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Mishra T, Gautam A, Ingle J, Basu S. Chimeric Small Molecules for Detouring Drugs into Mitochondria to Engender Apoptosis in Cancer Cells. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300603. [PMID: 37934785 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrion has appeared as one of the important targets for anti-cancer therapy. Subsequently, small molecule anti-cancer drugs are directed to the mitochondria for improved therapeutic efficacy. However, simultaneous imaging and impairing mitochondria by a single probe remained a major challenge. To address this, herein Chimeric Small Molecules (CSMs) encompassing drugs, fluorophore and mitochondria homing moiety were designed and synthesized through a concise strategy. Screening of the CSMs in a panel of cancer cell lines (HeLa, MCF7, A549, and HCT-116) revealed that one of the CSMs comprising Indomethacin V exhibited remarkable cervical cancer cell (HeLa) killing (IC50 =0.97 μM). This lead CSM homed into the mitochondria of HeLa cells within 1 h followed by mitochondrial damage and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. This novel Indomethacin V-based CSM-mediated mitochondrial damage induced programmed cell death (apoptosis). We anticipate these CSMs can be used as tools to understand the drug effects in organelle chemical biology in diseased states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tripti Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Abhinav Gautam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Jaypalsing Ingle
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Sudipta Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
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Ingle J, Tirkey A, Pandey S, Basu S. Small-Molecule Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Inducer Triggers Apoptosis in Cancer Cells. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300433. [PMID: 37964696 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is highly critical for the sub-cellular protein synthesis, post-translational modifications and myriads of signalling pathways to maintain cellular homeostasis. Consequently, dysregulation in the ER functions leads to the ER stress in different pathological situations including cancer. Hence, exploring small molecules to induce ER stress emerged as one of the unorthodox strategies for future cancer therapeutics. However, development of ER targeted novel small molecules remains elusive due to the dearth of ER targeting moieties. Herein we have synthesized a small library of 3-methoxy-pyrrole-enamine through a concise strategy. Screening of this library in cervical (HeLa), colon (HCT-116), breast (MCF7) and lung cancer (A549) cells identified a novel small molecule which localized into the ER of the HeLa cervical cancer cells within 3 h, induced ER stress through the increased expression of ER stress markers (CHOP, IRE1α, PERK, BiP and Cas-12) and triggered the programmed cell death (apoptosis) leading to remarkable HeLa cell killing. This novel small molecule can be explored further as a tool to understand the chemical biology of ER towards the development of ER targeted cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaypalsing Ingle
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, 382355, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Anjana Tirkey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, 382355, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Shalini Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, 382355, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Sudipta Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, 382355, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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Ingle J, Basu S. Mitochondria Targeted AIE Probes for Cancer Phototherapy. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:8925-8935. [PMID: 36936289 PMCID: PMC10018722 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, mitochondrion (powerhouse of the cells) gained lots of interest as one of the unorthodox targets for futuristic cancer therapy. As a result, novel small molecules were developed to damage and image mitochondria in cancer models. In this context, aggregation-induced emission probes (AIEgens) received immense attention due to their applications in mitochondria-targeted biosensing, imaging, and biomedical theranostics. On the other hand, phototherapy (photodynamic and photothermal) has emerged as a powerful alternative to manage cancer due to its less invasive nature. However, merging these two areas to engineer mitochondria-targeted phototherapeutic probes for cancer diagnosis and treatment has remained a major challenge. In this mini-review, we will outline the development of novel mitochondria-targeted small molecule AIEgens as imaging agents and photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy along with dual photodymanic-phototheramal therapy and chemo-photodynamic therapy. We will also highlight the current challenges in developing mitochondria-targeted photothermal therapy probes for future biomedical theranostic applications to manage cancer.
