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Prouteau A, Mottier S, Primot A, Cadieu E, Bachelot L, Botherel N, Cabillic F, Houel A, Cornevin L, Kergal C, Corre S, Abadie J, Hitte C, Gilot D, Lindblad-Toh K, André C, Derrien T, Hedan B. Canine Oral Melanoma Genomic and Transcriptomic Study Defines Two Molecular Subgroups with Different Therapeutical Targets. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020276. [PMID: 35053440 PMCID: PMC8774001 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In humans, mucosal melanoma (MM) is a rare and aggressive cancer. The canine model is frequently and spontaneously affected by MM, thus facilitating the collection of samples and the study of its genetic bases. Thanks to an integrative genomic and transcriptomic analysis of 32 canine MM samples, we identified two molecular subgroups of MM with a different microenvironment and structural variant (SV) content. We demonstrated that SVs are associated with recurrently amplified regions, and identified new candidate oncogenes (TRPM7, GABPB1, and SPPL2A) for MM. Our findings suggest the existence of two MM molecular subgroups that could benefit from dedicated therapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors or targeted therapies, for both human and veterinary medicine. Abstract Mucosal melanoma (MM) is a rare, aggressive clinical cancer. Despite recent advances in genetics and treatment, the prognosis of MM remains poor. Canine MM offers a relevant spontaneous and immunocompetent model to decipher the genetic bases and explore treatments for MM. We performed an integrative genomic and transcriptomic analysis of 32 canine MM samples, which identified two molecular subgroups with a different microenvironment and structural variant (SV) content. The overexpression of genes related to the microenvironment and T-cell response was associated with tumors harboring a lower content of SVs, whereas the overexpression of pigmentation-related pathways and oncogenes, such as TERT, was associated with a high SV burden. Using whole-genome sequencing, we showed that focal amplifications characterized complex chromosomal rearrangements targeting oncogenes, such as MDM2 or CDK4, and a recurrently amplified region on canine chromosome 30. We also demonstrated that the genes TRPM7, GABPB1, and SPPL2A, located in this CFA30 region, play a role in cell proliferation, and thus, may be considered as new candidate oncogenes for human MM. Our findings suggest the existence of two MM molecular subgroups that may benefit from dedicated therapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors or targeted therapies, for both human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anais Prouteau
- IGDR—UMR 6290, CNRS, University of Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France; (A.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (E.C.); (L.B.); (N.B.); (A.H.); (C.K.); (S.C.); (C.H.); (D.G.); (C.A.)
| | - Stephanie Mottier
- IGDR—UMR 6290, CNRS, University of Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France; (A.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (E.C.); (L.B.); (N.B.); (A.H.); (C.K.); (S.C.); (C.H.); (D.G.); (C.A.)
| | - Aline Primot
- IGDR—UMR 6290, CNRS, University of Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France; (A.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (E.C.); (L.B.); (N.B.); (A.H.); (C.K.); (S.C.); (C.H.); (D.G.); (C.A.)
| | - Edouard Cadieu
- IGDR—UMR 6290, CNRS, University of Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France; (A.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (E.C.); (L.B.); (N.B.); (A.H.); (C.K.); (S.C.); (C.H.); (D.G.); (C.A.)
| | - Laura Bachelot
- IGDR—UMR 6290, CNRS, University of Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France; (A.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (E.C.); (L.B.); (N.B.); (A.H.); (C.K.); (S.C.); (C.H.); (D.G.); (C.A.)
| | - Nadine Botherel
- IGDR—UMR 6290, CNRS, University of Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France; (A.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (E.C.); (L.B.); (N.B.); (A.H.); (C.K.); (S.C.); (C.H.); (D.G.); (C.A.)
| | - Florian Cabillic
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique et Biologie Cellulaire, CHU de Rennes, INSERM, INRA, University of Rennes 1, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, 35000 Rennes, France; (F.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Armel Houel
- IGDR—UMR 6290, CNRS, University of Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France; (A.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (E.C.); (L.B.); (N.B.); (A.H.); (C.K.); (S.C.); (C.H.); (D.G.); (C.A.)
| | - Laurence Cornevin
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique et Biologie Cellulaire, CHU de Rennes, INSERM, INRA, University of Rennes 1, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, 35000 Rennes, France; (F.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Camille Kergal
- IGDR—UMR 6290, CNRS, University of Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France; (A.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (E.C.); (L.B.); (N.B.); (A.H.); (C.K.); (S.C.); (C.H.); (D.G.); (C.A.)
| | - Sébastien Corre
- IGDR—UMR 6290, CNRS, University of Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France; (A.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (E.C.); (L.B.); (N.B.); (A.H.); (C.K.); (S.C.); (C.H.); (D.G.); (C.A.)
| | - Jérôme Abadie
- Laboniris, Department of Biology, Pathology and Food Sciences, Oniris, 44300 Nantes, France;
| | - Christophe Hitte
- IGDR—UMR 6290, CNRS, University of Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France; (A.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (E.C.); (L.B.); (N.B.); (A.H.); (C.K.); (S.C.); (C.H.); (D.G.); (C.A.)
| | - David Gilot
- IGDR—UMR 6290, CNRS, University of Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France; (A.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (E.C.); (L.B.); (N.B.); (A.H.); (C.K.); (S.C.); (C.H.); (D.G.); (C.A.)
| | - Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA;
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Catherine André
- IGDR—UMR 6290, CNRS, University of Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France; (A.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (E.C.); (L.B.); (N.B.); (A.H.); (C.K.); (S.C.); (C.H.); (D.G.); (C.A.)
| | - Thomas Derrien
- IGDR—UMR 6290, CNRS, University of Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France; (A.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (E.C.); (L.B.); (N.B.); (A.H.); (C.K.); (S.C.); (C.H.); (D.G.); (C.A.)
- Correspondence: (T.D.); (B.H.); Tel.: +33-2-23-23-43-19 (B.H.)
| | - Benoit Hedan
- IGDR—UMR 6290, CNRS, University of Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France; (A.P.); (S.M.); (A.P.); (E.C.); (L.B.); (N.B.); (A.H.); (C.K.); (S.C.); (C.H.); (D.G.); (C.A.)
- Correspondence: (T.D.); (B.H.); Tel.: +33-2-23-23-43-19 (B.H.)
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Prouteau A, Denis JA, De Fornel P, Cadieu E, Derrien T, Kergal C, Botherel N, Ulvé R, Rault M, Bouzidi A, François R, Dorso L, Lespagnol A, Devauchelle P, Abadie J, André C, Hédan B. Circulating tumor DNA is detectable in canine histiocytic sarcoma, oral malignant melanoma, and multicentric lymphoma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:877. [PMID: 33441840 PMCID: PMC7806858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has become an attractive biomarker in human oncology, and its use may be informative in canine cancer. Thus, we used droplet digital PCR or PCR for antigen receptor rearrangement, to explore tumor-specific point mutations, copy number alterations, and chromosomal rearrangements in the plasma of cancer-affected dogs. We detected ctDNA in 21/23 (91.3%) of histiocytic sarcoma (HS), 2/8 (25%) of oral melanoma, and 12/13 (92.3%) of lymphoma cases. The utility of ctDNA in diagnosing HS was explored in 133 dogs, including 49 with HS, and the screening of recurrent PTPN11 mutations in plasma had a specificity of 98.8% and a sensitivity between 42.8 and 77% according to the clinical presentation of HS. Sensitivity was greater in visceral forms and especially related to pulmonary location. Follow-up of four dogs by targeting lymphoma-specific antigen receptor rearrangement in plasma showed that minimal residual disease detection was concordant with clinical evaluation and treatment response. Thus, our study shows that ctDNA is detectable in the plasma of cancer-affected dogs and is a promising biomarker for diagnosis and clinical follow-up. ctDNA detection appears to be useful in comparative oncology research due to growing interest in the study of natural canine tumors and exploration of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Prouteau
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) UMR6290, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Jérôme Alexandre Denis
- Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR_S 938, Endocrinology and Oncology Biochemistry Department, APHP Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Edouard Cadieu
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) UMR6290, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Thomas Derrien
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) UMR6290, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Camille Kergal
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) UMR6290, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Nadine Botherel
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) UMR6290, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Ulvé
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) UMR6290, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Mélanie Rault
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) UMR6290, 35000, Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Laetitia Dorso
- Department of Biology, Pathology and Food Sciences, Oniris, Laboniris, Nantes, France
| | - Alexandra Lespagnol
- Laboratory of Somatic Genetic of Cancers, Hospital of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | | | - Jérôme Abadie
- Department of Biology, Pathology and Food Sciences, Oniris, Laboniris, Nantes, France
| | - Catherine André
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) UMR6290, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Benoît Hédan
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) UMR6290, 35000, Rennes, France.
