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Feng S, Sheng J, Yu J, Lin Y, Shao P. Enhancing acid stability of citral through internal structure modulation in nanostructured lipid carriers with solid lipids and phospholipids. Food Res Int 2024; 182:114148. [PMID: 38519178 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
In this current study, the internal structure of nanostructured lipid carriers was modulated by phospholipids (lecithin PC, hydrogenated soybean phospholipid HPC) and solid lipids to achieve stable encapsulation of citral. The presence of high melting point HPC could construct α-crystalline type with more lattice defects and effectively inhibit β-ization. The HPC group could maintain the particle size at 155.9-186.9 nm, the polydispersity index (PDI) at 0.182-0.321, the Zeta potential at -57.58 mV to -49.35 mV and the retention rate of citral at 91.33-98.49 % in the acidic environments of 2 mM and 20 mM hydrochloric acid solutions. The recrystallization index (RI) of NLC increased with the number of solid lipid ester bonds (from 3.57 % to 16.58 % in the PC group and from 0.82 % to 12.47 % in the HPC group). The results illustrated that the number of solid lipid ester bonds and the melting point of phospholipids affected crystallinity of the lipid matrix and thus the stability of encapsulated citral. Hydrogenated phospholipid with high melting points was more beneficial in stabilizing citral. The present study improved the acidic stability of citral and provided a new thought for the application of citral in acidic beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Feng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research (Zhejiang University of Technology), China National Light Industry, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialu Sheng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahao Yu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research (Zhejiang University of Technology), China National Light Industry, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Lin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research (Zhejiang University of Technology), China National Light Industry, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Shao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research (Zhejiang University of Technology), China National Light Industry, People's Republic of China; Eco-Industrial Innovation Institute ZJUT, Quzhou 324000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Cholakova D, Denkov N. Polymorphic phase transitions in triglycerides and their mixtures studied by SAXS/WAXS techniques: In bulk and in emulsions. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 323:103071. [PMID: 38157769 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.103071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Triacylglycerols (TAGs) exhibit a monotropic polymorphism, forming three main polymorphic forms upon crystallization: α, β' and β. The distinct physicochemical properties of these polymorphs, such as melting temperature, subcell lattice structure, mass density, etc., significantly impact the appearance, texture, and long-term stability of a wide range products in the food and cosmetics industries. Additionally, TAGs are also of special interest in the field of controlled drug delivery and sustained release in pharmaceuticals, being a key material in the preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles. The present article outlines our current understanding of TAG phase behavior in both bulk and emulsified systems. While our primary focus are investigations involving monoacid TAGs and their mixtures, we also include illustrative examples with natural TAG oils, highlighting the knowledge transfer from simple to intricate systems. Special attention is given to recent discoveries via X-ray scattering techniques. The main factors influencing TAG polymorphism are discussed, revealing that a higher occurrence of structural defects in the TAG structure always accelerates the rate of the α → β polymorphic transformation. Diverse approaches can be employed based on the specific system: incorporating foreign molecules or solid particles into bulk TAGs, reducing drop size in dispersed systems, or using surfactants that remain fluid during TAG particle crystallization, ensuring the necessary molecular mobility for the polymorphic transformation. Furthermore, we showcase the role of TAG polymorphism on a recently discovered phenomenon: the creation of nanoparticles as small as 20 nm from initial coarse emulsions without any mechanical energy input. This analysis underscores how the broader understanding of the TAG polymorphism can be effectively applied to comprehend and control previously unexplored processes of notable practical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Cholakova
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Nikolai Denkov
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Influence of the Triglyceride Composition, Surfactant Concentration and Time–Temperature Conditions on the Particle Morphology in Dispersions. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids7010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Many applications for crystalline triglyceride-in-water dispersions exist in the life sciences and pharmaceutical industries. The main dispersion structures influencing product properties are the particle morphology and size distribution. These can be set by the formulation and process parameters, but temperature fluctuations may alter them afterwards. As the dispersed phase often consists of complex fats, there are many formulation variables influencing these product properties. In this study, we aimed to gain a better understanding of the influence of the dispersed-phase composition on the crystallization and melting behavior of these systems. We found that different particle morphologies can be obtained by varying the dispersed-phase composition. Droplets smaller than 1 µm were obtained after melting due to self-emulsification (SE), but these changes and coalescence events were only partly influenced by the melting range of the fat. With increasing surfactant concentration, the SE tendency increased. The smallest x50,3 of 3 µm was obtained with a surfactant concentration of 0.5 wt%. We attributed this to different mechanisms leading to the droplets’ breakup during melting, which we observed via thermo-optical microscopy. In addition, SE and coalescence are a function of the cooling and heating profiles. With slow heating (0.5 K/min), both phenomena are more pronounced, as the particles have more time to undergo the required mechanisms.
