logvinenko
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies (ICRHPS), Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Calderwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael McClelland
- The Vaccine Research Institute of San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - James E. Graham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Edward T. Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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22
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Gosalbes MJ, Durbán A, Pignatelli M, Abellan JJ, Jiménez-Hernández N, Pérez-Cobas AE, Latorre A, Moya A. Metatranscriptomic approach to analyze the functional human gut microbiota. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17447. [PMID: 21408168 PMCID: PMC3050895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut is the natural habitat for a large and dynamic bacterial community that has a great relevance for health. Metagenomics is increasing our knowledge of gene content as well as of functional and genetic variability in this microbiome. However, little is known about the active bacteria and their function(s) in the gastrointestinal tract. We performed a metatranscriptomic study on ten healthy volunteers to elucidate the active members of the gut microbiome and their functionality under conditions of health. First, the microbial cDNAs obtained from each sample were sequenced using 454 technology. The analysis of 16S transcripts showed the phylogenetic structure of the active microbial community. Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Bacteroidaceae, Prevotellaceae, and Rickenellaceae were the predominant families detected in the active microbiota. The characterization of mRNAs revealed a uniform functional pattern in healthy individuals. The main functional roles of the gut microbiota were carbohydrate metabolism, energy production and synthesis of cellular components. In contrast, housekeeping activities such as amino acid and lipid metabolism were underrepresented in the metatranscriptome. Our results provide new insights into the functionality of the complex gut microbiota in healthy individuals. In this RNA-based survey, we also detected small RNAs, which are important regulatory elements in prokaryotic physiology and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Gosalbes
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Genómica y Salud-Centro Superior Investigación en Salud Pública (Generalitat Valenciana)/Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva (Universitat de València), València, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, València, Spain
| | - Ana Durbán
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Genómica y Salud-Centro Superior Investigación en Salud Pública (Generalitat Valenciana)/Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva (Universitat de València), València, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, València, Spain
| | - Miguel Pignatelli
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Genómica y Salud-Centro Superior Investigación en Salud Pública (Generalitat Valenciana)/Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva (Universitat de València), València, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, València, Spain
| | - Juan José Abellan
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Genómica y Salud-Centro Superior Investigación en Salud Pública (Generalitat Valenciana)/Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva (Universitat de València), València, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, València, Spain
| | - Nuria Jiménez-Hernández
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Genómica y Salud-Centro Superior Investigación en Salud Pública (Generalitat Valenciana)/Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva (Universitat de València), València, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, València, Spain
| | - Ana Elena Pérez-Cobas
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Genómica y Salud-Centro Superior Investigación en Salud Pública (Generalitat Valenciana)/Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva (Universitat de València), València, Spain
| | - Amparo Latorre
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Genómica y Salud-Centro Superior Investigación en Salud Pública (Generalitat Valenciana)/Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva (Universitat de València), València, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, València, Spain
| | - Andrés Moya
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Genómica y Salud-Centro Superior Investigación en Salud Pública (Generalitat Valenciana)/Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva (Universitat de València), València, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, València, Spain
- * E-mail:
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23
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Weinberg Z, Regulski EE, Hammond MC, Barrick JE, Yao Z, Ruzzo WL, Breaker RR. The aptamer core of SAM-IV riboswitches mimics the ligand-binding site of SAM-I riboswitches. RNA 2008; 14:822-8. [PMID: 18369181 PMCID: PMC2327355 DOI: 10.1261/rna.988608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A novel family of riboswitches, called SAM-IV, is the fourth distinct set of mRNA elements to be reported that regulate gene expression via direct sensing of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM or AdoMet). SAM-IV riboswitches share conserved nucleotide positions with the previously described SAM-I riboswitches, despite rearranged structures and nucleotide positions with family-specific nucleotide identities. Sequence analysis and molecular recognition experiments suggest that SAM-I and SAM-IV riboswitches share similar ligand binding sites, but have different scaffolds. Our findings support the view that RNA has considerable structural versatility and reveal that riboswitches exploit this potential to expand the scope of RNA in genetic regulation.
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MESH Headings
- Aptamers, Nucleotide/chemistry
- Aptamers, Nucleotide/genetics
- Aptamers, Nucleotide/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites/genetics
- DNA Primers/genetics
- Evolution, Molecular
- Ligands
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- RNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/chemistry
- RNA, Messenger/classification
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- S-Adenosylmethionine/metabolism
- Streptomyces coelicolor/genetics
- Streptomyces coelicolor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Zasha Weinberg
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103, USA
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Abstract
The eastern Mediterranean Sea is one of the most extreme oligotrophic oceanic regions on earth in terms of nutrient concentrations and primary productivity. Nitrogen fixation has been suggested to contribute to the high N : P molar ratios of approximately 28:1 found in this region. Surprisingly, no molecular biological work has been performed in situ to assess whether N(2) fixation genes actually occur in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, or to determine which organisms are responsible for this process. In this study, we examined the presence and expression of nitrogenase genes (nifH) in the upper water layer of the eastern Mediterranean. Clone libraries constructed from both DNA and reverse-transcribed PCR-amplified mRNA were examined and compared. We observed different nifH genes from diverse microbial groups, such as Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria and methanogenic Archaea. Interestingly, numerous phylotypes were observed in coastal stations at the DNA level but none were active. However, in far offshore stations, the phylotypes observed at the DNA level were the ones that were actually active. Our preliminary study revealed diverse diazotrophs that possess and express nifH genes, which may support N(2) fixation in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.
