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Abstract
Hunger is an ancient drive, yet the molecular nature of pressures of this sort and how they modulate physiology are unknown. We find that hunger modulates aging in Drosophila. Limitation of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) or activation of hunger-promoting neurons induced a hunger state that extended life span despite increased feeding. Alteration of the neuronal histone acetylome was associated with BCAA limitation, and preventing these alterations abrogated the effect of BCAA limitation to increase feeding and extend life span. Hunger acutely increased feeding through usage of the histone variant H3.3, whereas prolonged hunger seemed to decrease a hunger set point, resulting in beneficial consequences for aging. Demonstration of the sufficiency of hunger to extend life span reveals that motivational states alone can be deterministic drivers of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Weaver
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Geriatrics Center, Biomedical Sciences and Research Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - R A Holt
- College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, Biomedical Sciences and Research Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - E Henry
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Y Lyu
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08855, USA
| | - S D Pletcher
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Geriatrics Center, Biomedical Sciences and Research Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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2
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Titmuss E, Milne K, Jones MR, Ng T, Topham JT, Brown SD, Schaeffer DF, Kalloger S, Wilson D, Corbett RD, Williamson LM, Mungall K, Mungall AJ, Holt RA, Nelson BH, Jones SJM, Laskin J, Lim HJ, Marra MA. Immune Activation following Irbesartan Treatment in a Colorectal Cancer Patient: A Case Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065869. [PMID: 36982943 PMCID: PMC10051648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancers are one of the most prevalent tumour types worldwide and, despite the emergence of targeted and biologic therapies, have among the highest mortality rates. The Personalized OncoGenomics (POG) program at BC Cancer performs whole genome and transcriptome analysis (WGTA) to identify specific alterations in an individual's cancer that may be most effectively targeted. Informed using WGTA, a patient with advanced mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancer was treated with the antihypertensive drug irbesartan and experienced a profound and durable response. We describe the subsequent relapse of this patient and potential mechanisms of response using WGTA and multiplex immunohistochemistry (m-IHC) profiling of biopsies before and after treatment from the same metastatic site of the L3 spine. We did not observe marked differences in the genomic landscape before and after treatment. Analyses revealed an increase in immune signalling and infiltrating immune cells, particularly CD8+ T cells, in the relapsed tumour. These results indicate that the observed anti-tumour response to irbesartan may have been due to an activated immune response. Determining whether there may be other cancer contexts in which irbesartan may be similarly valuable will require additional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Titmuss
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - K Milne
- Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, BC V8R 6V5, Canada
| | - M R Jones
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - T Ng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada
| | - J T Topham
- Pancreas Centre BC, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1G1, Canada
| | - S D Brown
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | | | - S Kalloger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada
| | - D Wilson
- Department of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - R D Corbett
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - L M Williamson
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - K Mungall
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - A J Mungall
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - R A Holt
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada
| | - B H Nelson
- Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, BC V8R 6V5, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada
| | - S J M Jones
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - J Laskin
- Department of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - H J Lim
- Department of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - M A Marra
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada
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3
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Branton WG, Lu JQ, Surette MG, Holt RA, Lind J, Laman JD, Power C. Brain microbiota disruption within inflammatory demyelinating lesions in multiple sclerosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37344. [PMID: 27892518 PMCID: PMC5125007 DOI: 10.1038/srep37344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities reside in healthy tissues but are often disrupted during disease. Bacterial genomes and proteins are detected in brains from humans, nonhuman primates, rodents and other species in the absence of neurological disease. We investigated the composition and abundance of microbiota in frozen and fixed autopsied brain samples from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and age- and sex-matched nonMS patients as controls, using neuropathological, molecular and bioinformatics tools. 16s rRNA sequencing revealed Proteobacteria to be the dominant phylum with restricted diversity in cerebral white matter (WM) from MS compared to nonMS patients. Both clinical groups displayed 1,200–1,400 bacterial genomes/cm3 and low bacterial rRNA:rDNA ratios in WM. RNAseq analyses showed a predominance of Proteobacteria in progressive MS patients’ WM, associated with increased inflammatory gene expression, relative to a broader range of bacterial phyla in relapsing-remitting MS patients’ WM. Although bacterial peptidoglycan (PGN) and RNA polymerase beta subunit immunoreactivities were observed in all patients, PGN immunodetection was correlated with demyelination and neuroinflammation in MS brains. Principal component analysis revealed that demyelination, PGN and inflammatory gene expression accounted for 86% of the observed variance. Thus, inflammatory demyelination is linked to an organ-specific dysbiosis in MS that could contribute to underlying disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Branton
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine &Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB Canada
| | - J Q Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine &Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB Canada
| | - M G Surette
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton ON Canada
| | - R A Holt
- Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver BC, Canada
| | - J Lind
- Department of Neurosciences, Section of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen Netherlands
| | - J D Laman
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB Canada
| | - C Power
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine &Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB Canada.,Department of Neurosciences, Section of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen Netherlands
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4
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Martin SD, Coukos G, Holt RA, Nelson BH. Targeting the undruggable: immunotherapy meets personalized oncology in the genomic era. Ann Oncol 2015; 26:2367-74. [PMID: 26371284 PMCID: PMC4658541 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to recent advances in genomic technologies, personalized oncology is poised to fundamentally alter cancer therapy. In this paradigm, the mutational and transcriptional profiles of tumors are assessed, and personalized treatments are designed based on the specific molecular abnormalities relevant to each patient's cancer. To date, such approaches have yielded impressive clinical responses in some patients. However, a major limitation of this strategy has also been revealed: the vast majority of tumor mutations are not targetable by current pharmacological approaches. Immunotherapy offers a promising alternative to exploit tumor mutations as targets for clinical intervention. Mutated proteins can give rise to novel antigens (called neoantigens) that are recognized with high specificity by patient T cells. Indeed, neoantigen-specific T cells have been shown to underlie clinical responses to many standard treatments and immunotherapeutic interventions. Moreover, studies in mouse models targeting neoantigens, and early results from clinical trials, have established proof of concept for personalized immunotherapies targeting next-generation sequencing identified neoantigens. Here, we review basic immunological principles related to T-cell recognition of neoantigens, and we examine recent studies that use genomic data to design personalized immunotherapies. We discuss the opportunities and challenges that lie ahead on the road to improving patient outcomes by incorporating immunotherapy into the paradigm of personalized oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Martin
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Michael Smith's Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - G Coukos
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne Hospital of the University of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - R A Holt