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Minnoye L, Taskiran II, Mauduit D, Fazio M, Van Aerschot L, Hulselmans G, Christiaens V, Makhzami S, Seltenhammer M, Karras P, Primot A, Cadieu E, van Rooijen E, Marine JC, Egidy G, Ghanem GE, Zon L, Wouters J, Aerts S. Cross-species analysis of enhancer logic using deep learning. Genome Res 2020; 30:1815-1834. [PMID: 32732264 PMCID: PMC7706731 DOI: 10.1101/gr.260844.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Deciphering the genomic regulatory code of enhancers is a key challenge in biology because this code underlies cellular identity. A better understanding of how enhancers work will improve the interpretation of noncoding genome variation and empower the generation of cell type-specific drivers for gene therapy. Here, we explore the combination of deep learning and cross-species chromatin accessibility profiling to build explainable enhancer models. We apply this strategy to decipher the enhancer code in melanoma, a relevant case study owing to the presence of distinct melanoma cell states. We trained and validated a deep learning model, called DeepMEL, using chromatin accessibility data of 26 melanoma samples across six different species. We show the accuracy of DeepMEL predictions on the CAGI5 challenge, where it significantly outperforms existing models on the melanoma enhancer of IRF4 Next, we exploit DeepMEL to analyze enhancer architectures and identify accurate transcription factor binding sites for the core regulatory complexes in the two different melanoma states, with distinct roles for each transcription factor, in terms of nucleosome displacement or enhancer activation. Finally, DeepMEL identifies orthologous enhancers across distantly related species, where sequence alignment fails, and the model highlights specific nucleotide substitutions that underlie enhancer turnover. DeepMEL can be used from the Kipoi database to predict and optimize candidate enhancers and to prioritize enhancer mutations. In addition, our computational strategy can be applied to other cancer or normal cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Minnoye
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Human Genetics KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ibrahim Ihsan Taskiran
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Human Genetics KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - David Mauduit
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Human Genetics KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maurizio Fazio
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Linde Van Aerschot
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Human Genetics KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Disease Mechanisms in Cancer, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gert Hulselmans
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Human Genetics KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Valerie Christiaens
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Human Genetics KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Samira Makhzami
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Human Genetics KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Monika Seltenhammer
- Center for Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Division of Livestock Sciences (NUWI) - BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Panagiotis Karras
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Oncology KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aline Primot
- CNRS-University of Rennes 1, UMR6290, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, Faculty of Medicine, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Edouard Cadieu
- CNRS-University of Rennes 1, UMR6290, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, Faculty of Medicine, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Ellen van Rooijen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Marine
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Oncology KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giorgia Egidy
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRA, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Ghanem-Elias Ghanem
- Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leonard Zon
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Jasper Wouters
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Human Genetics KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stein Aerts
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Human Genetics KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Hédan B, Rault M, Abadie J, Ulvé R, Botherel N, Devauchelle P, Copie-Bergman C, Cadieu E, Parrens M, Alten J, Zalcman EL, Cario G, Damaj G, Mokhtari K, Le Loarer F, Coulomb-Lhermine A, Derrien T, Hitte C, Bachelot L, Breen M, Gilot D, Blay JY, Donadieu J, André C. PTPN11 mutations in canine and human disseminated histiocytic sarcoma. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:1657-1665. [PMID: 32212266 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In humans, histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is an aggressive cancer involving histiocytes. Its rarity and heterogeneity explain that treatment remains a challenge. Sharing high clinical and histopathological similarities with human HS, the canine HS is conversely frequent in specific breeds and thus constitutes a unique spontaneous model for human HS to decipher the genetic bases and to explore therapeutic options. We identified sequence alterations in the MAPK pathway in at least 63.9% (71/111) of HS cases with mutually exclusive BRAF (0.9%; 1/111), KRAS (7.2%; 8/111) and PTPN11 (56.75%; 63/111) mutations concentrated at hotspots common to human cancers. Recurrent PTPN11 mutations are associated to visceral disseminated HS subtype in dogs, the most aggressive clinical presentation. We then identified PTPN11 mutations in 3/19 (15.7%) human HS patients. Thus, we propose PTPN11 mutations as key events for a specific subset of human and canine HS: the visceral disseminated form. Finally, by testing drugs targeting the MAPK pathway in eight canine HS cell lines, we identified a better anti-proliferation activity of MEK inhibitors than PTPN11 inhibitors in canine HS neoplastic cells. In combination, these results illustrate the relevance of naturally affected dogs in deciphering genetic mechanisms and selecting efficient targeted therapies for such rare and aggressive cancers in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Hédan
- Faculty of Medicine, CNRS-University of Rennes 1, UMR6290, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, SFR Biosit, Rennes, France
| | - Mélanie Rault
- Faculty of Medicine, CNRS-University of Rennes 1, UMR6290, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, SFR Biosit, Rennes, France
| | - Jérôme Abadie
- Department of Biology, Pathology and Food Sciences, Oniris, Laboniris, Nantes, France
| | - Ronan Ulvé
- Faculty of Medicine, CNRS-University of Rennes 1, UMR6290, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, SFR Biosit, Rennes, France
| | - Nadine Botherel
- Faculty of Medicine, CNRS-University of Rennes 1, UMR6290, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, SFR Biosit, Rennes, France
| | | | - Christiane Copie-Bergman
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Pathologie, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Créteil, France.,INSERM U955, Équipe 9, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Edouard Cadieu
- Faculty of Medicine, CNRS-University of Rennes 1, UMR6290, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, SFR Biosit, Rennes, France
| | - Marie Parrens
- Department of Pathology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital du Haut Lévêque, INSERM U1035, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julia Alten
- Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Emmanuelle L Zalcman
- Department of Neuropathology, GHU Paris Psychiatrie Neurosciences, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Gunnar Cario
- Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gandhi Damaj
- Haemalology Institute, CHU de Caen and Centre François Baclesse, Caen, France
| | - Karima Mokhtari
- Sorbonne University, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Service de Neuropathologie-Escourolle, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Thomas Derrien
- Faculty of Medicine, CNRS-University of Rennes 1, UMR6290, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, SFR Biosit, Rennes, France
| | - Christophe Hitte
- Faculty of Medicine, CNRS-University of Rennes 1, UMR6290, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, SFR Biosit, Rennes, France
| | - Laura Bachelot
- Faculty of Medicine, CNRS-University of Rennes 1, UMR6290, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, SFR Biosit, Rennes, France
| | - Matthew Breen
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, CVM Research Building, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - David Gilot
- Faculty of Medicine, CNRS-University of Rennes 1, UMR6290, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, SFR Biosit, Rennes, France
| | - Jean Y Blay
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Jean Donadieu
- Department of Haematology, APHP, Trousseau Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Catherine André
- Faculty of Medicine, CNRS-University of Rennes 1, UMR6290, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, SFR Biosit, Rennes, France
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Prouteau A, Chocteau F, de Brito C, Cadieu E, Primot A, Botherel N, Degorce F, Cornevin L, Lagadic MA, Cabillic F, de Fornel-Thibaud P, Devauchelle P, Derrien T, Abadie J, André C, Hédan B. Prognostic value of somatic focal amplifications on chromosome 30 in canine oral melanoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 18:214-223. [PMID: 31461207 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Canine oral melanoma is the first malignancy of the oral cavity in dogs and is characterized by a local invasiveness and a high metastatic propensity. A better knowledge of genetic alterations is expected to improve management of this tumour. Copy number alterations are known characteristics of mucosal melanomas both in dogs and humans. The goal of this study was to explore the prognostic value of somatic focal amplifications on chromosomes (Canis Familiaris [CFA]) 10 and 30 in canine oral melanoma. The cohort included 73 dogs with oral melanoma confirmed by histology, removed surgically without adjuvant therapy and with a minimal follow-up of 6 months. Epidemiological, clinical and histological data were collected and quantitative-PCR were performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples to identify specific focal amplifications. The 73 dogs included in the study had a median survival time of 220 days. Focal amplifications on CFA 10 and 30 were recurrent (49.3% and 50.7% of cases, respectively) and CFA 30 amplification was significantly associated with the amelanotic phenotype (P = .046) and high mitotic index (MI; P = .0039). CFA 30 amplification was also linked to poor prognosis (P = .0005). Other negative prognostic factors included gingiva location (P = .003), lymphadenomegaly (P = .026), tumour ulceration at diagnosis (P = .003), MI superior to 6 mitoses over 10 fields (P = .001) and amelanotic tumour (P = .029). In multivariate analyses using Cox proportional hazards regression, CFA 30 amplification (Hazard ratio [HR] = 2.08; P = .011), tumour location (HR = 2.20; P = .005) and histological pigmentation (HR = 1.87; P = .036) were significantly associated with shorter survival time. Focal amplification of CFA 30 is linked to an aggressive subset and constitutes a new prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anais Prouteau
- CNRS-University of Rennes 1, UMR6290, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, Faculty of Medicine, Rennes, France
| | - Florian Chocteau
- Oniris, Laboniris - Department of Biology, Pathology and Food Sciences, Nantes, France
| | - Clotilde de Brito
- CNRS-University of Rennes 1, UMR6290, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, Faculty of Medicine, Rennes, France
| | - Edouard Cadieu
- CNRS-University of Rennes 1, UMR6290, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, Faculty of Medicine, Rennes, France
| | - Aline Primot
- CNRS-University of Rennes 1, UMR6290, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, Faculty of Medicine, Rennes, France
| | - Nadine Botherel
- CNRS-University of Rennes 1, UMR6290, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, Faculty of Medicine, Rennes, France
| | | | - Laurence Cornevin
- Department of Cytogenetics and Cell Biology, Hospital of Rennes, INSERM, University of Rennes, INRA, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer), Rennes, France
| | | | - Florian Cabillic
- Department of Cytogenetics and Cell Biology, Hospital of Rennes, INSERM, University of Rennes, INRA, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer), Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Thomas Derrien
- CNRS-University of Rennes 1, UMR6290, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, Faculty of Medicine, Rennes, France
| | - Jerome Abadie
- Oniris, Laboniris - Department of Biology, Pathology and Food Sciences, Nantes, France
| | - Catherine André
- CNRS-University of Rennes 1, UMR6290, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, Faculty of Medicine, Rennes, France
| | - Benoît Hédan
- CNRS-University of Rennes 1, UMR6290, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, Faculty of Medicine, Rennes, France
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Hitte C, Le Béguec C, Cadieu E, Wucher V, Primot A, Prouteau A, Botherel N, Hédan B, Lindblad-Toh K, André C, Derrien T. Genome-Wide Analysis of Long Non-Coding RNA Profiles in Canine Oral Melanomas. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10060477. [PMID: 31234577 PMCID: PMC6628375 DOI: 10.3390/genes10060477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal melanomas (MM) are rare aggressive cancers in humans, and one of the most common forms of oral cancers in dogs. Similar biological and histological features are shared between MM in both species, making dogs a powerful model for comparative oncology studies of melanomas. Although exome sequencing recently identified recurrent coding mutations in canine MM, little is known about changes in non-coding gene expression, and more particularly, in canine long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are commonly dysregulated in human cancers. Here, we sampled a large cohort (n = 52) of canine normal/tumor oral MM from three predisposed breeds (poodles, Labrador retrievers, and golden retrievers), and used deep transcriptome sequencing to identify more than 400 differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs. We further prioritized candidate lncRNAs by comparative genomic analysis to pinpoint 26 dog–human conserved DE lncRNAs, including SOX21-AS, ZEB2-AS, and CASC15 lncRNAs. Using unsupervised co-expression network analysis with coding genes, we inferred the potential functions of the DE lncRNAs, suggesting associations with cancer-related genes, cell cycle, and carbohydrate metabolism Gene Ontology (GO) terms. Finally, we exploited our multi-breed design to identify DE lncRNAs within breeds. This study provides a unique transcriptomic resource for studying oral melanoma in dogs, and highlights lncRNAs that may potentially be diagnostic or therapeutic targets for human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Hitte