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25
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Dahlbäck M, Lavstsen T, Salanti A, Hviid L, Arnot DE, Theander TG, Nielsen MA. Changes in var gene mRNA levels during erythrocytic development in two phenotypically distinct Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Malar J 2007; 6:78. [PMID: 17565661 PMCID: PMC1904452 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-6-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The var multigene family encodes PfEMP1, which are expressed on the surface of infected erythrocytes and bind to various host endothelial receptors. Antigenic variation of PfEMP1 plays a key role in malaria pathogenesis, a process partially controlled at the level of var gene transcription. Transcriptional levels, throughout the intra-erythrocytic cycle, of 59 var genes of the NF54 clone were measured simultaneously by quantitative real-time PCR. The timing of var transcript abundance, the number of genes transcribed and whether transcripts were correctly spliced for protein expression were determined. Two parasite populations were studied; an unselected population of NF54 and a selected population, NF54VAR2CSA, to compare both the transcription of var2csa and the expression pattern of the corresponding protein. Methods Synchronized parasites were harvested at different time points along the 48 hours intra-erythrocytic cycle for extraction of RNA and for analysis of expression of variant surface antigens by flow cytometry. Total RNA from each parasite sample was extracted and cDNA synthesized. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed using gene-specific primers for all var genes. Samples for flow cytometry were labelled with rabbit IgG targeting DBL5ε of VAR2CSA and serum IgG from malaria-exposed men and pregnant women. Results var transcripts were detected at all time points of the intra-erythrocytic cycle by quantitative real-time PCR, although transcription peaked in ring-stage parasites. There was no difference in the timing of appearance of group A, B or C transcripts, and dominant and subdominant var transcripts appeared to be correctly spliced at all time points. VAR2CSA appeared on the surface of infected erythrocytes 16 hours after invasion, consistent with previous studies of other PfEMP1. Transcription of the pseudogene var1csa could not be detected in NF54VAR2CSA cells. Conclusion The optimal sampling point for analysis of var transcripts using quantitative real-time PCR is the ring-stage, which is encouraging for the analysis of fresh clinical isolates. The data presented here indicate that there is no promiscuous transcription of var genes at the individual cell level and that it is possible to correlate dominant transcripts with adhesion phenotype and clinical markers of malaria severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Dahlbäck
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Lavstsen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ali Salanti
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Hviid
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David E Arnot
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Thor G Theander
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten A Nielsen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ribeiro JMC, Arcà B, Lombardo F, Calvo E, Chandra PK, Wikel SK. An annotated catalogue of salivary gland transcripts in the adult female mosquito, Aedes aegypti. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:6. [PMID: 17204158 PMCID: PMC1790711 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Saliva of blood-sucking arthropods contains a cocktail of antihemostatic agents and immunomodulators that help blood feeding. Mosquitoes additionally feed on sugar meals and have specialized regions of their glands containing glycosidases and antimicrobials that might help control bacterial growth in the ingested meals. To expand our knowledge on the salivary cocktail of Ædes ægypti, a vector of dengue and yellow fevers, we analyzed a set of 4,232 expressed sequence tags from cDNA libraries of adult female mosquitoes. Results A nonredundant catalogue of 614 transcripts (573 of which are novel) is described, including 136 coding for proteins of a putative secretory nature. Additionally, a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of salivary gland (SG) homogenates followed by tryptic digestion of selected protein bands and MS/MS analysis revealed the expression of 24 proteins. Analysis of tissue-specific transcription of a subset of these genes revealed at least 31 genes whose expression is specific or enriched in female SG, whereas 24 additional genes were expressed in female SG and in males but not in other female tissues. Most of the 55 proteins coded by these SG transcripts have no known function and represent high-priority candidates for expression and functional analysis as antihemostatic or antimicrobial agents. An unexpected finding is the occurrence of four protein families specific to SG that were probably a product of horizontal transfer from prokaryotic organisms to mosquitoes. Conclusion Overall, this paper contributes to the novel identification of 573 new transcripts, or near 3% of the Æ. ægypti proteome assuming a 20,000-protein set, and to the best-described sialome of any blood-feeding insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- José MC Ribeiro
- Section of Vector Biology, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Bruno Arcà
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University 'FedericoII', Naples, Italy
- Parasitology Section, Department of Public Health, University 'LaSapienza', Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Lombardo
- Parasitology Section, Department of Public Health, University 'LaSapienza', Rome, Italy
| | - Eric Calvo
- Section of Vector Biology, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Van My Phan
- Section of Vector Biology, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Prafulla K Chandra
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
| | - Stephen K Wikel
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
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Bellin D, Schulz B, Soerensen TR, Salamini F, Schneider K. Transcript profiles at different growth stages and tap-root zones identify correlated developmental and metabolic pathways of sugar beet. J Exp Bot 2007; 58:699-715. [PMID: 17307746 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erl245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Field-grown sugar beets were analysed for morphological characters, sucrose content, and reproducible transcript profiles by macroarray analyses with 11,520 unique sugar-beet cDNA targets in two different years. Seasonal differences were partly compensated by expressing sampling dates as thermal time. During early beet development the number of cambial rings, root length, and sucrose concentration had already achieved >40% of their final values. Sucrose levels rose from 10% to 17% over the thermal time of 1300-1400 degrees Cd with only small changes later when lower concentrations were restricted to the exterior zone at the minimum of the spatial sucrose gradient through the beet. The number of leaves and root diameter followed the same temporal growth pattern, but mass increased until beet maturity at around 2000 degrees Cd. Cluster analysis identified 543 transcripts with reproducible preferential expression between 1300-1400 degrees Cd, and 170 showing the highest transcript levels later. In maturing beets, 373 transcripts were over-represented in the inner zone and 148 in the outer zone. During early development, genes involved in cytoskeletal reorganization and transport processes showed the highest transcript levels. Cell wall biogenesis-, defence-, stress-, and degradation-related transcripts were identified in all samples, and associated with pathogen attack during late development and in the outer zone. Candidates with potential roles in carbohydrate metabolism appeared to serve anaplerotic functions by converting excess intermediates to sucrose production. Transcripts preferentially occurring in sucrose-accumulating young beet cells and newly generated peripheral cells of mature beets are discussed as potential breeding targets to improve sink strength and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bellin
- Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant Breeding and Yield Physiology, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, D-50827 Köln, Germany