- Michael Smith's Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
| | - B H Nelson
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
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Watson CT, Steinberg KM, Graves TA, Warren RL, Malig M, Schein J, Wilson RK, Holt RA, Eichler EE, Breden F. Sequencing of the human IG light chain loci from a hydatidiform mole BAC library reveals locus-specific signatures of genetic diversity. Genes Immun 2015; 16:24-34. [PMID: 25338678 PMCID: PMC4304971 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2014.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Germline variation at immunoglobulin (IG) loci is critical for pathogen-mediated immunity, but establishing complete haplotype sequences in these regions has been problematic because of complex sequence architecture and diploid source DNA. We sequenced BAC clones from the effectively haploid human hydatidiform mole cell line, CHM1htert, across the light chain IG loci, kappa (IGK) and lambda (IGL), creating single haplotype representations of these regions. The IGL haplotype generated here is 1.25 Mb of contiguous sequence, including four novel IGLV alleles, one novel IGLC allele, and an 11.9-kb insertion. The CH17 IGK haplotype consists of two 644 kb proximal and 466 kb distal contigs separated by a large gap of unknown size; these assemblies added 49 kb of unique sequence extending into this gap. Our analysis also resulted in the characterization of seven novel IGKV alleles and a 16.7-kb region exhibiting signatures of interlocus sequence exchange between distal and proximal IGKV gene clusters. Genetic diversity in IGK/IGL was compared with that of the IG heavy chain (IGH) locus within the same haploid genome, revealing threefold (IGK) and sixfold (IGL) higher diversity in the IGH locus, potentially associated with increased levels of segmental duplication and the telomeric location of IGH.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Watson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - K M Steinberg
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
- The Genome Institute, Washington University, St Louis, MO USA
| | - T A Graves
- The Genome Institute, Washington University, St Louis, MO USA
| | - R L Warren
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
| | - M Malig
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - J Schein
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
| | - R K Wilson
- The Genome Institute, Washington University, St Louis, MO USA
| | - R A Holt
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
| | - E E Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA USA
| | - F Breden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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6
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Abstract
The formation of acetone and n-butanol by Clostridium acetobutylicum NCIB 8052 (ATCC 824) was monitored in batch culture at 35 degrees C in a glucose (2% [wt/vol]) minimal medium maintained throughout at either pH 5.0 or 7.0. At pH 5, good solvent production was obtained in the unsupplemented medium, although addition of acetate plus butyrate (10 mM each) caused solvent production to be initiated at a lower biomass concentration. At pH 7, although a purely acidogenic fermentation was maintained in the unsupplemented medium, low concentrations of acetone and n-butanol were produced when the glucose content of the medium was increased (to 4% [wt/vol]). Substantial solvent concentrations were, however, obtained at pH 7 in the 2% glucose medium supplemented with high concentrations of acetate plus butyrate (100 mM each, supplied as their potassium salts). Thus, C. acetobutylicum NCIB 8052, like C. beijerinckii VPI 13436, is able to produce solvents at neutral pH, although good yields are obtained only when adequately high concentrations of acetate and butyrate are supplied. Supplementation of the glucose minimal medium with propionate (20 mM) at pH 5 led to the production of some n-propanol as well as acetone and n-butanol; the final culture medium was virtually acid free. At pH 7, supplementation with propionate (150 mM) again led to the formation of n-propanol but also provoked production of some acetone and n-butanol, although in considerably smaller amounts than were obtained when the same basal medium had been fortified with acetate and butyrate at pH 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Holt
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, Dyfed SY23 3DA, United Kingdom
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von Schalburg KR, Leong J, Cooper GA, Robb A, Beetz-Sargent MR, Lieph R, Holt RA, Moore R, Ewart KV, Driedzic WR, ten Hallers BFH, Zhu B, de Jong PJ, Davidson WS, Koop BF. Rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) genomic library and EST resources. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2008; 10:487-491. [PMID: 18386095 PMCID: PMC2516299 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-008-9089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Genomic resources in rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) enable us to examine the genome duplication process in salmonids and test hypotheses relating to the fate of duplicated genes. They further enable us to pursue physiological and ecological studies in smelt. A bacterial artificial chromosome library containing 52,410 clones with an average insert size of 146 kb was constructed. This library represents an 11-fold average coverage of the rainbow smelt (O. mordax) genome. In addition, several complementary deoxyribonucleic acid libraries were constructed, and 36,758 sequences were obtained and combined into 12,159 transcripts. Over half of these transcripts have been identified, several of which have been associated with cold adaptation. These basic resources show high levels of similarity (86%) to salmonid genes and provide initial support for genome duplication in the salmonid ancestor. They also facilitate identification of genes important to fish and direct us toward new technologies for other studies in fish biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. R. von Schalburg
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5 Canada
| | - J. Leong
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5 Canada
| | - G. A. Cooper
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5 Canada
| | - A. Robb
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5 Canada
| | - M. R. Beetz-Sargent
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5 Canada
| | - R. Lieph
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5 Canada
| | - R. A. Holt
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6 Canada
| | - R. Moore
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6 Canada
| | - K. V. Ewart
- Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1 Canada
| | - W. R. Driedzic
- Oceans Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NF A1C 5S7 Canada
| | - B. F. H. ten Hallers
- BACPAC Resources, Children’s Hospital Oakland, 747 52nd St., Oakland, CA 94609 USA
| | - B. Zhu
- BACPAC Resources, Children’s Hospital Oakland, 747 52nd St., Oakland, CA 94609 USA
| | - P. J. de Jong
- BACPAC Resources, Children’s Hospital Oakland, 747 52nd St., Oakland, CA 94609 USA
| | - W. S. Davidson
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - B. F. Koop
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5 Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3020, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5 Canada
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Xu F, Fredette JC, Holt RA, Rogge RB, Pickard D, Tuck L. Investigation of residual stress in a bent Ti-clad Cu bus-bar by neutron diffraction and finite element modelling. J of Neutron Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10238160802449871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Xu F, Holt RA, Oliver EC, Daymond MR. Evolution of lattice strains in three dimensions during in situ compression of textured Zircaloy-2. J of Neutron Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10238160701372554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Warman AJ, Roitel O, Neeli R, Girvan HM, Seward HE, Murray SA, McLean KJ, Joyce MG, Toogood H, Holt RA, Leys D, Scrutton NS, Munro AW. Flavocytochrome P450 BM3: an update on structure and mechanism of a biotechnologically important enzyme. Biochem Soc Trans 2005; 33:747-53. [PMID: 16042591 DOI: 10.1042/bst0330747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery in the 1980s, the fatty acid hydroxylase flavocytochrome P450 (cytochrome P450) BM3 (CYP102A1) from Bacillus megaterium has been adopted as a paradigm for the understanding of structure and mechanism in the P450 superfamily of enzymes. P450 BM3 was the first P450 discovered as a fusion to its redox partner – a eukaryotic-like diflavin reductase. This fact fuelled the interest in soluble P450 BM3 as a model for the mammalian hepatic P450 enzymes, which operate a similar electron transport chain using separate, membrane-embedded P450 and reductase enzymes. Structures of each of the component domains of P450 BM3 have now been resolved and detailed protein engineering and molecular enzymology studies have established roles for several amino acids in, e.g. substrate binding, coenzyme selectivity and catalysis. The potential of P450 BM3 for biotechnological applications has also been recognized, with variants capable of industrially important transformations generated using rational mutagenesis and forced evolution techniques. This paper focuses on recent developments in our understanding of structure and mechanism of this important enzyme and highlights important problems still to be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Warman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, The Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.