- University of Rennes, CNRS, IGDR-UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Céline Le Béguec
- University of Rennes, CNRS, IGDR-UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Edouard Cadieu
- University of Rennes, CNRS, IGDR-UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Valentin Wucher
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Aline Primot
- University of Rennes, CNRS, IGDR-UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Anaïs Prouteau
- University of Rennes, CNRS, IGDR-UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Nadine Botherel
- University of Rennes, CNRS, IGDR-UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Benoît Hédan
- University of Rennes, CNRS, IGDR-UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Catherine André
- University of Rennes, CNRS, IGDR-UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Thomas Derrien
- University of Rennes, CNRS, IGDR-UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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7
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Hédan B, Cadieu E, Botherel N, Dufaure de Citres C, Letko A, Rimbault M, Drögemüller C, Jagannathan V, Derrien T, Schmutz S, Leeb T, André C. Identification of a Missense Variant in MFSD12 Involved in Dilution of Phaeomelanin Leading to White or Cream Coat Color in Dogs. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E386. [PMID: 31117290 PMCID: PMC6562630 DOI: 10.3390/genes10050386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
White coat color in mammals has been selected several times during the domestication process. Numerous dog breeds are fixed for one form of white coat color that involves darkly pigmented skin. The genetic basis of this color, due to the absence of pigment in the hairs, was suggested to correspond to extreme dilution of the phaeomelanin, by both the expression of only phaeomelanin (locus E) and its extreme dilution (locus I). To go further, we performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using a multiple breed approach. The first GWAS, using 34 white dogs and 128 non-white dogs, including White Shepherds, Poodles, Cotons de Tulear and Bichons allowed us to identify two significantly associated loci on the locus E and a novel locus on chromosome 20. A second GWAS using 15 other breeds presenting extreme phaeomelanin dilution confirmed the position of locus I on the chromosome 20 (position 55 Mb pcorrected = 6 × 10-13). Using whole-genome sequencing, we identified a missense variant in the first exon of MFSD12, a gene recently identified to be involved in human, mouse and horse pigmentation. We confirmed the role of this variant in phaeomelanin dilution of numerous canine breeds, and the conserved role of MFSD12 in mammalian pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Hédan
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS-UMR6290, Université de Rennes1, 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Edouard Cadieu
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS-UMR6290, Université de Rennes1, 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Nadine Botherel
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS-UMR6290, Université de Rennes1, 35000 Rennes, France.
| | | | - Anna Letko
- Institute of Genetics, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Swizterland.
| | - Maud Rimbault
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS-UMR6290, Université de Rennes1, 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Cord Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Swizterland.
| | | | - Thomas Derrien
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS-UMR6290, Université de Rennes1, 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Sheila Schmutz
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Swizterland.
| | - Catherine André
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS-UMR6290, Université de Rennes1, 35000 Rennes, France.
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8
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Le Béguec C, Wucher V, Lagoutte L, Cadieu E, Botherel N, Hédan B, De Brito C, Guillory AS, André C, Derrien T, Hitte C. Characterisation and functional predictions of canine long non-coding RNAs. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13444. [PMID: 30194329 PMCID: PMC6128939 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31770-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a family of heterogeneous RNAs that play major roles in multiple biological processes. We recently identified an extended repertoire of more than 10,000 lncRNAs of the domestic dog however, predicting their biological functionality remains challenging. In this study, we have characterised the expression profiles of 10,444 canine lncRNAs in 26 distinct tissue types, representing various anatomical systems. We showed that lncRNA expressions are mainly clustered by tissue type and we highlighted that 44% of canine lncRNAs are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. We further demonstrated that tissue-specificity correlates with specific families of canine transposable elements. In addition, we identified more than 900 conserved dog-human lncRNAs for which we show their overall reproducible expression patterns between dog and human through comparative transcriptomics. Finally, co-expression analyses of lncRNA and neighbouring protein-coding genes identified more than 3,400 canine lncRNAs, suggesting that functional roles of these lncRNAs act as regulatory elements. Altogether, this genomic and transcriptomic integrative study of lncRNAs constitutes a major resource to investigate genotype to phenotype relationships and biomedical research in the dog species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Le Béguec
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Valentin Wucher
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000, Rennes, France.,Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lætitia Lagoutte
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000, Rennes, France.,UMR PEGASE, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - Edouard Cadieu
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Nadine Botherel
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Benoît Hédan
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Clotilde De Brito
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Guillory
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Catherine André
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Thomas Derrien
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Christophe Hitte
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000, Rennes, France.
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Bauer A, Jagannathan V, Högler S, Richter B, McEwan NA, Thomas A, Cadieu E, André C, Hytönen MK, Lohi H, Welle MM, Roosje P, Mellersh C, Casal ML, Leeb T. MKLN1 splicing defect in dogs with lethal acrodermatitis. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007264. [PMID: 29565995 PMCID: PMC5863938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lethal acrodermatitis (LAD) is a genodermatosis with monogenic autosomal recessive inheritance in Bull Terriers and Miniature Bull Terriers. The LAD phenotype is characterized by poor growth, immune deficiency, and skin lesions, especially at the paws. Utilizing a combination of genome wide association study and haplotype analysis, we mapped the LAD locus to a critical interval of ~1.11 Mb on chromosome 14. Whole genome sequencing of an LAD affected dog revealed a splice region variant in the MKLN1 gene that was not present in 191 control genomes (chr14:5,731,405T>G or MKLN1:c.400+3A>C). This variant showed perfect association in a larger combined Bull Terrier/Miniature Bull Terrier cohort of 46 cases and 294 controls. The variant was absent from 462 genetically diverse control dogs of 62 other dog breeds. RT-PCR analysis of skin RNA from an affected and a control dog demonstrated skipping of exon 4 in the MKLN1 transcripts of the LAD affected dog, which leads to a shift in the MKLN1 reading frame. MKLN1 encodes the widely expressed intracellular protein muskelin 1, for which diverse functions in cell adhesion, morphology, spreading, and intracellular transport processes are discussed. While the pathogenesis of LAD remains unclear, our data facilitate genetic testing of Bull Terriers and Miniature Bull Terriers to prevent the unintentional production of LAD affected dogs. This study may provide a starting point to further clarify the elusive physiological role of muskelin 1 in vivo. Lethal acrodermatitis (LAD) is an autosomal recessive hereditary disease in dogs. It is characterized by poor growth, immune deficiency and characteristic skin lesions of the paws and of the face. We mapped the LAD locus to a ~1.11 Mb segment on canine chromosome 14. Whole genome sequence data of an LAD affected dog and 191 controls revealed a candidate causative variant in the MKLN1 gene, encoding muskelin 1. The identified variant, a single nucleotide substitution, MKLN1:c.400+3A>C, altered the 5’-splice site at the beginning of intron 4. We experimentally confirmed that this variant leads to complete skipping of exon 4 in the MKLN1 mRNA in skin. Various cellular functions have been postulated for muskelin 1 including roles in intracellular transport processes, cell morphology, cell spreading, and cell adhesion. Our data from dogs reveal a novel in vivo role for muskelin 1 that is related to the immune system and skin. MKLN1 thus represents a novel candidate gene for human patients with unsolved acrodermatitis and/or immune deficiency phenotypes. LAD affected dogs may serve as models to gain more insights into the function of muskelin 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anina Bauer
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Högler
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Richter
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Neil A. McEwan
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Thomas
- Antagene, Animal Genetics Laboratory, La Tour de Salvagny, France
| | - Edouard Cadieu
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes (IGDR), CNRS-UMR6290, Université Rennes1, Rennes, France
| | - Catherine André
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes (IGDR), CNRS-UMR6290, Université Rennes1, Rennes, France
| | - Marjo K. Hytönen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Monika M. Welle
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Petra Roosje
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Dermatology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern,Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cathryn Mellersh
- Kennel Club Genetics Centre, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Margret L. Casal
- Section of Medical Genetics, Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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10
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Acuña-Amador L, Primot A, Cadieu E, Roulet A, Barloy-Hubler F. Genomic repeats, misassembly and reannotation: a case study with long-read resequencing of Porphyromonas gingivalis reference strains. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:54. [PMID: 29338683 PMCID: PMC5771137 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4429-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Without knowledge of their genomic sequences, it is impossible to make functional models of the bacteria that make up human and animal microbiota. Unfortunately, the vast majority of publicly available genomes are only working drafts, an incompleteness that causes numerous problems and constitutes a major obstacle to genotypic and phenotypic interpretation. In this work, we began with an example from the class Bacteroidia in the phylum Bacteroidetes, which is preponderant among human orodigestive microbiota. We successfully identify the genetic loci responsible for assembly breaks and misassemblies and demonstrate the importance and usefulness of long-read sequencing and curated reannotation. RESULTS We showed that the fragmentation in Bacteroidia draft genomes assembled from massively parallel sequencing linearly correlates with genomic repeats of the same or greater size than the reads. We also demonstrated that some of these repeats, especially the long ones, correspond to misassembled loci in three reference Porphyromonas gingivalis genomes marked as circularized (thus complete or finished). We prove that even at modest coverage (30X), long-read resequencing together with PCR contiguity verification (rrn operons and an integrative and conjugative element or ICE) can be used to identify and correct the wrongly combined or assembled regions. Finally, although time-consuming and labor-intensive, consistent manual biocuration of three P. gingivalis strains allowed us to compare and correct the existing genomic annotations, resulting in a more accurate interpretation of the genomic differences among these strains. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we demonstrate the usefulness and importance of long-read sequencing in verifying published genomes (even when complete) and generating assemblies for new bacterial strains/species with high genomic plasticity. We also show that when combined with biological validation processes and diligent biocurated annotation, this strategy helps reduce the propagation of errors in shared databases, thus limiting false conclusions based on incomplete or misleading information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Acuña-Amador
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS, UMR6290, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Anaerobia, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Aline Primot
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS, UMR6290, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Edouard Cadieu
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS, UMR6290, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Alain Roulet
- GenoToul Genome & Transcriptome (GeT-PlaGe), INRA, US1426, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Frédérique Barloy-Hubler
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS, UMR6290, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France.