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Wang Y, Chu Y, Liu G, Wang MH, Jiang J, Hou Y, Qu G, Yang C. Identification of expressed sequence tags in an alkali grass (Puccinellia tenuiflora) cDNA library. J Plant Physiol 2007; 164:78-89. [PMID: 16545489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2005.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Accepted: 12/16/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Alkali grass (Puccinellia tenuiflora), a monocotyledonous halophyte, can serve as a model of salt tolerance in monocotyledon crops. To elucidate the molecular events associated with salt tolerance in alkali grass, we generated a directional cDNA library from leaves treated with the alkali salt, NaHCO3. Large-scale sequencing of the cDNA library identified 2942 ESTs representing 2366 non-redundant transcripts. These have been deposited in the dbEST division of GenBank. BLASTX evaluation indicated that 1274 of the ESTs were homologous to various known genes/proteins in a broad range of organisms, especially gramineae species. The other 1092 ESTs, which showed little if any homology to known sequences, were considered novel. Based on the encoded proteins, the 1274 identified ESTs fell into 12 functional categories, of which four were abundant, namely metabolism (18.84%), transcription (12.48%), unclassified (11.22%) and cell rescue/defense (9.66%). The 162 unique transcripts corresponding to possible salt-related genes were also identified. This study provides an overview of gene expression in NaHCO3-stressed alkali grass, as well as useful information for further investigation of salt resistance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Wang
- Department of Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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Guillaumie S, San-Clemente H, Deswarte C, Martinez Y, Lapierre C, Murigneux A, Barrière Y, Pichon M, Goffner D. MAIZEWALL. Database and developmental gene expression profiling of cell wall biosynthesis and assembly in maize. Plant Physiol 2007; 143:339-63. [PMID: 17098859 PMCID: PMC1761967 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.086405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
An extensive search for maize (Zea mays) genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis and assembly has been performed and 735 sequences have been centralized in a database, MAIZEWALL (http://www.polebio.scsv.ups-tlse.fr/MAIZEWALL). MAIZEWALL contains a bioinformatic analysis for each entry and gene expression data that are accessible via a user-friendly interface. A maize cell wall macroarray composed of a gene-specific tag for each entry was also constructed to monitor global cell wall-related gene expression in different organs and during internode development. By using this macroarray, we identified sets of genes that exhibit organ and internode-stage preferential expression profiles. These data provide a comprehensive fingerprint of cell wall-related gene expression throughout the maize plant. Moreover, an in-depth examination of genes involved in lignin biosynthesis coupled to biochemical and cytological data from different organs and stages of internode development has also been undertaken. These results allow us to trace spatially and developmentally regulated, putative preferential routes of monolignol biosynthesis involving specific gene family members and suggest that, although all of the gene families of the currently accepted monolignol biosynthetic pathway are conserved in maize, there are subtle differences in family size and a high degree of complexity in spatial expression patterns. These differences are in keeping with the diversity of lignified cell types throughout the maize plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Guillaumie
- Université Paul Sabatier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Guan Q, Zheng W, Tang S, Liu X, Zinkel RA, Tsui KW, Yandell BS, Culbertson MR. Impact of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay on the global expression profile of budding yeast. PLoS Genet 2006; 2:e203. [PMID: 17166056 PMCID: PMC1657058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 10/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a eukaryotic mechanism of RNA surveillance that selectively eliminates aberrant transcripts coding for potentially deleterious proteins. NMD also functions in the normal repertoire of gene expression. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, hundreds of endogenous RNA Polymerase II transcripts achieve steady-state levels that depend on NMD. For some, the decay rate is directly influenced by NMD (direct targets). For others, abundance is NMD-sensitive but without any effect on the decay rate (indirect targets). To distinguish between direct and indirect targets, total RNA from wild-type (Nmd+) and mutant (Nmd−) strains was probed with high-density arrays across a 1-h time window following transcription inhibition. Statistical models were developed to describe the kinetics of RNA decay. 45% ± 5% of RNAs targeted by NMD were predicted to be direct targets with altered decay rates in Nmd− strains. Parallel experiments using conventional methods were conducted to empirically test predictions from the global experiment. The results show that the global assay reliably distinguished direct versus indirect targets. Different types of targets were investigated, including transcripts containing adjacent, disabled open reading frames, upstream open reading frames, and those prone to out-of-frame initiation of translation. Known targeting mechanisms fail to account for all of the direct targets of NMD, suggesting that additional targeting mechanisms remain to be elucidated. 30% of the protein-coding targets of NMD fell into two broadly defined functional themes: those affecting chromosome structure and behavior and those affecting cell surface dynamics. Overall, the results provide a preview for how expression profiles in multi-cellular eukaryotes might be impacted by NMD. Furthermore, the methods for analyzing decay rates on a global scale offer a blueprint for new ways to study mRNA decay pathways in any organism where cultured cell lines are available. Genes determine the structure of proteins through transcription and translation in which an RNA copy of the gene is made (mRNA) and then translated to make the protein. Cellular protein levels reflect the relative rates of mRNA synthesis and degradation, which are subject to multiple layers of controls. Mechanisms also exist to ensure the quality of each mRNA. One quality control mechanism called nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) triggers the rapid degradation of mRNAs containing coding errors that would otherwise lead to the production of non-functional or potentially deleterious proteins. NMD occurs in yeasts, plants, flies, worms, mice, and humans. In humans, NMD affects the etiology of genetic disorders by affecting the expression of genes that carry disease-causing mutations. Besides quality assurance, NMD plays another role in gene expression by controlling the abundance of hundreds of normal mRNAs that are devoid of coding errors. In this paper, the authors used DNA arrays to monitor the relative decay rates of all mRNAs in budding yeast and found a subset where decay rates were dependent on NMD. Many of the corresponding proteins perform related functional roles affecting both the structure and behavior of chromosomes and the structure and integrity of the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoning Guan
- Laboratories of Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Wei Zheng
- Laboratories of Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shijie Tang
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Xiaosong Liu
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Robert A Zinkel
- Laboratories of Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kam-Wah Tsui
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brian S Yandell
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michael R Culbertson