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Venter JC, Adams MD, Myers EW, Li PW, Mural RJ, Sutton GG, Smith HO, Yandell M, Evans CA, Holt RA, Gocayne JD, Amanatides P, Ballew RM, Huson DH, Wortman JR, Zhang Q, Kodira CD, Zheng XH, Chen L, Skupski M, Subramanian G, Thomas PD, Zhang J, Gabor Miklos GL, Nelson C, Broder S, Clark AG, Nadeau J, McKusick VA, Zinder N, Levine AJ, Roberts RJ, Simon M, Slayman C, Hunkapiller M, Bolanos R, Delcher A, Dew I, Fasulo D, Flanigan M, Florea L, Halpern A, Hannenhalli S, Kravitz S, Levy S, Mobarry C, Reinert K, Remington K, Abu-Threideh J, Beasley E, Biddick K, Bonazzi V, Brandon R, Cargill M, Chandramouliswaran I, Charlab R, Chaturvedi K, Deng Z, Di Francesco V, Dunn P, Eilbeck K, Evangelista C, Gabrielian AE, Gan W, Ge W, Gong F, Gu Z, Guan P, Heiman TJ, Higgins ME, Ji RR, Ke Z, Ketchum KA, Lai Z, Lei Y, Li Z, Li J, Liang Y, Lin X, Lu F, Merkulov GV, Milshina N, Moore HM, Naik AK, Narayan VA, Neelam B, Nusskern D, Rusch DB, Salzberg S, Shao W, Shue B, Sun J, Wang Z, Wang A, Wang X, Wang J, Wei M, Wides R, Xiao C, Yan C, Yao A, Ye J, Zhan M, Zhang W, Zhang H, Zhao Q, Zheng L, Zhong F, Zhong W, Zhu S, Zhao S, Gilbert D, Baumhueter S, Spier G, Carter C, Cravchik A, Woodage T, Ali F, An H, Awe A, Baldwin D, Baden H, Barnstead M, Barrow I, Beeson K, Busam D, Carver A, Center A, Cheng ML, Curry L, Danaher S, Davenport L, Desilets R, Dietz S, Dodson K, Doup L, Ferriera S, Garg N, Gluecksmann A, Hart B, Haynes J, Haynes C, Heiner C, Hladun S, Hostin D, Houck J, Howland T, Ibegwam C, Johnson J, Kalush F, Kline L, Koduru S, Love A, Mann F, May D, McCawley S, McIntosh T, McMullen I, Moy M, Moy L, Murphy B, Nelson K, Pfannkoch C, Pratts E, Puri V, Qureshi H, Reardon M, Rodriguez R, Rogers YH, Romblad D, Ruhfel B, Scott R, Sitter C, Smallwood M, Stewart E, Strong R, Suh E, Thomas R, Tint NN, Tse S, Vech C, Wang G, Wetter J, Williams S, Williams M, Windsor S, Winn-Deen E, Wolfe K, Zaveri J, Zaveri K, Abril JF, Guigó R, Campbell MJ, Sjolander KV, Karlak B, Kejariwal A, Mi H, Lazareva B, Hatton T, Narechania A, Diemer K, Muruganujan A, Guo N, Sato S, Bafna V, Istrail S, Lippert R, Schwartz R, Walenz B, Yooseph S, Allen D, Basu A, Baxendale J, Blick L, Caminha M, Carnes-Stine J, Caulk P, Chiang YH, Coyne M, Dahlke C, Deslattes Mays A, Dombroski M, Donnelly M, Ely D, Esparham S, Fosler C, Gire H, Glanowski S, Glasser K, Glodek A, Gorokhov M, Graham K, Gropman B, Harris M, Heil J, Henderson S, Hoover J, Jennings D, Jordan C, Jordan J, Kasha J, Kagan L, Kraft C, Levitsky A, Lewis M, Liu X, Lopez J, Ma D, Majoros W, McDaniel J, Murphy S, Newman M, Nguyen T, Nguyen N, Nodell M, Pan S, Peck J, Peterson M, Rowe W, Sanders R, Scott J, Simpson M, Smith T, Sprague A, Stockwell T, Turner R, Venter E, Wang M, Wen M, Wu D, Wu M, Xia A, Zandieh A, Zhu X. The sequence of the human genome. Science 2001; 291:1304-51. [PMID: 11181995 DOI: 10.1126/science.1058040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7678] [Impact Index Per Article: 333.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A 2.91-billion base pair (bp) consensus sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome was generated by the whole-genome shotgun sequencing method. The 14.8-billion bp DNA sequence was generated over 9 months from 27,271,853 high-quality sequence reads (5.11-fold coverage of the genome) from both ends of plasmid clones made from the DNA of five individuals. Two assembly strategies-a whole-genome assembly and a regional chromosome assembly-were used, each combining sequence data from Celera and the publicly funded genome effort. The public data were shredded into 550-bp segments to create a 2.9-fold coverage of those genome regions that had been sequenced, without including biases inherent in the cloning and assembly procedure used by the publicly funded group. This brought the effective coverage in the assemblies to eightfold, reducing the number and size of gaps in the final assembly over what would be obtained with 5.11-fold coverage. The two assembly strategies yielded very similar results that largely agree with independent mapping data. The assemblies effectively cover the euchromatic regions of the human chromosomes. More than 90% of the genome is in scaffold assemblies of 100,000 bp or more, and 25% of the genome is in scaffolds of 10 million bp or larger. Analysis of the genome sequence revealed 26,588 protein-encoding transcripts for which there was strong corroborating evidence and an additional approximately 12,000 computationally derived genes with mouse matches or other weak supporting evidence. Although gene-dense clusters are obvious, almost half the genes are dispersed in low G+C sequence separated by large tracts of apparently noncoding sequence. Only 1.1% of the genome is spanned by exons, whereas 24% is in introns, with 75% of the genome being intergenic DNA. Duplications of segmental blocks, ranging in size up to chromosomal lengths, are abundant throughout the genome and reveal a complex evolutionary history. Comparative genomic analysis indicates vertebrate expansions of genes associated with neuronal function, with tissue-specific developmental regulation, and with the hemostasis and immune systems. DNA sequence comparisons between the consensus sequence and publicly funded genome data provided locations of 2.1 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A random pair of human haploid genomes differed at a rate of 1 bp per 1250 on average, but there was marked heterogeneity in the level of polymorphism across the genome. Less than 1% of all SNPs resulted in variation in proteins, but the task of determining which SNPs have functional consequences remains an open challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Venter
- Celera Genomics, 45 West Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