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11
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Parker HG, Cadieu E, Shearin A, Rutteman G, Ostrander EA. Abstract IA08: Analysis of a histiocytic carcinoma in the dog: The canine's utility in fetching disease genes. Clin Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1557-3265.sarcomas17-ia08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is a rare human hematopoietic neoplasm that accounts for less than 1% of hematolymphoid cancers and occurs either concurrently with or subsequently to B- or T-lymphoblastic lymphoma and other B-cell cancers. As such, its genetic etiology has been difficult to establish. HS in dogs, by comparison, shows strong breed specificity with 20% of flat-coated retrievers and 25% of Bernese mountain dogs (BMD) estimated to develop the disease in their lifetime. These two affected breeds share no recent common ancestors and display differences in disease presentation, offering a unique system in which to investigate the genetic predisposition and progression of HS. Our lab has previously undertaken genome wide association study (GWAS) on both BMD and FCR collected in North America and Europe and identified four significantly associated loci, two in BMD and two in FCR. In each breed, only one locus was segregating with disease in the American population while both were present in the European populations. There were no loci in common between the two breeds. Fine mapping of the common BMD HS locus on canine chromosome (CFA) CFA11 revealed a single haplotype spanning the MTAP (methylthioadenosine phosphorylase) gene and part of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) gene, which was present in 96% of BMD with HS. The European BMD also showed a significant locus on CFA14 that may be approaching fixation in the American dogs based on allele frequency calculations. We have done targeted resequencing of the CFA14 locus in a subset of European BMD and are in the process of filtering the identified mutations. Promising candidate genes in this region include GRM8, which inhibits the cyclic AMP cascade in the central nervous system and has shown to be involved in several of cancers; POT1, which is involved in telomere length maintenance and protection; and HYAL4, a hyaluronidase potentially involved in extracellular matrix degradation. In addition, the laboratory has generated 30x sequence from two HS cases and a control BMD, two FCR cases, and a control and low pass sequence from 16 dogs (8 cases and controls) in order to identify the likely causative mutations in each of the associated loci as well as breed specific mutations that may predispose the dogs to aggressive cancers.
Citation Format: Heidi G. Parker, Edouard Cadieu, Abigail Shearin, Gerard Rutteman, Elaine A. Ostrander. Analysis of a histiocytic carcinoma in the dog: The canine's utility in fetching disease genes [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Conference on Advances in Sarcomas: From Basic Science to Clinical Translation; May 16-19, 2017; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2018;24(2_Suppl):Abstract nr IA08.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi G. Parker
- 1National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD,
| | | | | | | | - Elaine A. Ostrander
- 1National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD,
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12
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Broeckx BJG, Derrien T, Mottier S, Wucher V, Cadieu E, Hédan B, Le Béguec C, Botherel N, Lindblad-Toh K, Saunders JH, Deforce D, André C, Peelman L, Hitte C. An exome sequencing based approach for genome-wide association studies in the dog. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15680. [PMID: 29142306 PMCID: PMC5688105 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15947-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are widely used to identify loci associated with phenotypic traits in the domestic dog that has emerged as a model for Mendelian and complex traits. However, a disadvantage of GWAS is that it always requires subsequent fine-mapping or sequencing to pinpoint causal mutations. Here, we performed whole exome sequencing (WES) and canine high-density (cHD) SNP genotyping of 28 dogs from 3 breeds to compare the SNP and linkage disequilibrium characteristics together with the power and mapping precision of exome-guided GWAS (EG-GWAS) versus cHD-based GWAS. Using simulated phenotypes, we showed that EG-GWAS has a higher power than cHD to detect associations within target regions and less power outside target regions, with power being influenced further by sample size and SNP density. We analyzed two real phenotypes (hair length and furnishing), that are fixed in certain breeds to characterize mapping precision of the known causal mutations. EG-GWAS identified the associated exonic and 3'UTR variants within the FGF5 and RSPO2 genes, respectively, with only a few samples per breed. In conclusion, we demonstrated that EG-GWAS can identify loci associated with Mendelian phenotypes both within and across breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart J G Broeckx
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Thomas Derrien
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS-URM6290, Université Rennes1, Rennes, France
| | - Stéphanie Mottier
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS-URM6290, Université Rennes1, Rennes, France
| | - Valentin Wucher
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS-URM6290, Université Rennes1, Rennes, France
| | - Edouard Cadieu
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS-URM6290, Université Rennes1, Rennes, France
| | - Benoît Hédan
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS-URM6290, Université Rennes1, Rennes, France
| | - Céline Le Béguec
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS-URM6290, Université Rennes1, Rennes, France
| | - Nadine Botherel
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS-URM6290, Université Rennes1, Rennes, France
| | - Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jimmy H Saunders
- Department of Medical Imaging and Orthopedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dieter Deforce
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Catherine André
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS-URM6290, Université Rennes1, Rennes, France
| | - Luc Peelman
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Christophe Hitte
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS-URM6290, Université Rennes1, Rennes, France.
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13
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Ulvé R, Rault M, Bahin M, Lagoutte L, Abadie J, De Brito C, Coindre JM, Botherel N, Rousseau A, Wucher V, Cadieu E, Thieblemont C, Hitte C, Cornevin L, Cabillic F, Bachelot L, Gilot D, Hennuy B, Guillaudeux T, Le Goff A, Derrien T, Hédan B, André C. Discovery of Human-Similar Gene Fusions in Canine Cancers. Cancer Res 2017; 77:5721-5727. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wucher V, Legeai F, Hédan B, Rizk G, Lagoutte L, Leeb T, Jagannathan V, Cadieu E, David A, Lohi H, Cirera S, Fredholm M, Botherel N, Leegwater PA, Le Béguec C, Fieten H, Johnson J, Alföldi J, André C, Lindblad-Toh K, Hitte C, Derrien T. FEELnc: a tool for long non-coding RNA annotation and its application to the dog transcriptome. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:e57. [PMID: 28053114 PMCID: PMC5416892 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw1306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) has become a standard for cataloguing and monitoring RNA populations. One of the main bottlenecks, however, is to correctly identify the different classes of RNAs among the plethora of reconstructed transcripts, particularly those that will be translated (mRNAs) from the class of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Here, we present FEELnc (FlExible Extraction of LncRNAs), an alignment-free program that accurately annotates lncRNAs based on a Random Forest model trained with general features such as multi k-mer frequencies and relaxed open reading frames. Benchmarking versus five state-of-the-art tools shows that FEELnc achieves similar or better classification performance on GENCODE and NONCODE data sets. The program also provides specific modules that enable the user to fine-tune classification accuracy, to formalize the annotation of lncRNA classes and to identify lncRNAs even in the absence of a training set of non-coding RNAs. We used FEELnc on a real data set comprising 20 canine RNA-seq samples produced by the European LUPA consortium to substantially expand the canine genome annotation to include 10 374 novel lncRNAs and 58 640 mRNA transcripts. FEELnc moves beyond conventional coding potential classifiers by providing a standardized and complete solution for annotating lncRNAs and is freely available at https://github.com/tderrien/FEELnc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Wucher
- Institut Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS, UMR6290, University Rennes1, Rennes, Cedex 35043, France
| | - Fabrice Legeai
- IGEPP, BIPAA, INRA, Campus Beaulieu, Le Rheu 35653, France
- Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique, Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires, Genscale, Campus Beaulieu, Rennes 35042, France
| | - Benoît Hédan
- Institut Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS, UMR6290, University Rennes1, Rennes, Cedex 35043, France
| | - Guillaume Rizk
- Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique, Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires, Genscale, Campus Beaulieu, Rennes 35042, France
| | - Lætitia Lagoutte
- Institut Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS, UMR6290, University Rennes1, Rennes, Cedex 35043, France
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern 3001, Switzerland
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern 3001, Switzerland
| | - Edouard Cadieu
- Institut Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS, UMR6290, University Rennes1, Rennes, Cedex 35043, France
| | - Audrey David
- IGEPP, BIPAA, INRA, Campus Beaulieu, Le Rheu 35653, France
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 63, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- The Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Susanna Cirera
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1870, Denmark
| | - Merete Fredholm
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1870, Denmark
| | - Nadine Botherel
- Institut Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS, UMR6290, University Rennes1, Rennes, Cedex 35043, France
| | - Peter A.J. Leegwater
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CM, the Netherlands
| | - Céline Le Béguec
- Institut Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS, UMR6290, University Rennes1, Rennes, Cedex 35043, France
| | - Hille Fieten
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CM, the Netherlands
| | - Jeremy Johnson
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jessica Alföldi
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Catherine André
- Institut Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS, UMR6290, University Rennes1, Rennes, Cedex 35043, France
| | - Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 23, Sweden
| | - Christophe Hitte
- Institut Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS, UMR6290, University Rennes1, Rennes, Cedex 35043, France
| | - Thomas Derrien
- Institut Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS, UMR6290, University Rennes1, Rennes, Cedex 35043, France