- Laboratories of Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Ralph SG, Yueh H, Friedmann M, Aeschliman D, Zeznik JA, Nelson CC, Butterfield YSN, Kirkpatrick R, Liu J, Jones SJM, Marra MA, Douglas CJ, Ritland K, Bohlmann J. Conifer defence against insects: microarray gene expression profiling of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) induced by mechanical wounding or feeding by spruce budworms (Choristoneura occidentalis) or white pine weevils (Pissodes strobi) reveals large-scale changes of the host transcriptome. Plant Cell Environ 2006; 29:1545-70. [PMID: 16898017 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2006.01532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Conifers are resistant to attack from a large number of potential herbivores or pathogens. Previous molecular and biochemical characterization of selected conifer defence systems support a model of multigenic, constitutive and induced defences that act on invading insects via physical, chemical, biochemical or ecological (multitrophic) mechanisms. However, the genomic foundation of the complex defence and resistance mechanisms of conifers is largely unknown. As part of a genomics strategy to characterize inducible defences and possible resistance mechanisms of conifers against insect herbivory, we developed a cDNA microarray building upon a new spruce (Picea spp.) expressed sequence tag resource. This first-generation spruce cDNA microarray contains 9720 cDNA elements representing c. 5500 unique genes. We used this array to monitor gene expression in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) bark in response to herbivory by white pine weevils (Pissodes strobi, Curculionidae) or wounding, and in young shoot tips in response to western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis, Lepidopterae) feeding. Weevils are stem-boring insects that feed on phloem, while budworms are foliage feeding larvae that consume needles and young shoot tips. Both insect species and wounding treatment caused substantial changes of the host plant transcriptome detected in each case by differential gene expression of several thousand array elements at 1 or 2 d after the onset of treatment. Overall, there was considerable overlap among differentially expressed gene sets from these three stress treatments. Functional classification of the induced transcripts revealed genes with roles in general plant defence, octadecanoid and ethylene signalling, transport, secondary metabolism, and transcriptional regulation. Several genes involved in primary metabolic processes such as photosynthesis were down-regulated upon insect feeding or wounding, fitting with the concept of dynamic resource allocation in plant defence. Refined expression analysis using gene-specific primers and real-time PCR for selected transcripts was in agreement with microarray results for most genes tested. This study provides the first large-scale survey of insect-induced defence transcripts in a gymnosperm and provides a platform for functional investigation of plant-insect interactions in spruce. Induction of spruce genes of octadecanoid and ethylene signalling, terpenoid biosynthesis, and phenolic secondary metabolism are discussed in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Ralph
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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de Jong M, van Breukelen B, Wittink FR, Menke FLH, Weisbeek PJ, Van den Ackerveken G. Membrane-associated transcripts in Arabidopsis; their isolation and characterization by DNA microarray analysis and bioinformatics. Plant J 2006; 46:708-21. [PMID: 16640606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02724.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-associated, integral membrane and secreted proteins are of key importance in many cellular processes. For most of the 28,952 predicted proteins in Arabidopsis, the actual subcellular localization has not been demonstrated experimentally. So far, their potential membrane-association has been deduced from algorithms that predict transmembrane domains and signal peptides. However, the comprehensiveness and accuracy of these algorithms is still limited. The majority of membrane-associated and secreted proteins is synthesized on membrane-bound polysomes. Therefore, the isolation and characterization of mRNA associated with membrane-bound polysomes offers an experimental tool for the genome-wide identification of these proteins. Here we describe an efficient method to isolate mRNA from membrane-bound polysomes and report on the validation of the method to enrich for transcripts encoding membrane-associated and secreted proteins. The sensitivity and reproducibility of the isolation method was investigated by DNA microarray analysis. Pearson correlations between transcript levels obtained from three replicate isolations showed that the method is highly reproducible. A significant enrichment for mRNAs encoding proteins containing predicted transmembrane domains and signal peptides was observed in the membrane-bound polysomal fraction. In this fraction, 301 transcripts were classified by gene ontologies as 'cellular component unknown', and potentially encode previously unrecognized secreted or membrane-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark de Jong
- Molecular Genetics Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Hirsch J, Lefort V, Vankersschaver M, Boualem A, Lucas A, Thermes C, d'Aubenton-Carafa Y, Crespi M. Characterization of 43 non-protein-coding mRNA genes in Arabidopsis, including the MIR162a-derived transcripts. Plant Physiol 2006; 140:1192-204. [PMID: 16500993 PMCID: PMC1435803 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.073817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Messenger RNAs that do not contain a long open reading frame (ORF) or non-protein-coding RNAs (npcRNAs) are an emerging novel class of transcripts. Their functions may involve the RNA molecule itself and/or short ORF-encoded peptides. npcRNA genes are difficult to identify using standard gene prediction programs that rely on the presence of relatively long ORFs. Here, we used detailed bioinformatic analyses of expressed sequence tag/cDNA databases to detect a restricted set of npcRNAs in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome and further characterized these transcripts using a combination of bioinformatic and molecular approaches. Compositional analyses revealed strong nucleotide strand asymmetries in the npcRNAs, as well as a biased GC content, suggesting the existence of functional constraints on these RNAs. Thirteen of these transcripts display tissue-specific expression patterns, and three are regulated in conditions affecting root architecture. The npcRNA 78 gene contains the miR162 sequence in an alternative intron and corresponds to the MIR162a locus. Although DICER-LIKE 1 (DCL1) mRNA is known to be regulated by miR162-guided cleavage, its level does not change in a mir162a mutant. Alternative splicing of npcRNA 78 leads to several transcript isoforms, which all accumulate in a dcl1 mutant. This suggests that npcRNA 78 is a genuine substrate of DCL1 and that splicing of this microRNA primary transcript and miR162 processing are competitive nuclear events. Our results provide new insights into Arabidopsis npcRNA biology and the potential roles of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Hirsch
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
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Ribeiro JMC, Alarcon-Chaidez F, Francischetti IMB, Mans BJ, Mather TN, Valenzuela JG, Wikel SK. An annotated catalog of salivary gland transcripts from Ixodes scapularis ticks. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 36:111-29. [PMID: 16431279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2005.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2005] [Revised: 11/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/04/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Over 8000 expressed sequence tags from six different salivary gland cDNA libraries from the tick Ixodes scapularis were analyzed. These libraries derive from feeding nymphs infected or not with the Lyme disease agent, Borrelia burgdorferi, from unfed adults, and from adults feeding on a rabbit for 6-12 h, 18-24 h, and 3-4 days. Comparisons of the several libraries led to identification of several significantly differentially expressed transcripts. Additionally, over 500 new predicted protein sequences are described, including several novel gene families unique to ticks; no function can be presently ascribed to most of these novel families. Among the housekeeping-associated transcripts, we highlight those enzymes associated with post translation modification of amino acids, particularly those forming sulfotyrosine, hydroxyproline, and carboxyl-glutamic acid. Results support the hypothesis that gene duplication, most possibly including genome duplications, is a major player in tick evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M C Ribeiro