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Rosner SD, Gaily TD, Holt RA. Laser fluorescence measurement of relative electron impact cross sections for metastable states of Ar+and Xe+. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3700/9/16/006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Kohles SS, Vernino AR, Clagett JA, Yang JC, Severson S, Holt RA. A morphometric evaluation of allograft matrix combinations in the treatment of osseous defects in a baboon model. Calcif Tissue Int 2000; 67:156-62. [PMID: 10920221 DOI: 10.1007/s00223001127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent and ongoing research efforts have been made to increase the efficacy of biomaterials as structural fillers during in vivo bony reconstructions. Although the selection of the possible material choices has grown, a biomaterial that can be physically molded to the defect/void space as well as offer biomimetic tissue regeneration has yet to be made available. With the potential success of demineralized freeze-dried bone allografts (DFDBA) combined with tendonous collagen as an effective filling material, further research should help to elucidate its use. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the regenerative healing response of five allograft mixtures via the morphology of filled, periodontal defects. Critical size mandibular and maxillary osseous defects were surgically created in six adult baboons. The filling response of four combinations of DFDBA and tendon collagen was compared with an all-collagen graft after 3 months of implantation. The overall results indicate that all combinations of DFDBA and collagen provided a better fill response than the all-collagen matrix (P < 0. 05). Statistically, however, all of the combinations were similar (P > 0.05) with a 60:40 collagen to DFDBA mass ratio resulting in the largest defect fill response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Kohles
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609-2280, USA
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Adams MD, Celniker SE, Holt RA, Evans CA, Gocayne JD, Amanatides PG, Scherer SE, Li PW, Hoskins RA, Galle RF, George RA, Lewis SE, Richards S, Ashburner M, Henderson SN, Sutton GG, Wortman JR, Yandell MD, Zhang Q, Chen LX, Brandon RC, Rogers YH, Blazej RG, Champe M, Pfeiffer BD, Wan KH, Doyle C, Baxter EG, Helt G, Nelson CR, Gabor GL, Abril JF, Agbayani A, An HJ, Andrews-Pfannkoch C, Baldwin D, Ballew RM, Basu A, Baxendale J, Bayraktaroglu L, Beasley EM, Beeson KY, Benos PV, Berman BP, Bhandari D, Bolshakov S, Borkova D, Botchan MR, Bouck J, Brokstein P, Brottier P, Burtis KC, Busam DA, Butler H, Cadieu E, Center A, Chandra I, Cherry JM, Cawley S, Dahlke C, Davenport LB, Davies P, de Pablos B, Delcher A, Deng Z, Mays AD, Dew I, Dietz SM, Dodson K, Doup LE, Downes M, Dugan-Rocha S, Dunkov BC, Dunn P, Durbin KJ, Evangelista CC, Ferraz C, Ferriera S, Fleischmann W, Fosler C, Gabrielian AE, Garg NS, Gelbart WM, Glasser K, Glodek A, Gong F, Gorrell JH, Gu Z, Guan P, Harris M, Harris NL, Harvey D, Heiman TJ, Hernandez JR, Houck J, Hostin D, Houston KA, Howland TJ, Wei MH, Ibegwam C, Jalali M, Kalush F, Karpen GH, Ke Z, Kennison JA, Ketchum KA, Kimmel BE, Kodira CD, Kraft C, Kravitz S, Kulp D, Lai Z, Lasko P, Lei Y, Levitsky AA, Li J, Li Z, Liang Y, Lin X, Liu X, Mattei B, McIntosh TC, McLeod MP, McPherson D, Merkulov G, Milshina NV, Mobarry C, Morris J, Moshrefi A, Mount SM, Moy M, Murphy B, Murphy L, Muzny DM, Nelson DL, Nelson DR, Nelson KA, Nixon K, Nusskern DR, Pacleb JM, Palazzolo M, Pittman GS, Pan S, Pollard J, Puri V, Reese MG, Reinert K, Remington K, Saunders RD, Scheeler F, Shen H, Shue BC, Sidén-Kiamos I, Simpson M, Skupski MP, Smith T, Spier E, Spradling AC, Stapleton M, Strong R, Sun E, Svirskas R, Tector C, Turner R, Venter E, Wang AH, Wang X, Wang ZY, Wassarman DA, Weinstock GM, Weissenbach J, Williams SM, Worley KC, Wu D, Yang S, Yao QA, Ye J, Yeh RF, Zaveri JS, Zhan M, Zhang G, Zhao Q, Zheng L, Zheng XH, Zhong FN, Zhong W, Zhou X, Zhu S, Zhu X, Smith HO, Gibbs RA, Myers EW, Rubin GM, Venter JC. The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster. Science 2000; 287:2185-95. [PMID: 10731132 DOI: 10.1126/science.287.5461.2185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3976] [Impact Index Per Article: 165.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The fly Drosophila melanogaster is one of the most intensively studied organisms in biology and serves as a model system for the investigation of many developmental and cellular processes common to higher eukaryotes, including humans. We have determined the nucleotide sequence of nearly all of the approximately 120-megabase euchromatic portion of the Drosophila genome using a whole-genome shotgun sequencing strategy supported by extensive clone-based sequence and a high-quality bacterial artificial chromosome physical map. Efforts are under way to close the remaining gaps; however, the sequence is of sufficient accuracy and contiguity to be declared substantially complete and to support an initial analysis of genome structure and preliminary gene annotation and interpretation. The genome encodes approximately 13,600 genes, somewhat fewer than the smaller Caenorhabditis elegans genome, but with comparable functional diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Adams
- Celera Genomics, 45 West Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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Abstract
The GABA and benzodiazepine binding sites on GABA(A) receptors are allosterically coupled. The in vitro binding of 2 nM [3H]flunitrazepam to cortical and cerebellar membranes prepared from drug-naive rats was potentiated approximately 1.6-fold by 100 microM GABA. Potentiation in both regions was significantly reduced 4 or 12 but not 24 h after a single dose of 15 mg/kg diazepam. At 24 h after the last of 14 daily doses of diazepam, no differences in GABA potentiation were observed. Diazepam-induced changes in GABA(A) receptor gamma2-subunit gene transcription and alpha1-, beta2-, and gamma2-subunit steady-state mRNA levels did not appear to be temporally related to allosteric uncoupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Holt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Albany, State University of New York, USA
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Abstract
The fine and hyperfine structure of the (0, 0) band of the B2Sigma+u-X2Sigma+g system of 14N+2 has been measured using fast-ion-beam laser spectroscopy. Rotational transitions with 0 </= N" </= 35 were recorded with a linewidth of approximately 0.0064 cm-1 full-width-half-maximum, allowing complete resolution of all strong hyperfine components. The frequencies of the line centers for N" >/= 3, together with the complete rotational line profiles for N" < 5, were used to determine the spin-rotation constants and the Fermi and dipolar hyperfine constants for the B and X states. This is the first time the hyperfine constants for v" = 0 have been measured for gas-phase N+2. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- TJ Scholl
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada
