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Kavle P, Ross AM, Zorn JA, Behera P, Parsonnet E, Huang X, Lin CC, Caretta L, Chen LQ, Martin LW. Exchange-Interaction-Like Behavior in Ferroelectric Bilayers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2301934. [PMID: 37294272 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Interlayer coupling in materials, such as exchange interactions at the interface between an antiferromagnet and a ferromagnet, can produce exotic phenomena not present in the parent materials. While such interfacial coupling in magnetic systems is widely studied, there is considerably less work on analogous electric counterparts (i.e., akin to electric "exchange-bias-like" or "exchange-spring-like" interactions between two polar materials) despite the likelihood that such effects can also engender new features associated with anisotropic electric dipole alignment. Here, electric analogs of such exchange interactions are reported, and their physical origins are explained for bilayers of in-plane polarized Pb1-x Srx TiO3 ferroelectrics. Variation of the strontium content and thickness of the layers provides for deterministic control over the switching properties of the bilayer system resulting in phenomena analogous to an exchange-spring interaction and, leveraging added control of these interactions with an electric field, the ability to realize multistate-memory function. Such observations not only hold technological promise for ferroelectrics and multiferroics but also extend the similarities between ferromagnetic and ferroelectric materials to include the manifestation of exchange-interaction-like phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Kavle
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Aiden M Ross
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jacob A Zorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Piush Behera
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Eric Parsonnet
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Xiaoxi Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ching-Che Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lucas Caretta
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Long-Qing Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Lane W Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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Roccapriore KM, Kalinin SV, Ziatdinov M. Physics Discovery in Nanoplasmonic Systems via Autonomous Experiments in Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203422. [PMID: 36344455 PMCID: PMC9798976 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Physics-driven discovery in an autonomous experiment has emerged as a dream application of machine learning in physical sciences. Here, this work develops and experimentally implements a deep kernel learning (DKL) workflow combining the correlative prediction of the target functional response and its uncertainty from the structure, and physics-based selection of acquisition function, which autonomously guides the navigation of the image space. Compared to classical Bayesian optimization (BO) methods, this approach allows to capture the complex spatial features present in the images of realistic materials, and dynamically learn structure-property relationships. In combination with the flexible scalarizer function that allows to ascribe the degree of physical interest to predicted spectra, this enables physical discovery in automated experiment. Here, this approach is illustrated for nanoplasmonic studies of nanoparticles and experimentally implemented in a truly autonomous fashion for bulk- and edge plasmon discovery in MnPS3 , a lesser-known beam-sensitive layered 2D material. This approach is universal, can be directly used as-is with any specimen, and is expected to be applicable to any probe-based microscopic techniques including other STEM modalities, scanning probe microscopies, chemical, and optical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Roccapriore
- Center for Nanophase Materials SciencesOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Sergei V. Kalinin
- Center for Nanophase Materials SciencesOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTN37916USA
| | - Maxim Ziatdinov
- Center for Nanophase Materials SciencesOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
- Computational Sciences and Engineering DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
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3
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Experimental discovery of structure–property relationships in ferroelectric materials via active learning. NAT MACH INTELL 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s42256-022-00460-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kelley KP, Ren Y, Dasgupta A, Kavle P, Jesse S, Vasudevan RK, Cao Y, Martin LW, Kalinin SV. Probing Metastable Domain Dynamics via Automated Experimentation in Piezoresponse Force Microscopy. ACS NANO 2021; 15:15096-15103. [PMID: 34495651 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of complex topological defects in ferroelectric materials is explored using automated experimentation in piezoresponse force microscopy. Specifically, a complex trigger system (i.e., "FerroBot") is employed to study metastable domain-wall dynamics in Pb0.6Sr0.4TiO3 thin films. Several regimes of superdomain wall dynamics have been identified, including smooth domain-wall motion and significant reconfiguration of the domain structures. We have further demonstrated that microscopic mechanisms of the domain-wall dynamics can be identified; i.e., domain-wall bending can be separated from irreversible domain reconfiguration regimes. In conjunction, phase-field modeling was used to corroborate the observed mechanisms. As such, the observed superdomain dynamics can provide a model system for classical ferroelectric dynamics, much like how colloidal crystals provide a model system for atomic and molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle P Kelley
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Yao Ren
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Arvind Dasgupta
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Pravin Kavle
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stephen Jesse
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Rama K Vasudevan
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Ye Cao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Lane W Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sergei V Kalinin
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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Kalinin SV, Ziatdinov M, Hinkle J, Jesse S, Ghosh A, Kelley KP, Lupini AR, Sumpter BG, Vasudevan RK. Automated and Autonomous Experiments in Electron and Scanning Probe Microscopy. ACS NANO 2021; 15:12604-12627. [PMID: 34269558 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Machine learning and artificial intelligence (ML/AI) are rapidly becoming an indispensable part of physics research, with domain applications ranging from theory and materials prediction to high-throughput data analysis. In parallel, the recent successes in applying ML/AI methods for autonomous systems from robotics to self-driving cars to organic and inorganic synthesis are generating enthusiasm for the potential of these techniques to enable automated and autonomous experiments (AE) in imaging. Here, we aim to analyze the major pathways toward AE in imaging methods with sequential image formation mechanisms, focusing on scanning probe microscopy (SPM) and (scanning) transmission electron microscopy ((S)TEM). We argue that automated experiments should necessarily be discussed in a broader context of the general domain knowledge that both informs the experiment and is increased as the result of the experiment. As such, this analysis should explore the human and ML/AI roles prior to and during the experiment and consider the latencies, biases, and prior knowledge of the decision-making process. Similarly, such discussion should include the limitations of the existing imaging systems, including intrinsic latencies, non-idealities, and drifts comprising both correctable and stochastic components. We further pose that the role of the AE in microscopy is not the exclusion of human operators (as is the case for autonomous driving), but rather automation of routine operations such as microscope tuning, etc., prior to the experiment, and conversion of low latency decision making processes on the time scale spanning from image acquisition to human-level high-order experiment planning. Overall, we argue that ML/AI can dramatically alter the (S)TEM and SPM fields; however, this process is likely to be highly nontrivial and initiated by combined human-ML workflows and will bring challenges both from the microscope and ML/AI sides. At the same time, these methods will enable opportunities and paradigms for scientific discovery and nanostructure fabrication.