- Section of Vector Biology, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Neverov AD, Artamonova II, Nurtdinov RN, Frishman D, Gelfand MS, Mironov AA. Alternative splicing and protein function. BMC Bioinformatics 2005; 6:266. [PMID: 16274476 PMCID: PMC1298288 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-6-266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alternative splicing is a major mechanism of generating protein diversity in higher eukaryotes. Although at least half, and probably more, of mammalian genes are alternatively spliced, it was not clear, whether the frequency of alternative splicing is the same in different functional categories. The problem is obscured by uneven coverage of genes by ESTs and a large number of artifacts in the EST data. Results We have developed a method that generates possible mRNA isoforms for human genes contained in the EDAS database, taking into account the effects of nonsense-mediated decay and translation initiation rules, and a procedure for offsetting the effects of uneven EST coverage. Then we computed the number of mRNA isoforms for genes from different functional categories. Genes encoding ribosomal proteins and genes in the category "Small GTPase-mediated signal transduction" tend to have fewer isoforms than the average, whereas the genes in the category "DNA replication and chromosome cycle" have more isoforms than the average. Genes encoding proteins involved in protein-protein interactions tend to be alternatively spliced more often than genes encoding non-interacting proteins, although there is no significant difference in the number of isoforms of alternatively spliced genes. Conclusion Filtering for functional isoforms satisfying biological constraints and accountung for uneven EST coverage allowed us to describe differences in alternative splicing of genes from different functional categories. The observations seem to be consistent with expectations based on current biological knowledge: less isoforms for ribosomal and signal transduction proteins, and more alternative splicing of interacting and cell cycle proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- AD Neverov
- State Scientific Center GosNIIGenetika, 1st Dorozhny proezd 1, Moscow, 117545, Russia
| | - II Artamonova
- Institute for Bioinformatics/MIPS, GSF – National Research Center for Environment and Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - RN Nurtdinov
- Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobievy Gory 1–73, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - D Frishman
- Institute for Bioinformatics/MIPS, GSF – National Research Center for Environment and Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Genome Oriented Bioinformatics, Technical University of Munich, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, 85350 Freising, Germany
| | - MS Gelfand
- State Scientific Center GosNIIGenetika, 1st Dorozhny proezd 1, Moscow, 117545, Russia
- Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobievy Gory 1–73, Moscow, 119992, Russia
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems RAS, Bolshoi Karetny pereulok 19, Moscow, 127994, Russia
| | - AA Mironov
- State Scientific Center GosNIIGenetika, 1st Dorozhny proezd 1, Moscow, 117545, Russia
- Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobievy Gory 1–73, Moscow, 119992, Russia
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Kan Z, Garrett-Engele PW, Johnson JM, Castle JC. Evolutionarily conserved and diverged alternative splicing events show different expression and functional profiles. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:5659-66. [PMID: 16195578 PMCID: PMC1240112 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gki834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To better decipher the functional impact of alternative splicing, we classified alternative splicing events in 10 818 pairs of human and mouse genes based on conservation at genome and transcript levels. Expression levels of conserved alternative splices in human and mouse expressed sequence tag databases show strong correlation, indicating that alternative splicing is similarly regulated in both species. A total of 43% (8921) of mouse alternative splices could be found in the human genome but not in human transcripts. Five of eleven tested mouse predictions were observed in human tissues, demonstrating that mouse transcripts provide a valuable resource for identifying alternative splicing events in human genes. Combining gene-specific measures of conserved and diverged alternative splicing with both gene classification based on Gene Ontology (GO) and microarray-determined gene expression in 52 diverse human tissues and cell lines, we found conserved alternative splicing most enriched in brain-expressed signaling pathways. Diverged alternative splicing is more prevalent in testis and cancerous cell line up-regulated processes, including protein biosynthesis, responses to stress and responses to endogenous stimuli. Using conservation as a surrogate for functional significance, these results suggest that alternative splicing plays an important role in enhancing the functional capacity of central nervous systems, while non-functional splicing more frequently occurs in testis and cell lines, possibly as a result of cellular stress and rapid proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John C. Castle
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 206 802 6337; Fax: +1 206 802 6411;
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Aguilar JS, Ghazal P, Wagner EK. Design of a herpes simplex virus type 2 long oligonucleotide-based microarray: global analysis of HSV-2 transcript abundance during productive infection. Methods Mol Biol 2005; 292:423-48. [PMID: 15507724 DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-848-x:423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The design and construction of a long (75-mer) oligonucleotide-based DNA microarray for herpes simplex virus type 2 transcripts is described. This array is utilized to generate an analysis of HSV-2 transcript abundance as a function of conditions of infection of human cells, and global patterns of HSV-2 transcript abundance are compared with those for HSV-1. General similarities in patterns along with notable differences in specific details are noted. These results reveal a marked conservation in the program of gene activity between phenotypically diverged strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Aguilar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, and Center for Virus Research, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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38
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Abstract
A large database of homologous sequence alignments with good estimates of evolutionary distances can be a valuable resource for molecular evolutionary studies and phylogenetic research in particular. We recently created a database containing 159,921 transcripts from human, mouse, rat, zebrafish and fugu species. Approximately 1,000 homology groups were identified with the help of Ensembl homology evidence. At the macro-level, the database allows us to answer queries of the form: 1. What is the average k-distance between 5' untranslated regions of human and mouse? 2. List the 10 groups with the highest K(a)/K(s) ratio between mouse and rat. 3. List all identical proteins between human and rat. Researchers interested in specific proteins can use a simple web interface to retrieve the homology groups of interest, examine all pairwise distances between members of the group and study the conservation of exon-intron gene structures using a graphical interface. The database is available at http://warta.bio.psu.edu/DED/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamsi Veeramachaneni
- Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics and Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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39
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Abstract
In plants and animals, microRNAs have been shown to regulate target genes by inhibiting translation or altering target mRNA stability. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Bao et al. extend the known mechanisms of action of microRNAs to RNA-directed DNA methylation, a mechanism previously associated only with siRNA-mediated gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Eshed
- Department of Plant Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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40