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Rosner SD, Cameron R, Scholl TJ, Holt RA. A Study of the X 2Sigma+ and A 2Pi States of SiO+ Using Fast-Ion-Beam Laser Spectroscopy. J Mol Spectrosc 1998; 189:83-94. [PMID: 9571127 DOI: 10.1006/jmsp.1997.7522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We have observed for the first time the (4, 4), (4, 3), and (5, 4) bands of the B 2Sigma+-X 2Sigma+ system of SiO+ using laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy on a fast SiO+ beam. These data contain avoided crossings between the X 2Sigma+ and A 2Pi states, as well as a few extra lines belonging to the (3, 2), (4, 2), and (5, 3) bands of the B 2Sigma+-A 2Pi system. They enlarge considerably a previously measured data set consisting of almost 1400 lines of the (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 0), (2, 1), and (3, 2) bands of the B-X system and 66 lines of the (2, 0) Omega = (1/2) subband of the B 2Sigma+-A 2Pi system. The entire data set of 2378 assigned lines has been fit simultaneously to a model Hamiltonian in which many closely overlapped levels of the X and A states are handled by direct diagonalization. The newly observed avoided crossings between the X and A states allow the determination of many A-state parameters with increased precision, several for the first time, including the spin-orbit splitting. The analysis confirms our earlier reinterpretation of older photoelectron spectroscopy data and allows the accurate prediction of the frequencies of strong infrared transitions between the X and A states, which have astrophysical significance. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- SD Rosner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada
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Kopac CA, Fritz J, Holt RA. Gynecologic and reproductive services for women with developmental disabilities. Clin Excell Nurse Pract 1998; 2:88-95. [PMID: 10451269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
A two-phase study using mail-out questionnaires examined the availability and accessibility of gynecologic and reproductive services for women with developmental disabilities. First, 127 women with developmental disabilities responded to queries about the accessibility and type of available services, the providers of necessary care, and satisfaction with the services. The age range of the women was 18-80 years, with a mean age of 40 years. Of the women queried, 40% indicated that they had not received health education regarding gynecologic and reproductive needs, and 27% indicated that they disliked health education about such matters. In the second phase of the study, agencies that provide services to these women were queried about patterns of the providers, available services, and identified barriers, including financial problems, difficulty in finding a provider, family perceptions, and fear of and distaste for examinations. A surprising finding was that more than one-third of the reporting agencies indicated that questions about the identification and treatment of sexual abuse were not applicable to their agencies. The findings are discussed with an emphasis on identified barriers to care, available services, and the implications for nurse practitioner practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Kopac
- Georgetown University School of Nursing, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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Daff SN, Chapman SK, Turner KL, Holt RA, Govindaraj S, Poulos TL, Munro AW. Redox control of the catalytic cycle of flavocytochrome P-450 BM3. Biochemistry 1997; 36:13816-23. [PMID: 9374858 DOI: 10.1021/bi971085s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Flavocytochrome P-450 BM3 from Bacillus megaterium is a 119 kDa polypeptide whose heme and diflavin domains are fused to produce a catalytically self-sufficient fatty acid monooxygenase. Redox potentiometry studies have been performed with intact flavocytochrome P-450 BM3 and with its component heme, diflavin, FAD, and FMN domains. Results indicate that electron flow occurs from the NADPH donor through FAD, then FMN and on to the heme center where fatty acid substrate is bound and monooxygenation occurs. Prevention of futile cycling of electrons is avoided through an increase in redox potential of more than 100 mV caused by binding of fatty acids to the active site of P-450. Redox potentials are little altered for the component domains with respect to their values in the larger constructs, providing further evidence for the discrete domain organization of this flavocytochrome. The reduction potentials of the 4-electron reduced diflavin domain and 2-electron reduced FAD domain are considerably lower than those for the blue FAD semiquinone species observed during reductive titrations of these enzymes and that of the physiological electron donor (NADPH), indicating that the FAD hydroquinone is thermodynamically unfavorable and does not accumulate under turnover conditions. In contrast, the FMN hydroquinone is thermodynamically more favorable than the semiquinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Daff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, U.K
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Holt RA, Martin IL, Bateson AN. Chronic diazepam exposure decreases transcription of the rat GABA(A) receptor gamma2-subunit gene. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1997; 48:164-6. [PMID: 9379839 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(97)00129-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The rate of transcription of the GABA(A) receptor gamma2-subunit gene in rat cortex has been measured using the nuclear run-off transcriptional assay. Exposure of rats to diazepam (15 mg/kg/day for 14 days) caused a significant reduction in the level of nascent GABA(A) receptor gamma2-subunit transcripts. Therefore, a component of the cellular response to chronic benzodiazepine exposure includes events which take place at the level of transcription of a GABA(A) receptor gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Holt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Adhesive failure between the liner and the denture base creates an environment for potential bacterial growth and accelerated breakdown of the soft liner resulting in a deteriorating prosthesis. PURPOSE This study evaluated the effects of a specific sandblasted or lased preparation on the interfacial bonding of polymethyl methacrylate and silicone and polyethyl methacrylate resilient liners. MATERIAL AND METHODS Polymethyl methacrylate test specimens were fabricated and received one of three surface treatments: untreated (control), sandblasted (250 microns aluminum oxide particles), and lased (carbon dioxide). Polyethyl methacrylate and silicone resilient lining materials were applied to these surfaces and the peel strengths were determined with the American Society for Testing and Materials peelin-adhesion test. RESULTS Altering the polymethyl methacrylate surface by sandblasting significantly reduced the peel strengths for the polymethyl methacrylate/polyethyl methacrylate and polymethyl methacrylate/silicone specimens. Altering the polymethyl methacrylate surface by delivering carbon dioxide laser energy to form a grid pattern produced lower peel strengths that were statistically significant from the controls for the polymethyl methacrylate/polyethyl methacrylate specimens, but not so for the polymethyl methacrylate/silicone specimens. Untreated polymethyl methacrylate/polyethyl methacrylate peel strengths were significantly higher than polymethyl methacrylate/silicone. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study imply that mechanical surface preparation of denture bases before application of a resilient liner may not be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Jacobsen