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Graván P, Aguilera-Garrido A, Marchal JA, Navarro-Marchal SA, Galisteo-González F. Lipid-core nanoparticles: Classification, preparation methods, routes of administration and recent advances in cancer treatment. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 314:102871. [PMID: 36958181 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnological drug delivery platforms represent a new paradigm for cancer therapeutics as they improve the pharmacokinetic profile and distribution of chemotherapeutic agents over conventional formulations. Among nanoparticles, lipid-based nanoplatforms possessing a lipid core, that is, lipid-core nanoparticles (LCNPs), have gained increasing interest due to lipid properties such as high solubilizing potential, versatility, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. However, due to the wide spectrum of morphologies and types of LCNPs, there is a lack of consensus regarding their terminology and classification. According to the current state-of-the-art in this critical review, LCNPs are defined and classified based on the state of their lipidic components in liquid lipid nanoparticles (LLNs). These include lipid nanoemulsions (LNEs) and lipid nanocapsules (LNCs), solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid nanocarriers (NLCs). In addition, we present a comprehensive and comparative description of the methods employed for their preparation, routes of administration and the fundamental role of physicochemical properties of LCNPs for efficient antitumoral drug-delivery application. Market available LCNPs, clinical trials and preclinical in vivo studies of promising LCNPs as potential treatments for different cancer pathologies are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Graván
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Excellence Research Unit Modelling Nature (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; BioFab i3D - Biofabrication and 3D (bio)printing laboratory, University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain
| | - Aixa Aguilera-Garrido
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Marchal
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Excellence Research Unit Modelling Nature (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; BioFab i3D - Biofabrication and 3D (bio)printing laboratory, University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain
| | - Saúl A Navarro-Marchal
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Excellence Research Unit Modelling Nature (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, UK.
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De A, Ko YT. Single pot organic solvent-free thermocycling technology for siRNA-ionizable LNPs: a proof-of-concept approach for alternative to microfluidics. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:2644-2657. [PMID: 35949146 PMCID: PMC9377237 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2108523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizable LNPs are the latest trend in nucleic acid delivery. Microfluidics technology has recently gained interest owing to its rapid mixing, production of nucleic acid-ionizable LNPs, and stability of nucleic acid inside the body. Industrial scale-up, nucleic acid-lipid long-term storage instability, and high production costs prompted scientists to seek alternate solutions to replace microfluidic technology. We proposed a single-pot, organic solvent-free thermocycling technology to efficiently and economically overcome most of the limitations of microfluidic technology. New thermocycling technology needs optimization of process parameters such as sonication duration, cooling–heating cycle, number of thermal cycles, and lipid:aqueous phase ratio to formulate precisely sized particles, effective nucleic acid encapsulation, and better shelf-life stability. Our research led to the formulation of siRNA-ionizable LNPs with particle sizes of 104.2 ± 34.7 nm and PDI 0.111 ± 0.109, with 83.3 ± 4.1% siRNA encapsulation. Thermocycling siRNA-ionizable LNPs had comparable morphological structures with commercialized microfluidics ionizable LNPs imaged by TEM and cryo-TEM. When compared to microfluidics ionizable LNPs, thermocycling siRNA-ionizable LNPs had a longer shelf life at 4°C. Our thermocycling technology showed an effective alternative to microfluidics technology in the production of nucleic acid–ionizable LNPs to meet global demand. Thermocycling technology is a low-energy, low-temperature, self-assembling cooling–heating process in which lipid droplets spontaneously break apart into much smaller droplets to form siRNA-ionizable LNPs. The new technology is an alternative to multistep, costly, and complex microfluidics technology for the formulation and bulk up of siRNA-ionizable LNPs economically. Thermocycling siRNA-ionizable LNPs formulation focused on optimizing process parameters such as thermal cycle rate, number of thermal cycles, and lipid:aqueous phase ratio. The thermocycling technology is able to overcome the limitations of the storage stability limitations of commercialized ionizable LNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita De