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Gillard M, Cadieu E, De Brito C, Abadie J, Vergier B, Devauchelle P, Degorce F, Dréano S, Primot A, Dorso L, Lagadic M, Galibert F, Hédan B, Galibert MD, André C. Naturally occurring melanomas in dogs as models for non-UV pathways of human melanomas. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 27:90-102. [PMID: 24112648 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneously occurring melanomas are frequent in dogs. They appear at the same localizations as in humans, i.e. skin, mucosal sites, nail matrix and eyes. They display variable behaviors: tumors at oral localizations are more frequent and aggressive than at other anatomical sites. Interestingly, dog melanomas are associated with strong breed predispositions and overrepresentation of black-coated dogs. Epidemiological analysis of 2350 affected dogs showed that poodles are at high risk of developing oral melanoma, while schnauzers or Beauce shepherds mostly developped cutaneous melanoma. Clinical and histopathological analyses were performed on a cohort of 153 cases with a 4-yr follow-up. Histopathological characterization showed that most canine tumors are intradermal and homologous to human rare morphological melanomas types - 'nevocytoid type' and 'animal type'-. Tumor cDNA sequencing data, obtained from 95 dogs for six genes, relevant to human melanoma classification, detected somatic mutations in oral melanoma, in NRAS and PTEN genes, at human hotspot sites, but not in BRAF. Altogether, these findings support the relevance of the dog model for comparative oncology of melanomas, especially for the elucidation of non-UV induced pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Gillard
- CNRS, UMR 6290, Institut Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Rennes, France; Faculté de Médecine, SFR Biosit, Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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16
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Shearin AL, Hedan B, Cadieu E, Erich SA, Schmidt EV, Faden DL, Cullen J, Abadie J, Kwon EM, Gröne A, Devauchelle P, Rimbault M, Karyadi DM, Lynch M, Galibert F, Breen M, Rutteman GR, André C, Parker HG, Ostrander EA. The MTAP-CDKN2A locus confers susceptibility to a naturally occurring canine cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012; 21:1019-27. [PMID: 22623710 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-0190-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advantages offered by canine population substructure, combined with clinical presentations similar to human disorders, makes the dog an attractive system for studies of cancer genetics. Cancers that have been difficult to study in human families or populations are of particular interest. Histiocytic sarcoma is a rare and poorly understood neoplasm in humans that occurs in 15% to 25% of Bernese Mountain Dogs (BMD). METHODS Genomic DNA was collected from affected and unaffected BMD in North America and Europe. Both independent and combined genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were used to identify cancer-associated loci. Fine mapping and sequencing narrowed the primary locus to a single gene region. RESULTS Both populations shared the same primary locus, which features a single haplotype spanning MTAP and part of CDKN2A and is present in 96% of affected BMD. The haplotype is within the region homologous to human chromosome 9p21, which has been implicated in several types of cancer. CONCLUSIONS We present the first GWAS for histiocytic sarcoma in any species. The data identify an associated haplotype in the highly cited tumor suppressor locus near CDKN2A. These data show the power of studying distinctive malignancies in highly predisposed dog breeds. IMPACT Here, we establish a naturally occurring model of cancer susceptibility due to CDKN2 dysregulation, thus providing insight about this cancer-associated, complex, and poorly understood genomic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail L Shearin
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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17
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Parker HG, Chase K, Cadieu E, Lark KG, Ostrander EA. An insertion in the RSPO2 gene correlates with improper coat in the Portuguese water dog. J Hered 2010; 101:612-7. [PMID: 20562213 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esq068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently showed that genes at 3 loci account for the majority of variation in canine fur. Allelic variation at genes controlling length of fur, texture, and curl is responsible for the striking phenotypic variety observed among purebred dogs in the United States today. In this paper, we investigate the phenomenon of "improper coat" (IC) or a coat that is not typical of the breed. IC is occasionally observed among specific breeds, such as the Portuguese Water Dog (PWD), and is characterized by short hair on the head, face, and lower legs, rather than a thick and even coat covering the whole body. The IC is reminiscent of that observed on the curly or flat-coated retriever, thus making such dogs unable to compete effectively in conformation events. We have found that the presence of the wild-type allele, rather than the expected variant allele at the R-spondin 2 (RSPO2) gene, accounts for this phenotype. The development of a genetic test that distinguishes these 2 allelic types would allow breeders to easily avoid producing PWD with ICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi G Parker
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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18
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Cadieu E, Neff MW, Quignon P, Walsh K, Chase K, Parker HG, Vonholdt BM, Rhue A, Boyko A, Byers A, Wong A, Mosher DS, Elkahloun AG, Spady TC, André C, Lark KG, Cargill M, Bustamante CD, Wayne RK, Ostrander EA. Coat variation in the domestic dog is governed by variants in three genes. Science 2009; 326:150-3. [PMID: 19713490 DOI: 10.1126/science.1177808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Coat color and type are essential characteristics of domestic dog breeds. Although the genetic basis of coat color has been well characterized, relatively little is known about the genes influencing coat growth pattern, length, and curl. We performed genome-wide association studies of more than 1000 dogs from 80 domestic breeds to identify genes associated with canine fur phenotypes. Taking advantage of both inter- and intrabreed variability, we identified distinct mutations in three genes, RSPO2, FGF5, and KRT71 (encoding R-spondin-2, fibroblast growth factor-5, and keratin-71, respectively), that together account for most coat phenotypes in purebred dogs in the United States. Thus, an array of varied and seemingly complex phenotypes can be reduced to the combinatorial effects of only a few genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Cadieu
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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19
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Abadie J, Hédan B, Cadieu E, De Brito C, Devauchelle P, Bourgain C, Parker HG, Vaysse A, Margaritte-Jeannin P, Galibert F, Ostrander EA, André C. Epidemiology, pathology, and genetics of histiocytic sarcoma in the Bernese mountain dog breed. J Hered 2009; 100 Suppl 1:S19-27. [PMID: 19531730 PMCID: PMC3139364 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esp039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) refers to a highly aggressive and frequently disseminated neoplastic disease belonging to the class of canine histiocytic proliferative disorders. Disseminated HS (previously called malignant histiocytosis) is highly breed specific, with Bernese mountain dogs (BMDs), rottweilers, and retrievers having a high prevalence with a frequency of approximately 25% in the BMD breed. We collected DNA samples and clinical information from 800 BMDs, of which 200 are affected by HS. To better characterize the physiopathology and epidemiology, an in-depth analysis of 89 BMD cases has been performed. The mean age of onset was 6.5 years, males and females being equally affected. The clinical features, biochemical parameters, and pathological features have been determined. The life span after diagnosis has been estimated to be 49 days. A large BMD pedigree of 327 dogs, 121 of which are affected, was assembled. Using a subset of 160 BMDs, encompassing 21 complete sibships, we now propose an oligogenic transmission mode of the disease. Whole-genome linkage scans as well as association studies using a case/control analysis, in parallel with expression profiling of neoplastic versus normal histiocytes, are all underway. Altogether, these complementary approaches are expected to localize the genes for HS in the BMD, leading to advances in our knowledge of histiocyte diseases in dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Abadie
- Unité d'Anatomie pathologique, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes, BP40706, 44307 Nantes cedex 3, France
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20
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Senger F, Cadieu E, Evanno G, Hitte C, Berkova N, Priat C, André C, Galibert F. Construction and characterization of a high-resolution, 9000-rad canine radiation hybrid panel. Anim Genet 2006; 37:527. [PMID: 16978193 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2006.01513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Senger
- CNRS UMR6061 Génétique et Développement, Université de Rennes 1, IFR140, 2 Av du Pr Léon Bernard, CS 34317, 35043 Rennes, France
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21
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Hitte C, Madeoy J, Kirkness EF, Priat C, Lorentzen TD, Senger F, Thomas D, Derrien T, Ramirez C, Scott C, Evanno G, Pullar B, Cadieu E, Oza V, Lourgant K, Jaffe DB, Tacher S, Dréano S, Berkova N, André C, Deloukas P, Fraser C, Lindblad-Toh K, Ostrander EA, Galibert F. Facilitating genome navigation: survey sequencing and dense radiation-hybrid gene mapping. Nat Rev Genet 2005; 6:643-8. [PMID: 16012527 DOI: 10.1038/nrg1658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Accurate and comprehensive sequence coverage for large genomes has been restricted to only a few species of specific interest. Lower sequence coverage (survey sequencing) of related species can yield a wealth of information about gene content and putative regulatory elements. But survey sequences lack long-range continuity and provide only a fragmented view of a genome. Here we show the usefulness of combining survey sequencing with dense radiation-hybrid (RH) maps for extracting maximum comparative genome information from model organisms. Based on results from the canine system, we propose that from now on all low-pass sequencing projects should be accompanied by a dense, gene-based RH map-construction effort to extract maximum information from the genome with a marginal extra cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Hitte
- CNRS, UMR 6061, Génétique et développement, Faculte de Médecine, Rennes, France
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22
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Horák P, Knoll A, André C, Cadieu E, Dvorák J. Polymorphism analysis and RH mapping of the canine Usher syndrome 1G (USH1G) gene to CFA9. Anim Genet 2005; 36:270-1. [PMID: 15932419 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2005.01278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Horák
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry Brno, Zemedelská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Sander P, Drögemüller C, Cadieu E, André C, Leeb T. Analysis of the canine EDAR gene and exclusion as a candidate for the hairless phenotype in the Chinese Crested dog. Anim Genet 2005; 36:168-71. [PMID: 15771734 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2005.01242.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Sander
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg, Hannover, Germany
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24