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He D, Tang X, Liu Y, Liu J, Du W, He P, Wang H. Phase Transition Effect on Ferroelectric Domain Surface Charge Dynamics in BaTiO 3 Single Crystal. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14164463. [PMID: 34442985 PMCID: PMC8398434 DOI: 10.3390/ma14164463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ferroelectric domain surface charge dynamics after a cubic-to-tetragonal phase transition on the BaTiO3 single crystal (001) surface was directly measured through scanning probe microscopy. The captured surface potential distribution shows significant changes: the domain structures formed rapidly, but the surface potential on polarized c domain was unstable and reversed its sign after lengthy lapse; the high broad potential barrier burst at the corrugated a-c domain wall and continued to dissipate thereafter. The generation of polarization charges and the migration of surface screening charges in the surrounding environment take the main responsibility in the experiment. Furthermore, the a-c domain wall suffers large topological defects and polarity variation, resulting in domain wall broadening and stress changes. Thus, the a-c domain wall has excess energy and polarization change is inclined to assemble on it. The potential barrier decay with time after exposing to the surrounding environment also gave proof of the surface screening charge migration at surface. Thus, both domain and domain wall characteristics should be taken into account in ferroelectric application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyu He
- National Key Laboratory for Remanufacturing, Army Academy of Armored Forces, Beijing 100072, China; (X.T.); (Y.L.); (W.D.); (P.H.); (H.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Xiujian Tang
- National Key Laboratory for Remanufacturing, Army Academy of Armored Forces, Beijing 100072, China; (X.T.); (Y.L.); (W.D.); (P.H.); (H.W.)
| | - Yuxin Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Remanufacturing, Army Academy of Armored Forces, Beijing 100072, China; (X.T.); (Y.L.); (W.D.); (P.H.); (H.W.)
| | - Jian Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Remanufacturing, Army Academy of Armored Forces, Beijing 100072, China;
| | - Wenbo Du
- National Key Laboratory for Remanufacturing, Army Academy of Armored Forces, Beijing 100072, China; (X.T.); (Y.L.); (W.D.); (P.H.); (H.W.)
| | - Pengfei He
- National Key Laboratory for Remanufacturing, Army Academy of Armored Forces, Beijing 100072, China; (X.T.); (Y.L.); (W.D.); (P.H.); (H.W.)
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Technology Research Center, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Haidou Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Remanufacturing, Army Academy of Armored Forces, Beijing 100072, China; (X.T.); (Y.L.); (W.D.); (P.H.); (H.W.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Remanufacturing, Army Academy of Armored Forces, Beijing 100072, China;
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Vasudevan RK, Kelley KP, Hinkle J, Funakubo H, Jesse S, Kalinin SV, Ziatdinov M. Autonomous Experiments in Scanning Probe Microscopy and Spectroscopy: Choosing Where to Explore Polarization Dynamics in Ferroelectrics. ACS NANO 2021; 15:11253-11262. [PMID: 34228427 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polarization dynamics in ferroelectric materials are explored via automated experiment in piezoresponse force microscopy/spectroscopy (PFM/S). A Bayesian optimization (BO) framework for imaging is developed, and its performance for a variety of acquisition and pathfinding functions is explored using previously acquired data. The optimized algorithm is then deployed on an operational scanning probe microscope (SPM) for finding areas of large electromechanical response in a thin film of PbTiO3, with results showing that, with just 20% of the area sampled, most high-response clusters were captured. This approach can allow performing more complex spectroscopies in SPM that were previously not possible due to time constraints and sample stability. Improvements to the framework to enable the incorporation of more prior information and improve efficiency further are modeled and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama K Vasudevan
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Kyle P Kelley
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jacob Hinkle
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Hiroshi Funakubo
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Stephen Jesse
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Sergei V Kalinin
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Maxim Ziatdinov
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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