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Bao N, Lye KW, Barton MK. MicroRNA binding sites in Arabidopsis class III HD-ZIP mRNAs are required for methylation of the template chromosome. Dev Cell 2004; 7:653-62. [PMID: 15525527 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2004.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2003] [Revised: 07/24/2004] [Accepted: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Dominant mutations in the Arabidopsis PHABULOSA (PHB) and PHAVOLUTA (PHV) transcription factor genes cause transformation of abaxial to adaxial leaf fates by altering a microRNA complementary site present in processed PHB and PHV mRNAs but not in the corresponding genomic DNA. phb-1d mutants accumulate excess PHB transcript throughout the leaf primordium, indicating defective regulation of PHB transcript synthesis and/or stability. We show that PHB and PHV coding sequences are heavily methylated downstream of the microRNA complementary site in most wild-type plant cells and that methylation is reduced in phb-1d and phv-1d mutants. Decreased methylation is limited to the chromosome bearing the dominant mutant allele in phb-1d heterozygotes. Low levels of methylation are detected in wt PHB DNA isolated from undifferentiated tissues. These results suggest a model in which the microRNA interacts with nascent, newly processed PHB mRNA to alter chromatin of the corresponding PHB template DNA predominantly in differentiated cells.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/growth & development
- Arabidopsis/metabolism
- Arabidopsis Proteins/chemistry
- Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics
- Arabidopsis Proteins/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Plant
- CpG Islands
- DNA Methylation
- DNA, Plant/drug effects
- Exons
- Genes, Dominant
- Genes, Plant
- Heterozygote
- MicroRNAs/chemistry
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- RNA, Messenger/classification
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Plant/chemistry
- RNA, Plant/isolation & purification
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Sulfites/toxicity
- Templates, Genetic
- Transcription Factors/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Bao
- Program in Plant Breeding and Plant Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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41
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Schratt GM, Nigh EA, Chen WG, Hu L, Greenberg ME. BDNF regulates the translation of a select group of mRNAs by a mammalian target of rapamycin-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent pathway during neuronal development. J Neurosci 2004; 24:7366-77. [PMID: 15317862 PMCID: PMC6729778 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1739-04.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Local regulation of mRNA translation plays an important role in axon guidance, synaptic development, and neuronal plasticity. Little is known, however, regarding the mechanisms that control translation in neurons, and only a few mRNAs have been identified that are locally translated within axon and dendrites. Using Affymetrix gene arrays to identify mRNAs that are newly associated with polysomes after exposure to BDNF, we identified subsets of mRNAs for which translation is enhanced in neurons at different developmental stages. In mature neurons, many of these mRNAs encode proteins that are known to function at synapses, including CamKIIalpha, NMDA receptor subunits, and the postsynaptic density (PSD) scaffolding protein Homer2. BDNF regulates the translation of Homer2 locally in the synaptodendritic compartment by activating translational initiation via a mammalian target of rapamycin-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent pathway. These findings suggest that BDNF likely regulates synaptic function by inducing the local synthesis of numerous synaptic proteins. The local translation of the cytoskeleton-associated protein Homer2 in particular might have important implications for growth cone dynamics and dendritic spine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard M Schratt
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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42
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Fiebig A, Stegemann S, Bock R. Rapid evolution of RNA editing sites in a small non-essential plastid gene. Nucleic Acids Res 2004; 32:3615-22. [PMID: 15240834 PMCID: PMC484182 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkh695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2004] [Revised: 06/21/2004] [Accepted: 06/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroplast RNA editing proceeds by C-to-U transitions at highly specific sites. Here, we provide a phylogenetic analysis of RNA editing in a small plastid gene, petL, encoding subunit VI of the cytochrome b6f complex. Analyzing representatives from most major groups of seed plants, we find an unexpectedly high frequency and dynamics of RNA editing. High-frequency editing has previously been observed in plastid ndh genes, which are remarkable in that their mutational inactivation does not produce an obvious mutant phenotype. In order to test the idea that reduced functional constraints allow for more flexible evolution of RNA editing sites, we have created petL knockout plants by tobacco chloroplast transformation. We find that, in the higher plant tobacco, targeted inactivation of petL does not impair plant growth under a variety of conditions markedly contrasting the important role of petL in photosynthesis in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Together with a low number of editing sites in plastid genes that are essential to gene expression and photosynthetic activity, these data suggest that RNA editing sites may evolve more readily in those genes whose transitory loss of function can be tolerated. Accumulated evidence for this 'relative neutrality hypothesis for the evolution of plastid editing sites' is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Fiebig
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Hindenburgplatz 55, D-48143 Münster, Germany
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43
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Osato N, Yamada H, Satoh K, Ooka H, Yamamoto M, Suzuki K, Kawai J, Carninci P, Ohtomo Y, Murakami K, Matsubara K, Kikuchi S, Hayashizaki Y. Antisense transcripts with rice full-length cDNAs. Genome Biol 2003; 5:R5. [PMID: 14709177 PMCID: PMC395737 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2003-5-1-r5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2003] [Revised: 10/22/2003] [Accepted: 11/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, 687 sense-antisense transcript pairs from 32,127 full-length rice cDNA sequences were identified by aligning the cDNA sequences with rice genome sequences. The large number of pairs suggests that gene regulation by antisense transcripts occurs in plants and not only in animals. Background Natural antisense transcripts control gene expression through post-transcriptional gene silencing by annealing to the complementary sequence of the sense transcript. Because many genome and mRNA sequences have become available recently, genome-wide searches for sense-antisense transcripts have been reported, but few plant sense-antisense transcript pairs have been studied. The Rice Full-Length cDNA Sequencing Project has enabled computational searching of a large number of plant sense-antisense transcript pairs. Results We identified sense-antisense transcript pairs from 32,127 full-length rice cDNA sequences produced by this project and public rice mRNA sequences by aligning the cDNA sequences with rice genome sequences. We discovered 687 bidirectional transcript pairs in rice, including sense-antisense transcript pairs. Both sense and antisense strands of 342 pairs (50%) showed homology to at least one expressed sequence tag other than that of the pair. Microarray analysis showed 82 pairs (32%) out of 258 pairs on the microarray were more highly expressed than the median expression intensity of 21,938 rice transcriptional units. Both sense and antisense strands of 594 pairs (86%) had coding potential. Conclusions The large number of plant sense-antisense transcript pairs suggests that gene regulation by antisense transcripts occurs in plants and not only in animals. On the basis of our results, experiments should be carried out to analyze the function of plant antisense transcripts.