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Breen M, Hitte C, Lorentzen TD, Thomas R, Cadieu E, Sabacan L, Scott A, Evanno G, Parker HG, Kirkness EF, Hudson R, Guyon R, Mahairas GG, Gelfenbeyn B, Fraser CM, André C, Galibert F, Ostrander EA. An integrated 4249 marker FISH/RH map of the canine genome. BMC Genomics 2004; 5:65. [PMID: 15363096 PMCID: PMC520820 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-5-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2004] [Accepted: 09/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 156 breeds of dog recognized by the American Kennel Club offer a unique opportunity to map genes important in genetic variation. Each breed features a defining constellation of morphological and behavioral traits, often generated by deliberate crossing of closely related individuals, leading to a high rate of genetic disease in many breeds. Understanding the genetic basis of both phenotypic variation and disease susceptibility in the dog provides new ways in which to dissect the genetics of human health and biology. RESULTS To facilitate both genetic mapping and cloning efforts, we have constructed an integrated canine genome map that is both dense and accurate. The resulting resource encompasses 4249 markers, and was constructed using the RHDF5000-2 whole genome radiation hybrid panel. The radiation hybrid (RH) map features a density of one marker every 900 Kb and contains 1760 bacterial artificial chromosome clones (BACs) localized to 1423 unique positions, 851 of which have also been mapped by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The two data sets show excellent concordance. Excluding the Y chromosome, the map features an RH/FISH mapped BAC every 3.5 Mb and an RH mapped BAC-end, on average, every 2 Mb. For 2233 markers, the orthologous human genes have been established, allowing the identification of 79 conserved segments (CS) between the dog and human genomes, dramatically extending the length of most previously described CS. CONCLUSIONS These results provide a necessary resource for the canine genome mapping community to undertake positional cloning experiments and provide new insights into the comparative canine-human genome maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Breen
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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Quignon P, Kirkness E, Cadieu E, Touleimat N, Guyon R, Renier C, Hitte C, André C, Fraser C, Galibert F. Comparison of the canine and human olfactory receptor gene repertoires. Genome Biol 2003; 4:R80. [PMID: 14659017 PMCID: PMC329419 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2003-4-12-r80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2003] [Revised: 10/01/2003] [Accepted: 11/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, 817 novel canine olfactory receptor (OR) sequences were identified, and 640 have been characterized. Of the 661 characterized OR sequences, representing half of the canine repertoire, 18% are predicted to be pseudogenes, compared with 63% in human and 20% in mouse. Background Olfactory receptors (ORs), the first dedicated molecules with which odorants physically interact to arouse an olfactory sensation, constitute the largest gene family in vertebrates, including around 900 genes in human and 1,500 in the mouse. Whereas dogs, like many other mammals, have a much keener olfactory potential than humans, only 21 canine OR genes have been described to date. Results In this study, 817 novel canine OR sequences were identified, and 640 have been characterized. Of the 661 characterized OR sequences, representing half of the canine repertoire, 18% are predicted to be pseudogenes, compared with 63% in human and 20% in mouse. Phylogenetic analysis of 403 canine OR sequences identified 51 families, and radiation-hybrid mapping of 562 showed that they are distributed on 24 dog chromosomes, in 37 distinct regions. Most of these regions constitute clusters of 2 to 124 closely linked genes. The two largest clusters (124 and 109 OR genes) are located on canine chromosomes 18 and 21. They are orthologous to human clusters located on human chromosomes 11q11-q13 and HSA11p15, containing 174 and 115 ORs respectively. Conclusions This study shows a strongly conserved genomic distribution of OR genes between dog and human, suggesting that OR genes evolved from a common mammalian ancestral repertoire by successive duplications. In addition, the dog repertoire appears to have expanded relative to that of humans, leading to the emergence of specific canine OR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Quignon
- UMR 6061 CNRS Génétique et Développement, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Ewen Kirkness
- The Institute for Genomic Research, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Edouard Cadieu
- UMR 6061 CNRS Génétique et Développement, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Nizar Touleimat
- UMR 6061 CNRS Génétique et Développement, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Richard Guyon
- UMR 6061 CNRS Génétique et Développement, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Corinne Renier
- UMR 6061 CNRS Génétique et Développement, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
- Current address: Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Narcolepsy, 701B Welch Road, Palo Alto, CA 94305-5742, USA
| | - Christophe Hitte
- UMR 6061 CNRS Génétique et Développement, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Catherine André
- UMR 6061 CNRS Génétique et Développement, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Claire Fraser
- The Institute for Genomic Research, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Francis Galibert
- UMR 6061 CNRS Génétique et Développement, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
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26
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Guyon R, Lorentzen TD, Hitte C, Kim L, Cadieu E, Parker HG, Quignon P, Lowe JK, Renier C, Gelfenbeyn B, Vignaux F, DeFrance HB, Gloux S, Mahairas GG, André C, Galibert F, Ostrander EA. A 1-Mb resolution radiation hybrid map of the canine genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:5296-301. [PMID: 12700351 PMCID: PMC154339 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0831002100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2002] [Accepted: 02/19/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purebred dog population consists of >300 partially inbred genetic isolates or breeds. Restriction of gene flow between breeds, together with strong selection for traits, has led to the establishment of a unique resource for dissecting the genetic basis of simple and complex mammalian traits. Toward this end, we present a comprehensive radiation hybrid map of the canine genome composed of 3,270 markers including 1,596 microsatellite-based markers, 900 cloned gene sequences and ESTs, 668 canine-specific bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) ends, and 106 sequence-tagged sites. The map was constructed by using the RHDF5000-2 whole-genome radiation hybrid panel and computed by using MULTIMAP and TSP/CONCORDE. The 3,270 markers map to 3,021 unique positions and define an average intermarker distance corresponding to 1 Mb. We also define a minimal screening set of 325 highly informative well spaced markers, to be used in the initiation of genome-wide scans. The well defined synteny between the dog and human genomes, established in part as a function of this work by the identification of 85 conserved fragments, will allow follow-up of initial findings of linkage by selection of candidate genes from the human genome sequence. This work continues to define the canine system as the method of choice in the pursuit of the genes causing mammalian variation and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Guyon
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 6061, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Génétique et Développement, Faculté de Médecine, 35043 Rennes Cédex, France
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Wood V, Gwilliam R, Rajandream MA, Lyne M, Lyne R, Stewart A, Sgouros J, Peat N, Hayles J, Baker S, Basham D, Bowman S, Brooks K, Brown D, Brown S, Chillingworth T, Churcher C, Collins M, Connor R, Cronin A, Davis P, Feltwell T, Fraser A, Gentles S, Goble A, Hamlin N, Harris D, Hidalgo J, Hodgson G, Holroyd S, Hornsby T, Howarth S, Huckle EJ, Hunt S, Jagels K, James K, Jones L, Jones M, Leather S, McDonald S, McLean J, Mooney P, Moule S, Mungall K, Murphy L, Niblett D, Odell C, Oliver K, O'Neil S, Pearson D, Quail MA, Rabbinowitsch E, Rutherford K, Rutter S, Saunders D, Seeger K, Sharp S, Skelton J, Simmonds M, Squares R, Squares S, Stevens K, Taylor K, Taylor RG, Tivey A, Walsh S, Warren T, Whitehead S, Woodward J, Volckaert G, Aert R, Robben J, Grymonprez B, Weltjens I, Vanstreels E, Rieger M, Schäfer M, Müller-Auer S, Gabel C, Fuchs M, Düsterhöft A, Fritzc C, Holzer E, Moestl D, Hilbert H, Borzym K, Langer I, Beck A, Lehrach H, Reinhardt R, Pohl TM, Eger P, Zimmermann W, Wedler H, Wambutt R, Purnelle B, Goffeau A, Cadieu E, Dréano S, Gloux S, Lelaure V, Mottier S, Galibert F, Aves SJ, Xiang Z, Hunt C, Moore K, Hurst SM, Lucas M, Rochet M, Gaillardin C, Tallada VA, Garzon A, Thode G, Daga RR, Cruzado L, Jimenez J, Sánchez M, del Rey F, Benito J, Domínguez A, Revuelta JL, Moreno S, Armstrong J, Forsburg SL, Cerutti L, Lowe T, McCombie WR, Paulsen I, Potashkin J, Shpakovski GV, Ussery D, Barrell BG, Nurse P. Erratum: corrigendum: The genome sequence of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Nature 2003. [DOI: 10.1038/nature01203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hitte C, Lorentzen TD, Guyon R, Kim L, Cadieu E, Parker HG, Quignon P, Lowe JK, Gelfenbeyn B, Andre C, Ostrander EA, Galibert F. Comparison of MultiMap and TSP/CONCORDE for constructing radiation hybrid maps. J Hered 2003; 94:9-13. [PMID: 12692156 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esg012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation hybrid (RH) map construction allows investigators to locate both type I and type II markers on a given genome map. The process is composed of two steps. The first consists of determining the pattern distribution of a set of markers within the different cell lines of an RH panel. This is mainly done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and gel electrophoresis, and results in a series of numbers indicating the presence or the absence of each marker in each cell line. The second step consists of a comparison of these numbers, using various algorithms, to group and then order markers. Because different algorithms may provide (slightly) different orders, we have compared the merits of the MultiMap and TSP/CONCORDE packages using a data set of information currently under analysis for construction of the canine genome RH map.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hitte
- UMR6061, CNRS, Université de Rennes1, 2 av. Pr. Léon Bernard 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
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29