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Young Tag Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
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Lesov I, Glushkova D, Cholakova D, Georgiev M, Tcholakova S, Smoukov S, Denkov N. Flow reactor for preparation of lipid nanoparticles via temperature variations. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cholakova D, Glushkova D, Tcholakova S, Denkov N. Cold-Burst Method for Nanoparticle Formation with Natural Triglyceride Oils. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:7875-7889. [PMID: 33586441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of nanoemulsions of triglyceride oils in water usually requires high mechanical energy and sophisticated equipment. Recently, we showed that α-to-β (viz., gel-to-crystal) phase transition, observed with most lipid substances (triglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, alkanes, etc.), may cause spontaneous disintegration of microparticles of these lipids, dispersed in aqueous solutions of appropriate surfactants, into nanometer particles/drops using a simple cooling/heating cycle of the lipid dispersion (Cholakova et al. ACS Nano 2020, 14, 8594). In the current study, we show that this "cold-burst process" is observed also with natural oils of high practical interest, including coconut oil, palm kernel oil, and cocoa butter. Mean drop diameters of ca. 50-100 nm were achieved with some of the studied oils. From the results of dedicated model experiments, we conclude that intensive nanofragmentation is observed when the following requirements are met: (1) The three-phase contact angle at the solid lipid-water-air interface is below ca. 30 degrees. (2) The equilibrium surface tension of the surfactant solution is below ca. 30 mN/m, and the dynamic surface tension decreases rapidly. (3) The surfactant solution contains nonspherical surfactant micelles, e.g., ellipsoidal micelles or bigger supramolecular aggregates. (4) The three-phase contact angle measured at the contact line (frozen oil-surfactant solution-melted oil) is also relatively low. The mechanism(s) of the particle bursting process is revealed, and on this basis, the role of all of these factors is clarified and discussed. We explain all main effects observed experimentally and define guiding principles for optimization of the cold-burst process in various, practically relevant lipid-surfactant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Cholakova
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Desislava Glushkova
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Slavka Tcholakova
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolai Denkov
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Taguchi K, Toda A, Hondoh H, Ueno S, Sato K. Kinetic Study on Alpha-Form Crystallization of Mixed-Acid Triacylglycerols POP, PPO, and Their Mixture. Molecules 2021; 26:E220. [PMID: 33406709 PMCID: PMC7794724 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystallization behavior of the metastable α form of triacylglycerols (TAGs) plays a critical role as a precursor for the crystallization of more stable β' and β forms for various applications in food and pharmaceutical products. However, precise analysis of the crystallization kinetics of α has not been performed, likely due to its rapid and complex behavior. This paper presents the observation results of the initial stages of the isothermal crystallization kinetics of α forms of 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-oleoyl-glycerol (POP), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-oleoyl-rac-glycerol (rac-PPO), and molecular compound (MC) crystals of a POP/rac-PPO (1/1) mixture (MCPOP/PPO) using synchrotron radiation time-resolved X-ray diffraction and polarized optical microscopy. In all the TAGs, α crystals with a worm-like morphology started to grow rapidly in the first stage. Then, the α crystals slowly transformed into more stable forms in different manners for different TAG samples. In POP, the conversion was simple, as the α-2 form transformed into γ-3, whereas in rac-PPO, the lamellar distance values of the α-2 form continuously decreased with time and changed into the α-3 form. In the MCPOP/PPO crystals, in contrast, separate crystallization of α-2 of a rac-PPO fraction initially occurred, followed by the crystallization of α-2 of POP, and the two α forms merged into α-2 of MCPOP/PPO. This separate crystallization was caused by large differences in the crystallization kinetics of the α forms of POP and rac-PPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Taguchi
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan;
| | - Akihiko Toda
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan;
| | - Hironori Hondoh
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan;
| | - Satoru Ueno
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan; (S.U.); (K.S.)
| | - Kiyotaka Sato
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan; (S.U.); (K.S.)
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