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, University of Oklahoma, College of Dentistry, Oklahoma City, USA
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Bickerdike SR, Holt RA, Stephens GM. Evidence for metabolism of o-xylene by simultaneous ring and methyl group oxidation in a new soil isolate. Microbiology (Reading) 1997; 143:2321-2329. [DOI: 10.1099/00221287-143-7-2321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary: An o-xylene-utilizing Rhodococcus, strain B3, was isolated from enrichments with o-xylene. The pathway for o-xylene degradation was investigated by simultaneous adaptation experiments, studies of product formation by a mutant and fortuitous oxidation studies using trimethylbenzene isomers as substrates. Two pathways were found to operate simultaneously and both were inducible. The first pathway involved the oxidation of a methyl group to form 2-methylbenzyl alcohol, followed by oxidation via the corresponding acid to 3-methylcatechol. The second pathway involved oxidation of the aromatic ring to form a dimethylcatechol. The bulk of the evidence suggests that the initial reaction was catalysed by a monooxygenase rather than a dioxygenase, and that 2,3-dimethylphenol was produced as an intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. R. Bickerdike
- Department of Chemical Engineering, UMIST, PO Box 88, Manchester M601QD, UK
| | - R. A. Holt
- Zeneca LifeScience Molecules, PO Box 2, Billingham, Cleveland TS23 1LB, UK
| | - G. M. Stephens
- Department of Chemical Engineering, UMIST, PO Box 88, Manchester M601QD, UK
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Abstract
The effect of chronic zolpidem treatment on the steady-state levels of gamma-aminobutyric acidA alpha1-6, beta1-3 and gamma1-3 subunit mRNAs in rat cortex has been investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected once daily, for 7 or 14 days, with 15 mg/kg of zolpidem in sesame oil vehicle. The levels of the alpha4 and beta1 subunit mRNAs were significantly increased after 7 days of treatment and the level of alpha1 subunit mRNA was significantly decreased after 14 days of treatment, as determined by solution hybridization. These results are compared to the previously determined effects of an equivalent schedule of treatment with diazepam.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Holt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE This study compared the effects of a combination of a topical application of resin/NaF mixture and holmium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (HO:YAG) laser energy with untreated control sites for their resistance to acid destruction/mechanical challenges of root surfaces adjacent to restorative margins. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-eight extracted human teeth were prepared for restorations with coronal margins in enamel and the apical margins on root surfaces. Four types of restorative materials were used. One half of the restorative/root surface margins were treated with an application of nonfilled resin/fluoride mixture and holmium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser irradiation; the remaining portion served as the untreated control for each tooth. Acid (10% formic) and mechanical (air sandblaster) challenges were used to test the effects of these treated sites to their controls and to other types of restorative/root surface margins. The depth of root surface loss within 0 to 2 mm apical from the restorative margins was measured and evaluated after 24, 48, and 72 hours of acid exposures. RESULTS The measurements of tooth loss for the 24- and 48-hour acid-exposure cycles were subjected to statistical analysis (ANOVA) using a paired t test for the variables. The variables, depth of tooth surface loss for the control sites was compared with the depth of loss of the treated sites on opposing sides of each tooth. The depth of tooth surface loss for the control sites had an average mean of 0.35 (0.25) mm for the 24-hour acid exposures, with the opposing treated sides having a mean of 0.053 (0.05) mm (significant at the 0.05 level). The 48-hour acid-exposure results showed significant increased tooth loss for the control sites, but minimum additional loss on the treated sites. The control sites showed an average mean of 1.16 (0.24) mm and a mean of 0.095 (0.103) mm for the treated areas, significant at the 0.05 level. No measurements were made for the 72-hour cycle groups of composite and amalgam alloy restorations because of the loss of most of the filling materials in the control sites. The control groups of crowns showed an average mean loss of 2.06 (0.37) mm with only 0.20 (0.19) mm surface loss for the treated sites. The paired t test for variables indicated no significant differences of tooth surface loss between various types of restorative margins used in this study. CONCLUSIONS HO:YAG laser energy irradiation after application of resin/NaF to restorative margins and adjacent areas showed a significant increased resistance to acid/mechanical destruction on cementum-dentin root surfaces. The integrity of the restorative/dentin margins were maintained after extended exposures to formic acid and mechanical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Holt
- Oklahoma University, College of Dentistry, Oklahoma City 73190, USA