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Wood V, Gwilliam R, Rajandream MA, Lyne M, Lyne R, Stewart A, Sgouros J, Peat N, Hayles J, Baker S, Basham D, Bowman S, Brooks K, Brown D, Brown S, Chillingworth T, Churcher C, Collins M, Connor R, Cronin A, Davis P, Feltwell T, Fraser A, Gentles S, Goble A, Hamlin N, Harris D, Hidalgo J, Hodgson G, Holroyd S, Hornsby T, Howarth S, Huckle EJ, Hunt S, Jagels K, James K, Jones L, Jones M, Leather S, McDonald S, McLean J, Mooney P, Moule S, Mungall K, Murphy L, Niblett D, Odell C, Oliver K, O'Neil S, Pearson D, Quail MA, Rabbinowitsch E, Rutherford K, Rutter S, Saunders D, Seeger K, Sharp S, Skelton J, Simmonds M, Squares R, Squares S, Stevens K, Taylor K, Taylor RG, Tivey A, Walsh S, Warren T, Whitehead S, Woodward J, Volckaert G, Aert R, Robben J, Grymonprez B, Weltjens I, Vanstreels E, Rieger M, Schäfer M, Müller-Auer S, Gabel C, Fuchs M, Düsterhöft A, Fritzc C, Holzer E, Moestl D, Hilbert H, Borzym K, Langer I, Beck A, Lehrach H, Reinhardt R, Pohl TM, Eger P, Zimmermann W, Wedler H, Wambutt R, Purnelle B, Goffeau A, Cadieu E, Dréano S, Gloux S, Lelaure V, Mottier S, Galibert F, Aves SJ, Xiang Z, Hunt C, Moore K, Hurst SM, Lucas M, Rochet M, Gaillardin C, Tallada VA, Garzon A, Thode G, Daga RR, Cruzado L, Jimenez J, Sánchez M, del Rey F, Benito J, Domínguez A, Revuelta JL, Moreno S, Armstrong J, Forsburg SL, Cerutti L, Lowe T, McCombie WR, Paulsen I, Potashkin J, Shpakovski GV, Ussery D, Barrell BG, Nurse P, Cerrutti L. The genome sequence of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Nature 2002; 415:871-80. [PMID: 11859360 DOI: 10.1038/nature724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1118] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have sequenced and annotated the genome of fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe), which contains the smallest number of protein-coding genes yet recorded for a eukaryote: 4,824. The centromeres are between 35 and 110 kilobases (kb) and contain related repeats including a highly conserved 1.8-kb element. Regions upstream of genes are longer than in budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), possibly reflecting more-extended control regions. Some 43% of the genes contain introns, of which there are 4,730. Fifty genes have significant similarity with human disease genes; half of these are cancer related. We identify highly conserved genes important for eukaryotic cell organization including those required for the cytoskeleton, compartmentation, cell-cycle control, proteolysis, protein phosphorylation and RNA splicing. These genes may have originated with the appearance of eukaryotic life. Few similarly conserved genes that are important for multicellular organization were identified, suggesting that the transition from prokaryotes to eukaryotes required more new genes than did the transition from unicellular to multicellular organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Wood
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
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Peter A, Schöttler P, Werner M, Beinert N, Dowe G, Burkert P, Mourkioti F, Dentzer L, He Y, Deak P, Benos PV, Gatt MK, Murphy L, Harris D, Barrell B, Ferraz C, Vidal S, Brun C, Demaille J, Cadieu E, Dreano S, Gloux S, Lelaure V, Mottier S, Galibert F, Borkova D, Miñana B, Kafatos FC, Bolshakov S, Sidén-Kiamos I, Papagiannakis G, Spanos L, Louis C, Madueño E, de Pablos B, Modolell J, Bucheton A, Callister D, Campbell L, Henderson NS, McMillan PJ, Salles C, Tait E, Valenti P, Saunders RD, Billaud A, Pachter L, Klapper R, Janning W, Glover DM, Ashburner M, Bellen HJ, Jäckle H, Schäfer U. Mapping and identification of essential gene functions on the X chromosome of Drosophila. EMBO Rep 2002; 3:34-8. [PMID: 11751581 PMCID: PMC1083931 DOI: 10.1093/embo-reports/kvf012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila melanogaster genome consists of four chromosomes that contain 165 Mb of DNA, 120 Mb of which are euchromatic. The two Drosophila Genome Projects, in collaboration with Celera Genomics Systems, have sequenced the genome, complementing the previously established physical and genetic maps. In addition, the Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project has undertaken large-scale functional analysis based on mutagenesis by transposable P element insertions into autosomes. Here, we present a large-scale P element insertion screen for vital gene functions and a BAC tiling map for the X chromosome. A collection of 501 X-chromosomal P element insertion lines was used to map essential genes cytogenetically and to establish short sequence tags (STSs) linking the insertion sites to the genome. The distribution of the P element integration sites, the identified genes and transcription units as well as the expression patterns of the P-element-tagged enhancers is described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuchun He
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter Deak
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Panayiotis V. Benos
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Melanie K. Gatt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lee Murphy
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Harris
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bart Barrell
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepcion Ferraz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sophie Vidal
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christine Brun
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacques Demaille
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Edouard Cadieu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephane Dreano
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Stéphanie Gloux
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Valerie Lelaure
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephanie Mottier
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francis Galibert
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dana Borkova
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Belen Miñana
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fotis C. Kafatos
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Slava Bolshakov
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inga Sidén-Kiamos
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - George Papagiannakis
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lefteris Spanos
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christos Louis
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Encarnación Madueño
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz de Pablos
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Modolell
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alain Bucheton
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Debbie Callister
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorna Campbell
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadine S. Henderson
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul J. McMillan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cathy Salles
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Evelyn Tait
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Phillipe Valenti
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert D.C. Saunders
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alain Billaud
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lior Pachter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert Klapper
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Wilfried Janning
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David M. Glover
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael Ashburner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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31
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Capela D, Barloy-Hubler F, Gouzy J, Bothe G, Ampe F, Batut J, Boistard P, Becker A, Boutry M, Cadieu E, Dréano S, Gloux S, Godrie T, Goffeau A, Kahn D, Kiss E, Lelaure V, Masuy D, Pohl T, Portetelle D, Pühler A, Purnelle B, Ramsperger U, Renard C, Thébault P, Vandenbol M, Weidner S, Galibert F. Analysis of the chromosome sequence of the legume symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti strain 1021. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:9877-82. [PMID: 11481430 PMCID: PMC55546 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.161294398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinorhizobium meliloti is an alpha-proteobacterium that forms agronomically important N(2)-fixing root nodules in legumes. We report here the complete sequence of the largest constituent of its genome, a 62.7% GC-rich 3,654,135-bp circular chromosome. Annotation allowed assignment of a function to 59% of the 3,341 predicted protein-coding ORFs, the rest exhibiting partial, weak, or no similarity with any known sequence. Unexpectedly, the level of reiteration within this replicon is low, with only two genes duplicated with more than 90% nucleotide sequence identity, transposon elements accounting for 2.2% of the sequence, and a few hundred short repeated palindromic motifs (RIME1, RIME2, and C) widespread over the chromosome. Three regions with a significantly lower GC content are most likely of external origin. Detailed annotation revealed that this replicon contains all housekeeping genes except two essential genes that are located on pSymB. Amino acid/peptide transport and degradation and sugar metabolism appear as two major features of the S. meliloti chromosome. The presence in this replicon of a large number of nucleotide cyclases with a peculiar structure, as well as of genes homologous to virulence determinants of animal and plant pathogens, opens perspectives in the study of this bacterium both as a free-living soil microorganism and as a plant symbiont.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Capela
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire des Relations Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 215 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Castanet Tolosan Cedex, France
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32
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Galibert F, Finan TM, Long SR, Puhler A, Abola P, Ampe F, Barloy-Hubler F, Barnett MJ, Becker A, Boistard P, Bothe G, Boutry M, Bowser L, Buhrmester J, Cadieu E, Capela D, Chain P, Cowie A, Davis RW, Dreano S, Federspiel NA, Fisher RF, Gloux S, Godrie T, Goffeau A, Golding B, Gouzy J, Gurjal M, Hernandez-Lucas I, Hong A, Huizar L, Hyman RW, Jones T, Kahn D, Kahn ML, Kalman S, Keating DH, Kiss E, Komp C, Lelaure V, Masuy D, Palm C, Peck MC, Pohl TM, Portetelle D, Purnelle B, Ramsperger U, Surzycki R, Thebault P, Vandenbol M, Vorholter FJ, Weidner S, Wells DH, Wong K, Yeh KC, Batut J. The composite genome of the legume symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti. Science 2001; 293:668-72. [PMID: 11474104 DOI: 10.1126/science.1060966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 835] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The scarcity of usable nitrogen frequently limits plant growth. A tight metabolic association with rhizobial bacteria allows legumes to obtain nitrogen compounds by bacterial reduction of dinitrogen (N2) to ammonium (NH4+). We present here the annotated DNA sequence of the alpha-proteobacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti, the symbiont of alfalfa. The tripartite 6.7-megabase (Mb) genome comprises a 3.65-Mb chromosome, and 1.35-Mb pSymA and 1.68-Mb pSymB megaplasmids. Genome sequence analysis indicates that all three elements contribute, in varying degrees, to symbiosis and reveals how this genome may have emerged during evolution. The genome sequence will be useful in understanding the dynamics of interkingdom associations and of life in soil environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Galibert
- UMR6061-CNRS, Laboratoire de Génétique et Développement, Faculté de Médecine, 2 avenue du Pr. Léon Bernard, F-35043 Rennes cedex, France