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MESH Headings
- DNA, Antisense/chemistry
- DNA, Antisense/classification
- DNA, Antisense/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/classification
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Plant/chemistry
- DNA, Plant/classification
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/genetics
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis/methods
- Oryza/genetics
- RNA Interference/physiology
- RNA, Antisense/classification
- RNA, Antisense/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/chemistry
- RNA, Messenger/classification
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Plant/chemistry
- RNA, Plant/classification
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Transcription, Genetic/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Osato
- Laboratory for Genome Exploration Research Group, RIKEN Genomic Science Center (GSC), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan 230-0045
| | - Hitomi Yamada
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan 305-8602
| | - Kouji Satoh
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan 305-8602
| | - Hisako Ooka
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan 305-8602
| | - Makoto Yamamoto
- Hitachi Software Engineering Company Ltd, Naka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan 231-0015
| | - Kohji Suzuki
- Hitachi Software Engineering Company Ltd, Naka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan 231-0015
| | - Jun Kawai
- Laboratory for Genome Exploration Research Group, RIKEN Genomic Science Center (GSC), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan 230-0045
- Genome Science Laboratory, RIKEN Wako Main Campus, Wako, Saitama, Japan 351-0198
| | - Piero Carninci
- Laboratory for Genome Exploration Research Group, RIKEN Genomic Science Center (GSC), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan 230-0045
- Genome Science Laboratory, RIKEN Wako Main Campus, Wako, Saitama, Japan 351-0198
| | - Yasuhiro Ohtomo
- Laboratory of Genome Sequencing and Analysis Group, Foundation of Advancement of International Science (FAIS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan 305-0062
| | - Kazuo Murakami
- Laboratory of Genome Sequencing and Analysis Group, Foundation of Advancement of International Science (FAIS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan 305-0062
| | - Kenichi Matsubara
- Laboratory of Genome Sequencing and Analysis Group, Foundation of Advancement of International Science (FAIS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan 305-0062
| | - Shoshi Kikuchi
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan 305-8602
| | - Yoshihide Hayashizaki
- Laboratory for Genome Exploration Research Group, RIKEN Genomic Science Center (GSC), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan 230-0045
- Genome Science Laboratory, RIKEN Wako Main Campus, Wako, Saitama, Japan 351-0198
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44
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Xu Q, Lee C. Discovery of novel splice forms and functional analysis of cancer-specific alternative splicing in human expressed sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 2003; 31:5635-43. [PMID: 14500827 PMCID: PMC206480 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkg786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here a genome-wide analysis of alternative splicing in 2 million human expressed sequence tags (ESTs), to identify splice forms that are up-regulated in tumors relative to normal tissues. We found strong evidence (P < 0.01) of cancer-specific splice variants in 316 human genes. In total, 78% of the cancer-specific splice forms we detected are confirmed by human-curated mRNA sequences, indicating that our results are not due to random mis-splicing in tumors; 73% of the genes showed the same cancer-specific splicing changes in tissue-matched tumor versus normal datasets, indicating that the vast majority of these changes are associated with tumorigenesis, not tissue specificity. We have confirmed our EST results in an independent set of experimental data provided by human-curated mRNAs (P-value 10(-5.7)). Moreover, the majority of the genes we detected have functions associated with cancer (P-value 0.0007), suggesting that their altered splicing may play a functional role in cancer. Analysis of the types of cancer-specific splicing shifts suggests that many of these shifts act by disrupting a tumor suppressor function. Sur prisingly, our data show that for a large number (190 in this study) of cancer-associated genes cloned originally from tumors, there exists a previously uncharacterized splice form of the gene that appears to be predominant in normal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xu
- Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Molecular Biology Institute and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, USA
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45
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Han GQ, Qin CY. [Detecting the gamma-glutamyltransferase mRNA-H in the peripheral blood of primary hepatocellular carcinoma patients]. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi 2003; 11:630-1. [PMID: 14572351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-qing Han
- Center of Liver Diseases, Shandong Hospital, Jinan 230021, China
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46
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Brock A, Huang S, Ingber DE. Identification of a distinct class of cytoskeleton-associated mRNAs using microarray technology. BMC Cell Biol 2003; 4:6. [PMID: 12848903 PMCID: PMC167255 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-4-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2003] [Accepted: 07/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interactions between mRNA and the cytoskeleton are critical for the localization of a number of transcripts in eukaryotic somatic cells. To characterize additional transcripts that may be subject to this form of regulation, we developed a two-step approach that utilizes biochemical fractionation of cells to isolate transcripts from different subcellular compartments followed by microarray analysis to examine and compare these subpopulations of transcripts in a massively-parallel manner. RESULTS Using this approach, mRNA was extracted from the cytoskeleton-rich and the cytosolic fractions of the promyelocytic HL-60 cell line. We identify a subset of 22 transcripts that are significantly enriched in the cytoskeleton-associated population. The majority of these encode structural proteins and/or proteins known to interact with elements of the cytoskeleton. Localization required an intact actin cytoskeleton and was largely conserved upon differentiation of precursor HL-60 cells to a macrophage-like phenotype. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the association of transcripts with the actin cytoskeleton in somatic cells may be a critical post-transcriptional regulatory event that controls a larger class of genes than has previously been recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Brock
- Vascular Biology Program, Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Harvard Medical School and Children's Hospital, Enders 1007, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sui Huang
- Vascular Biology Program, Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Harvard Medical School and Children's Hospital, Enders 1007, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Donald E Ingber
- Vascular Biology Program, Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Harvard Medical School and Children's Hospital, Enders 1007, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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47
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Abstract