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Hanlon SP, Toh TH, Solomon PS, Holt RA, McEwan AG. Dimethylsulfide:acceptor oxidoreductase from Rhodobacter sulfidophilus. The purified enzyme contains b-type haem and a pterin molybdenum cofactor. Eur J Biochem 1996; 239:391-6. [PMID: 8706745 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0391u.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Dimethylsulfide:receptor oxidoreductase was purified from the purple non-sulfur phototrophic bacterium Rhodobacter sulfidophilus. The native form of the enzyme had a molecular mass of 152 kDa and was composed of three distinct subunits of 94, 38 and 32 kDa. Dimethylsulfide:acceptor oxidoreductase did not oxidise other thioethers which were tested. The enzyme was able to reduce a variety of N-oxides using reduced methylviologen as electron donor but it reduced dimethylsulfoxide at a very low rate. The resting form of dimethylsulfide:acceptor oxidoreductase exhibited a spectrum which was characteristic of a reduced cytochrome with absorbance maxima at 562 nm, 533 nm and 428 nm. Pyridine haemochrome analysis established that the cytochrome contained a b-type haem and a content of 0.65 mol protohaem/mol enzyme was determined. After oxidation of the haem with ferricyanide, the absorbance spectrum of the reduced cytochrome was restored by reduction with dimethylsulfide. Metal analysis revealed that dimethylsulfide:acceptor oxidoreductase contained 0.5 mol Mo and 3.5 mol Fe/mol enzyme. Heat treatment of the enzyme released material with fluorescence excitation and emission spectra which were characteristic of form B of the pterin component of the pterin molybdenum cofactor. From this analysis it is concluded that dimethylsulfide:acceptor oxidoreductase is a molybdenum oxotransferase which may also contain a iron-sulfur cluster. It is suggested that the haem and pterin molybdenum cofactor are associated with the 94-kDa subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Hanlon
- Centre for Metalloprotein Spectroscopy and Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Holt RA, Nordquist RE. Holmium:YAG laser: effects of various treatments on root surface topography and acid resistance. J Biomed Opt 1996; 1:230-236. [PMID: 23014690 DOI: 10.1117/12.231364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Holt RA, Bateson AN, Martin IL. Chronic treatment with diazepam or abecarnil differently affects the expression of GABAA receptor subunit mRNAs in the rat cortex. Neuropharmacology 1996; 35:1457-63. [PMID: 9014161 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(96)00064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Diazepam and abecarnil produce their overt effects by interaction with the GABAA receptor. Chronic treatment with abecarnil, however, does not induce diazepam-like tolerance. This study investigates the effects of chronic diazepam and abecarnil treatment on expression of GABAA receptor alpha 1-6 beta 1-3 and gamma 1-3 subunit isoform mRNAs in rat cortex. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected subcutaneously once daily for 7 or 14 days with 15 mg/kg diazepam or 6 mg/kg abecarnil in sesame-oil vehicle, and steady-state levels of GABAA receptor subunit mRNAs were quantified by solution hybridization. The levels of alpha 4- and alpha-, beta 1- and gamma 3-subunit mRNAs were significantly increased after 7 days of diazepam treatment, and this effect was maintained at 14 days. A significant increase in alpha 3-subunit mRNA was apparent only after 14 days of diazepam treatment and a significant decrease in beta 2-subunit mRNA was seen only after 14 days of abecarnil treatment. Gamma 2-Subunit mRNA was significantly decreased after 14 days of either diazepam or abecarnil exposure. A degree of association between a particular drug treatment and changes in the levels of mRNAs arising from a given gene cluster was noted. Our results are consistent with a model of diazepam dependence based on GABAA receptor subunit isoform switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Holt
- Department of pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Vernino AR, Jones FL, Holt RA, Nordquist RE, Brand JW. Evaluation of the potential of a polylactic acid barrier for correction of periodontal defects in baboons: a clinical and histologic study. INT J PERIODONT REST 1995; 15:84-101. [PMID: 7591526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Created periodontal defects in baboons were treated with one of four possible treatment modes: (1) root preparation and Epi-Guide biodegradable polylactic acid barrier, (2) root preparation and Gore-Tex e-PTFE membrane, (3) root preparation only (no barrier), and (4) no root preparation and no barrier (control). Root preparation consisted of hand instrumentation and use of finishing burs. Measurements of gingival recession were recorded from color photographic slides taken weekly for 6 weeks following barrier placement. Block sections were removed from one animal 6 weeks after barrier placement and prepared for histologic evaluation. Significantly more gingival recession was observed at the Gore-Tex sites than at the Epi-Guide sites. There were no significant differences in gingival recession between the Epi-Guide sites and root preparation-only sites or control sites. Both types of barriers were histologically acceptable. At 6 weeks, the Epi-Guide material was present histologically in a partially resorbed state. There was a mild inflammatory reaction in the surrounding connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Vernino
- University of Oklahoma, College of Dentistry 73190, USA
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Abstract
Rhodococcus rhodochrous NCIMB 13259 grows on styrene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and benzene as sole carbon sources. Simultaneous induction tests with cells grown on styrene or toluene showed high rates of oxygen consumption with toluene cis-glycol and 3-methylcatechol, suggesting the involvement of a cis-glycol pathway. 3-Vinylcatechol accumulated when intact cells were incubated with styrene in the presence of 3-fluorocatechol to inhibit catechol dioxygenase activity. Experiments with 18O2 showed that 3-vinylcatechol was produced following a dioxygenase ring attack. Extracts contained a NAD-dependent cis-glycol dehydrogenase, which converted styrene cis-glycol to 3-vinylcatechol. Both catechol 1,2- and 2,3-dioxygenase activities were present, and these were separated from each other and from the activities of cis-glycol dehydrogenase and 2-hydroxymuconic acid semialdehyde hydrolase by ion-exchange chromatography of extracts. 2-Vinylmuconate accumulated in the growth medium when cells were grown on styrene, apparently as a dead-end product, and extracts contained no detectable muconate cycloisomerase activity. 3-Vinylcatechol was cleaved by catechol 2,3-dioxygenase to give a yellow compound, tentatively identified as 2-hydroxy-6-oxoocta-2,4,7-trienoic acid, and the action of 2-hydroxymuconic acid semialdehyde hydrolase on this produced acrylic acid. A compound with the spectral characteristics of 2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate was produced by the action of 2-hydroxymuconic acid semialdehyde hydrolase on the 2,3-cleavage product of 3-methylcatechol. Extracts were able to transform 2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate and 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate into acetaldehyde and pyruvate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Warhurst