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Benos PV, Gatt MK, Murphy L, Harris D, Barrell B, Ferraz C, Vidal S, Brun C, Demaille J, Cadieu E, Dreano S, Gloux S, Lelaure V, Mottier S, Galibert F, Borkova D, Miñana B, Kafatos FC, Bolshakov S, Sidén-Kiamos I, Papagiannakis G, Spanos L, Louis C, Madueño E, de Pablos B, Modolell J, Peter A, Schöttler P, Werner M, Mourkioti F, Beinert N, Dowe G, Schäfer U, Jäckle H, Bucheton A, Callister D, Campbell L, Henderson NS, McMillan PJ, Salles C, Tait E, Valenti P, Saunders RD, Billaud A, Pachter L, Glover DM, Ashburner M. From first base: the sequence of the tip of the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster, a comparison of two sequencing strategies. Genome Res 2001; 11:710-30. [PMID: 11337470 PMCID: PMC311117 DOI: 10.1101/gr.173801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We present the sequence of a contiguous 2.63 Mb of DNA extending from the tip of the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. Within this sequence, we predict 277 protein coding genes, of which 94 had been sequenced already in the course of studying the biology of their gene products, and examples of 12 different transposable elements. We show that an interval between bands 3A2 and 3C2, believed in the 1970s to show a correlation between the number of bands on the polytene chromosomes and the 20 genes identified by conventional genetics, is predicted to contain 45 genes from its DNA sequence. We have determined the insertion sites of P-elements from 111 mutant lines, about half of which are in a position likely to affect the expression of novel predicted genes, thus representing a resource for subsequent functional genomic analysis. We compare the European Drosophila Genome Project sequence with the corresponding part of the independently assembled and annotated Joint Sequence determined through "shotgun" sequencing. Discounting differences in the distribution of known transposable elements between the strains sequenced in the two projects, we detected three major sequence differences, two of which are probably explained by errors in assembly; the origin of the third major difference is unclear. In addition there are eight sequence gaps within the Joint Sequence. At least six of these eight gaps are likely to be sites of transposable elements; the other two are complex. Of the 275 genes in common to both projects, 60% are identical within 1% of their predicted amino-acid sequence and 31% show minor differences such as in choice of translation initiation or termination codons; the remaining 9% show major differences in interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayiotis V. Benos
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Melanie K. Gatt
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Lee Murphy
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - David Harris
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Bart Barrell
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Concepcion Ferraz
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Sophie Vidal
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Christine Brun
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Jacques Demaille
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Edouard Cadieu
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Stephane Dreano
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Stéphanie Gloux
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Valerie Lelaure
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Stephanie Mottier
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Francis Galibert
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Dana Borkova
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Belen Miñana
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Fotis C. Kafatos
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Slava Bolshakov
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Inga Sidén-Kiamos
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - George Papagiannakis
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Lefteris Spanos
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Christos Louis
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Encarnación Madueño
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Beatriz de Pablos
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Juan Modolell
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Annette Peter
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Petra Schöttler
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Meike Werner
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Fotini Mourkioti
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Nicole Beinert
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Gordon Dowe
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Ulrich Schäfer
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Herbert Jäckle
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Alain Bucheton
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Debbie Callister
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Lorna Campbell
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Nadine S. Henderson
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Paul J. McMillan
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Cathy Salles
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Evelyn Tait
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Phillipe Valenti
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Robert D.C. Saunders
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Alain Billaud
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Lior Pachter
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - David M. Glover
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Michael Ashburner
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
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34
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Benos PV, Gatt MK, Ashburner M, Murphy L, Harris D, Barrell B, Ferraz C, Vidal S, Brun C, Demailles J, Cadieu E, Dreano S, Gloux S, Lelaure V, Mottier S, Galibert F, Borkova D, Minana B, Kafatos FC, Louis C, Sidén-Kiamos I, Bolshakov S, Papagiannakis G, Spanos L, Cox S, Madueño E, de Pablos B, Modolell J, Peter A, Schöttler P, Werner M, Mourkioti F, Beinert N, Dowe G, Schäfer U, Jäckle H, Bucheton A, Callister DM, Campbell LA, Darlamitsou A, Henderson NS, McMillan PJ, Salles C, Tait EA, Valenti P, Saunder RD, Glover DM. From sequence to chromosome: the tip of the X chromosome of D. melanogaster. Science 2000; 287:2220-2. [PMID: 10731137 DOI: 10.1126/science.287.5461.2220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
One of the rewards of having a Drosophila melanogaster whole-genome sequence will be the potential to understand the molecular bases for structural features of chromosomes that have been a long-standing puzzle. Analysis of 2.6 megabases of sequence from the tip of the X chromosome of Drosophila identifies 273 genes. Cloned DNAs from the characteristic bulbous structure at the tip of the X chromosome in the region of the broad complex display an unusual pattern of in situ hybridization. Sequence analysis revealed that this region comprises 154 kilobases of DNA flanked by 1.2-kilobases of inverted repeats, each composed of a 350-base pair satellite related element. Thus, some aspects of chromosome structure appear to be revealed directly within the DNA sequence itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Benos
- The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton Hall, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
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35
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Adams MD, Celniker SE, Holt RA, Evans CA, Gocayne JD, Amanatides PG, Scherer SE, Li PW, Hoskins RA, Galle RF, George RA, Lewis SE, Richards S, Ashburner M, Henderson SN, Sutton GG, Wortman JR, Yandell MD, Zhang Q, Chen LX, Brandon RC, Rogers YH, Blazej RG, Champe M, Pfeiffer BD, Wan KH, Doyle C, Baxter EG, Helt G, Nelson CR, Gabor GL, Abril JF, Agbayani A, An HJ, Andrews-Pfannkoch C, Baldwin D, Ballew RM, Basu A, Baxendale J, Bayraktaroglu L, Beasley EM, Beeson KY, Benos PV, Berman BP, Bhandari D, Bolshakov S, Borkova D, Botchan MR, Bouck J, Brokstein P, Brottier P, Burtis KC, Busam DA, Butler H, Cadieu E, Center A, Chandra I, Cherry JM, Cawley S, Dahlke C, Davenport LB, Davies P, de Pablos B, Delcher A, Deng Z, Mays AD, Dew I, Dietz SM, Dodson K, Doup LE, Downes M, Dugan-Rocha S, Dunkov BC, Dunn P, Durbin KJ, Evangelista CC, Ferraz C, Ferriera S, Fleischmann W, Fosler C, Gabrielian AE, Garg NS, Gelbart WM, Glasser K, Glodek A, Gong F, Gorrell JH, Gu Z, Guan P, Harris M, Harris NL, Harvey D, Heiman TJ, Hernandez JR, Houck J, Hostin D, Houston KA, Howland TJ, Wei MH, Ibegwam C, Jalali M, Kalush F, Karpen GH, Ke Z, Kennison JA, Ketchum KA, Kimmel BE, Kodira CD, Kraft C, Kravitz S, Kulp D, Lai Z, Lasko P, Lei Y, Levitsky AA, Li J, Li Z, Liang Y, Lin X, Liu X, Mattei B, McIntosh TC, McLeod MP, McPherson D, Merkulov G, Milshina NV, Mobarry C, Morris J, Moshrefi A, Mount SM, Moy M, Murphy B, Murphy L, Muzny DM, Nelson DL, Nelson DR, Nelson KA, Nixon K, Nusskern DR, Pacleb JM, Palazzolo M, Pittman GS, Pan S, Pollard J, Puri V, Reese MG, Reinert K, Remington K, Saunders RD, Scheeler F, Shen H, Shue BC, Sidén-Kiamos I, Simpson M, Skupski MP, Smith T, Spier E, Spradling AC, Stapleton M, Strong R, Sun E, Svirskas R, Tector C, Turner R, Venter E, Wang AH, Wang X, Wang ZY, Wassarman DA, Weinstock GM, Weissenbach J, Williams SM, Worley KC, Wu D, Yang S, Yao QA, Ye J, Yeh RF, Zaveri JS, Zhan M, Zhang G, Zhao Q, Zheng L, Zheng XH, Zhong FN, Zhong W, Zhou X, Zhu S, Zhu X, Smith HO, Gibbs RA, Myers EW, Rubin GM, Venter JC. The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster. Science 2000; 287:2185-95. [PMID: 10731132 DOI: 10.1126/science.287.5461.2185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3976] [Impact Index Per Article: 165.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The fly Drosophila melanogaster is one of the most intensively studied organisms in biology and serves as a model system for the investigation of many developmental and cellular processes common to higher eukaryotes, including humans. We have determined the nucleotide sequence of nearly all of the approximately 120-megabase euchromatic portion of the Drosophila genome using a whole-genome shotgun sequencing strategy supported by extensive clone-based sequence and a high-quality bacterial artificial chromosome physical map. Efforts are under way to close the remaining gaps; however, the sequence is of sufficient accuracy and contiguity to be declared substantially complete and to support an initial analysis of genome structure and preliminary gene annotation and interpretation. The genome encodes approximately 13,600 genes, somewhat fewer than the smaller Caenorhabditis elegans genome, but with comparable functional diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Adams
- Celera Genomics, 45 West Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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36
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Abstract
We describe here the construction of six deletion mutants and their basic phenotypic analysis. Six open reading frames (ORFs) from chromosome X, YJR039w, YJR041c, YJR043c, YJR046w, YJR053w and YJR065c, were disrupted by deletion cassettes with long (LFH) or short (SFH) flanking regions homologous to the target locus. The LFH deletion cassette was made by introducing into the kanMX4 marker module two polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fragments several hundred base pairs (bp) in size homologous to the promoter and terminator regions of a given ORF. The SFH gene disruption construct was obtained by PCR amplification of the kanMX4 marker with primers providing homology to the target gene. The region of homology to mediate homologous recombination was about 70 bp. Sporulation and tetrad analysis revealed that ORFs YJR041c, YJR046w and YJR065c are essential genes. Complementation tests by corresponding cognate gene clones confirmed this observation. The non-growing haploid segregants were observed under the microscope. The yjr041c delta haploid cells gave rise to microcolonies comprising about 20 to 50 cells. Most yjr046w delta cells were blocked after one or two cell cycles with heterogeneous bud sizes. The yjr065c delta cells displayed an unbudded spore or were arrested before completion of the first cell division cycle with a bud of variable size. The deduced protein of ORF YJR065c, that we named Act4, belongs to the Arp3 family of actin-related proteins. Three other ORFs, YJR039w, YJR043c and YJR053w are non-essential genes. The yjr043c delta cells hardly grew at 15 degrees C, indicating that this gene is required for growth at low temperature. Complementation tests confirmed that the disruption of YJR043c is responsible for this growth defect. In addition, the mating efficiency of yjr043c delta and yjr053w delta cells appear to be moderately affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Huang
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, UPR 41 CNRS 'Recombinaisons Génétiques', Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, France
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