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Campos JC, Campos PT, Pedra NS, Bona NP, Soares MS, Souza PO, Braganhol E, Cunico W, Siqueira GM. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel 2-imino-4-thiazolidinones as Potential Antitumor Agents for Glioblastoma. Med Chem 2021; 18:452-462. [PMID: 34365956 DOI: 10.2174/1573406417666210806094543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of our study was to explore the molecular hybridization between 2-imino-4-thizolidione and piridinic scaffolds and its potential antitumor activity. BACKGROUND Glioblastoma is the most aggressive glioma tumor clinically diagnosed malignant and highly recurrent primary brain tumor type. The standard of treatment for a glioblastoma is surgery, followed by radiation and chemotherapy using temozolomide. However, the chemoresistance has become the main barrier to treatment success. 2-imino-4-thiazolidinones are an important class of heterocyclic compounds that feature anticancer activity; however the antiglioblastoma activity is yet to be explored. OBJECTIVE To synthesize and characterize a series of novel 2-imino-4-thiazolidinones and evaluate their antiglioblastoma activity. METHOD The 2-imino-4-thiazolidinone (5a-p) was synthesized according to the literature with modifications. Compounds were identified and characterized using spectroscopic analysis and X-ray diffraction. The antitumor activity was analyzed by 3-(4,5- dimethyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay both in primary astrocyte and glioma (C6). Apoptosis and cell cycle phase were determined by flow cytometry analysis. The expression of caspase-3/7 was measured by luminescence assay. Oxidative stress parameters as: determination of reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity and total sulfhydryl content quantification were analyzed by colorimetric assays according to literature. RESULTS Among sixteen synthesized compounds, three displayed potent antitumor activities against tested glioblastoma cell line showed IC50 values well below the standard drug temozolomide. Therefore, compounds 5a, 5l and 5p were evaluated using cell cycle and death analysis, due to potent toxicity (2.17±1.17, 6.24±0.59, 2.93±1.12µM, respectively) in C6 cell line. The mechanism of action studies demonstrated that 5a and 5l induced apoptosis significantly increase the percentage of cells in Sub-G1 phase in the absence of necrosis. Consistent with these results, caspase-3/7 assay revealed that 5l presents pro-apoptotic activity due to the significant stimulation of caspases-3/7. Moreover, 5a, 5l and 5p increased antioxidant defense and decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. CONCLUSION The compounds were synthesized with good yield and three of these presented (5a, 5l and 5p) good cytotoxicity against C6 cell line. Both affected cell cycle distribution via arresting more C6 cell line at Sub-G1 phase promoting apoptosis. Furthermore, 5a, 5l and 5p modulated redox status. These findings suggest that these compounds can be considered as promising lead molecules for further development of potential antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Coan Campos
- Laboratório de Química Aplicada a Bioativos (LaQuiABio), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Capão do Leão, RS. Brazil
| | - Patrick Teixeira Campos
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica Sintética, Estrutural e Computacional (LaQuiOSEC), Instituto Federal Sul-rio-grandense, Campus Pelotas, Pelotas, RS. Brazil
| | - Nathalia Stark Pedra
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Inflamação e Câncer (NEUROCAN), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Capão do Leão, RS. Brazil
| | - Natália Pontes Bona
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Inflamação e Câncer (NEUROCAN), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Capão do Leão, RS. Brazil
| | - Mayara Sandrielly Soares
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Inflamação e Câncer (NEUROCAN), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Capão do Leão, RS. Brazil
| | - Priscila Oliveira Souza
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Sarmento Leite 245, Porto Alegre, RS. Brazil
| | - Elizandra Braganhol
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Sarmento Leite 245, Porto Alegre, RS. Brazil
| | - Wilson Cunico
- Laboratório de Química Aplicada a Bioativos (LaQuiABio), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Capão do Leão, RS. Brazil
| | - Geonir Machado Siqueira
- Laboratório de Química Aplicada a Bioativos (LaQuiABio), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Capão do Leão, RS. Brazil
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Qin J, Gong N, Liao Z, Zhang S, Timashev P, Huo S, Liang XJ. Recent progress in mitochondria-targeting-based nanotechnology for cancer treatment. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:7108-7118. [PMID: 33889907 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr01068a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play critical roles in the regulation of the proliferation and apoptosis of cancerous cells. Nanosystems for targeted delivery of cargos to mitochondria for cancer treatment have attracted increasing attention in the past few years. This review will summarize the state of the art of design and construction of nanosystems used for mitochondria-targeted delivery. The use of nanotechnology for cancer treatment through various pathways such as energy metabolism interference, reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulation, mitochondrial protein targeting, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) interference, mitophagy inducing, and combination therapy will be discussed. Finally, the major challenges and an outlook in this field will also be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Qin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Zhang L, Wang JL, Ba XX, Hua SY, Jiang P, Jiang FL, Liu Y. Multifunction in One Molecule: Mitochondrial Imaging and Photothermal & Photodynamic Cytotoxicity of Fast-Response Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probes with Aggregation-Induced Emission Characteristics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:7945-7954. [PMID: 33588525 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
HJS and DHJS, two near-infrared emissive and mitochondria-targeted therapy probes, have been designed. They exhibited photothermal & photodynamic cytotoxicity and aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics. Interestingly, we could receive fluorescence immediately after adding the probes without washing in 1 min. They could quickly enter cancer cells and selectively localized to the mitochondria firstly. When the concentration of probes was low (<5 μM), they could respond sensitively to the mitochondrial membrane potential and would selectively enter the mitochondria with red fluorescence. However, when the concentration was high (≥5 μM), they would preferentially enter the mitochondria and have the property of dual-channel fluorescence imaging (red and near-infrared) even after 24 h. What's more, they increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, decreased the mitochondrial membrane potentials, and then induced apoptosis, which were proved by confocal imaging and flow cytometry experiments. In addition, the results of photothermal experiment and cytotoxicity test showed that the probes had good photothermal and photodynamic toxicity to cancer cells. In vitro and in vivo experiments also proved the excellent near-infrared (NIR) imaging ability, good biocompatibility and certain inhibition of tumor growth ability of DHJS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Jiang-Lin Wang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Xu Ba
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Si-Yu Hua
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Lei Jiang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Process, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology & Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Type of Carbon Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, P. R. China
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