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Glasgow, Scotland
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Scholl TJ, Cameron R, Rosner SD, Zhang L, Holt RA, Sansonetti CJ, Gillaspy JD. Precision measurement of relativistic and QED effects in heliumlike beryllium. Phys Rev Lett 1993; 71:2188-2191. [PMID: 10054610 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.71.2188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Prior MH, Holt RA, Schneider D, Randall KL, Hutton R. Alignment of magnetic substates in double-electron-capture collisions. Phys Rev A 1993; 48:1964-1974. [PMID: 9909813 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.48.1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Mitchell RE, Rosner SD, Scholl TJ, Holt RA. Measurement of the atomic lifetime of Kr II 5p 4D7/2o and Xe II 6p 4D5/2o using the cascade-photon-coincidence technique. Phys Rev A 1992; 45:4452-4461. [PMID: 9907520 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.45.4452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Mansour NB, Kurtz C, Steimle TC, Goodman GL, Young L, Scholl TJ, Rosner SD, Holt RA. Laser-rf double-resonance study of N2+. Phys Rev A 1991; 44:4418-4429. [PMID: 9906482 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.44.4418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Holt RA, Zylinski CG, Duncanson MG. Force versus time profiles of selected heat-processed denture liners. INT J PROSTHODONT 1991; 4:164-8. [PMID: 1781879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The potential correlation of the force versus time behavior of four resilient lining materials and their acceptance by patients was investigated. Two modified acrylic resins and two silicone denture lining materials were tested. The response of the soft lining materials to a programmed indentation test was used to define a parameter for each denture liner product. A parameter defined as the "Rebound Index," using force-time data obtained from the indentation measurements, was significantly different for the modified acrylic resins compared to the silicone materials. Improved patient acceptance was correlated with higher values of this index.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Holt
- University of Oklahoma, College of Dentistry, Oklahoma City 73190
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Holt RA, Prior MH, Randall KL, Hutton R, McDonald J, Schneider D. Magnetic substates populated by double-electron capture. Phys Rev A 1991; 43:607-610. [PMID: 9904826 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.43.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Scholl TJ, Holt RA, Rosner SD. Precision measurement of the 1s2s 1S0-1s2p 1P1 interval in heliumlike beryllium. Phys Rev A Gen Phys 1989; 39:1163-1169. [PMID: 9901353 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.39.1163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Scholl TJ, Rosner SD, Holt RA. Atomic g -factor measurements by laser-rf double resonance. Phys Rev A Gen Phys 1987; 35:1611-1614. [PMID: 9898321 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.35.1611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Abstract
Diagnostic casts were made of the palates of 123 patients who had complete dentures. Categorization of all cross-arch palatal forms yielded a distribution in which 93% showed some variation of a U-shaped palatal form, be it angular or mildly curved. Along the midline, 12% had steep anterior inclines, curved midpalatal regions, and curved posterior palates; 69% had moderate anterior inclinations, curved midpalates, and curved posterior palates; 12% had palates that were moderately inclined anteriorly, flat in the midpalatal section, and flat posteriorly. The remaining palates were predominantly flat in two of the three regions measured.
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Abstract
Adverse physiologic and psychologic effects may occur in patients who receive immediate dentures. These effects may be caused by ill-fitting dentures that result from oral changes that occur after insertion. To improve the comfort of and acceptance by patients with immediate dentures, it is suggested that written instructions be given to each patient before insertion of the dentures.
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McLean RA, Adam AG, Holt RA, Gaily TD, Rosner SD. Coherence effects in laser-rf double resonance. Phys Rev A Gen Phys 1986; 33:3166-3171. [PMID: 9897025 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.33.3166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Abstract
Although succinate thiokinase from mammalian sources has hitherto been described as showing substrate specificity for guanine nucleotide, a range of mammalian tissues has here been found to display succinate thiokinase activity with both guanine and adenine nucleotides as substrates. Evidence is presented for the existence of two distinct succinate thiokinases and this is confirmed by their separation by affinity chromatography. Each enzyme is specific for one nucleotide and is inhibited by the non-substrate nucleotide. The physiological roles of the two enzymes is yet to be established.
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Scholl TJ, Gaily TD, Holt RA, Rosner SD. Fast-ion-beam laser and laser-rf double-resonance measurements of hyperfine structure in 83Kr II. Phys Rev A Gen Phys 1986; 33:2396-2400. [PMID: 9896921 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.33.2396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Lermé J, Abed S, Larzillière M, Holt RA, Carré M. Kinetic energy spectrum of NO+photofragments from the photopredissociation of theà 2Σ+state of N2O+. J Chem Phys 1986. [DOI: 10.1063/1.450378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Holt RA, Stratton RJ, McBride C. Impression technique and laboratory procedures for a processed resilient denture liner. Quintessence Dent Technol 1986; 10:9-12. [PMID: 3513266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Holt RA, Stratton RJ, Donoghue T. Prevention of cross-contamination during immediate denture delivery. Quintessence Int 1985; 16:787-9. [PMID: 3866261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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