Corneal transparency depends on the architecture of the stromal extracellular matrix, including fibril diameter, packing, and lamellar organization. The roles of collagen types XII and XIV in regulation of corneal fibrillogenesis and development were examined. The temporal and spatial expression patterns were analyzed using semi-quantitative RT-PCR, in situ hybridization, Western analysis, and immunohistochemistry. Expression of types XII and XIV collagens in cornea development demonstrated that type XII collagen mRNA levels are constant throughout development (10D-adult) while type XIV mRNA is highest in early embryonic stages (10D-14D), decreasing significantly by hatching. The spatial expression patterns of types XII and XIV collagens demonstrated a homogeneous signal in the stroma for type XIV collagen, while type XII collagen shows segregation to the sub-epithelial and sub-endothelial stroma during embryonic stages. The type XII collagen in the anterior stroma was an epithelial product during development while fibroblasts contributed in the adult. Type XIV collagen expression was highest early in development and was absent by hatching. Both types XII and type XIV collagen have different isoforms generated by alternative splicing that may alter specific interactions important in fibrillogenesis, fibril-fibril interactions, and higher order matrix assembly. Analysis of these splice variants demonstrated that the long XII mRNA levels were constant throughout development, while the short XII NC3 mRNA levels peaked early (12D) followed by a decrease. Both type XIV collagen NC1 splice variants are highest during early stages (12D-14D) decreasing by 17D of development. These data suggest type XII collagen may have a role in development of stromal architecture and maintenance of fibril organization, while type XIV collagen may have a role in regulation of fibrillogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanche B Young
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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48
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Francischetti IMB, Valenzuela JG, Pham VM, Garfield MK, Ribeiro JMC. Toward a catalog for the transcripts and proteins (sialome) from the salivary gland of the malaria vectorAnopheles gambiae. J Exp Biol 2002; 205:2429-51. [PMID: 12124367 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.205.16.2429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYHundreds of Anopheles gambiae salivary gland cDNA library clones have been sequenced. A cluster analysis based on sequence similarity at e-60 grouped the 691 sequences into 251 different clusters that code for proteins with putative secretory, housekeeping, or unknown functions. Among the housekeeping cDNAs, we found sequences predicted to code for novel thioredoxin, tetraspanin, hemopexin, heat shock protein, and TRIO and MBF proteins. Among secreted cDNAs, we found 21 novel A. gambiaesalivary sequences including those predicted to encode amylase, calreticulin,selenoprotein, mucin-like protein and 30-kDa allergen, in addition to antigen 5- and D7-related proteins, three novel salivary gland (SG)-like proteins and eight unique putative secreted proteins (Hypothetical Proteins, HP). The electronic version of this paper contains hyperlinks to FASTA-formatted files for each cluster with the best match to the nonredundant (NR) and conserved domain databases (CDD) in addition to CLUSTAL alignments of each cluster. The N terminus of 12 proteins (SG-1, SG-1-like 2, SG-6, HP 8, HP 9-like, 5′nucleotidase, 30-kDa protein, antigen 5- and four D7-related proteins) has been identified by Edman degradation of PVDF-transferred, SDS/PAGE-separated salivary gland proteins. Therefore, we contribute to the generation of a catalog of A. gambiae salivary transcripts and proteins. These data are freely available and will eventually become an invaluable tool to study the role of salivary molecules in parasite-host/vector interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo M B Francischetti
- Medical Entomology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0425, USA
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49
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Abstract
This study investigated mechanisms regulating hepatic insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I class 1 and 2 mRNA levels. Lambs were treated with growth hormone (GH) either as an acute, single dose or over a longer term. Total hepatic unspliced, pre-mRNA levels increased after the single dose of GH but were attenuated after 8 days of GH, with exon 1- and 2-derived pre-mRNA levels displaying coordinate responses. Surprisingly, changes in total spliced, mature mRNA levels did not reflect those for pre-mRNA, instead being augmented after 8 days of GH. GH also induced a differential increase in the ratio of mature class 2-to-class 1 IGF-I mRNA; therefore, this must be predominantly via posttranscriptional mechanisms. Increases in the ratio of class 2-to-class 1 mRNA were observed in polysomal vs. total RNA preparations derived from GH-treated but not control lambs, indicating an increased proportion of class 2 transcripts engaged in translation. Our findings indicate that GH may stabilize mature class 2 transcripts or destabilize mature class 1 transcripts and that class 2 mRNA may have a greater translational potential. The following two main functions of hepatic class 2 IGF-I mRNA are suggested: an efficient "monitor" of GH status via providing a rapid negative feedback mechanism and a coordinator of endocrine-regulated tissue growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C O'Sullivan
- The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB2 4AT, United Kingdom
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50
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Bushel PR, Hamadeh HK, Bennett L, Green J, Ableson A, Misener S, Afshari CA, Paules RS. Computational selection of distinct class- and subclass-specific gene expression signatures. J Biomed Inform 2002; 35:160-70. [PMID: 12669979 DOI: 10.1016/s1532-0464(02)00525-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this investigation we used statistical methods to select genes with expression profiles that partition classes and subclasses of biological samples. Gene expression data corresponding to liver samples from rats treated for 24 h with an enzyme inducer (phenobarbital) or a peroxisome proliferator (clofibrate, gemfibrozil or Wyeth 14,643) were subjected to a modified Z-score test to identify gene outliers and a binomial distribution to reduce the probability of detecting genes as differentially expressed by chance. Hierarchical clustering of 238 statistically valid differentially expressed genes partitioned class-specific gene expression signatures into groups that clustered samples exposed to the enzyme inducer or to peroxisome proliferators. Using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and linear discriminant analysis methods we identified single genes as well as coupled gene expression profiles that separated the phenobarbital from the peroxisome proliferator treated samples and discerned the fibrate (gemfibrozil and clofibrate) subclass of peroxisome proliferators. A comparison of genes ranked by ANOVA with genes assessed as significant by mixedlinear models analysis [J. Comput. Biol. 8 (2001) 625] or ranked by information gain revealed good congruence with the top 10 genes from each statistical method in the contrast between phenobarbital and peroxisome proliferators expression profiles. We propose building upon a classification regimen comprised of analysis of replicate data, outlier diagnostics and gene selection procedures to utilize cDNA microarray data to categorize subclasses of samples exposed to pharmacologic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre R Bushel
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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