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Tang L, Zhang R, Wang Y, Liu M, Hu D, Wang Y, Yang L. A blood-brain barrier- and blood-brain tumor barrier-penetrating siRNA delivery system targeting gliomas for brain tumor immunotherapy. J Control Release 2024; 369:642-657. [PMID: 38575072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Glioma is recognized as the most infiltrative and lethal form of central nervous system tumors and is known for its limited response to standard therapeutic interventions, high recurrence rate, and unfavorable prognosis. Recent progress in gene and immunotherapy presents a renewed sense of optimism in the treatment of glioblastoma. However, the barriers to overcome include the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-brain tumor barrier (BBTB), as well as the suppressive immune microenvironment. Overcoming these barriers remains a significant challenge. Here, we developed a lipid nanoparticle platform incorporating a dual-functional peptide (cholesterol-DP7-ACP-T7-modified DOTAP or DAT-LNP) capable of targeting glioma across the BBB and BBTB for brain tumor immunotherapy. This system was designed to achieve two key functions. First, the system could effectively penetrate the BBB during accumulation within brain tissue following intravenous administration. Second, this system enhances the maturation of dendritic cells, the polarization of M1 macrophages, and the activation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. This multifaceted approach effectively mitigates the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment of glioma and promotes robust antitumor immune responses. Overall, the intravenous administration of the delivery system designed in this study demonstrates significant therapeutic potential for glioma and holds promising applications in the field of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yusi Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mohan Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Die Hu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yefeng Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Cheng C, Xing Z, Hu Q, Kong N, Liao C, Xu S, Zhang J, Kang F, Zhu X. A bone-targeting near-infrared luminescence nanocarrier facilitates alpha-ketoglutarate efficacy enhancement for osteoporosis therapy. Acta Biomater 2024; 173:442-456. [PMID: 37984632 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP), which largely increases the risk of fractures, is the most common chronic degenerative orthopedic disease in the elderly due to the imbalance of bone homeostasis. Alpha-ketoglutaric acid (AKG), an endogenous metabolic intermediate involved in osteogenesis, plays critical roles in osteogenic differentiation and mineralization and the inhibition of osteoclastogenic differentiation. However, the low bioavailability and poor bone-targeting efficiency of AKG seriously limit its efficacy in OP treatment. In this work, a bone-targeting, near-infrared emissive lanthanide luminescence nanocarrier loaded with AKG (β-NaYF4:7%Yb, 60%Nd@NaLuF4@mSiO2-EDTA-AKG, abbreviated as LMEK) is developed for the enhancement of AKG efficacy in OP therapy. By utilizing the NIR-II luminescence (>1000 nm) of LMEK, whole-body bone imaging with high spatial resolution is achieved to confirm the bone enrichment of AKG noninvasively in vivo. The results reveal that LMEK exhibits a remarkable OP therapeutic effect in improving the osseointegration of the surrounding bone in the ovariectomized OP mice models, which is validated by the enhanced inhibition of osteoclast through hypoxia-inducible factor-1α suppression and promotion of osteogenic differentiation in osteoblast. Notably, the dose of AKG in LMEK can be reduced to only 0.2 % of the dose when pure AKG is used in therapy, which dramatically improves the bioavailability of AKG and mitigates the metabolism burden. This work provides a strategy to conquer the low utilization of AKG in OP therapy, which not only overcomes the challenges in AKG efficacy for OP treatment but also offers insights into the development and application of other potential drugs for skeletal diseases. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) is an intermediate within the Krebs cycle, participating in diverse metabolic and cellular processes, showing potential for osteoporosis (OP) therapy. However, AKG's limited bioavailability and inefficient bone-targeting hinder its effectiveness in treating OP. Herein, a near-infrared emissive nanocarrier is developed that precisely targets bones and delivers AKG, bolstering its effectiveness in OP therapy. Thanks to this efficient bone-targeting delivery, the AKG dosage is reduced to 0.2 % of the conventional treatment level. This marks the first utilization of a bone-targeting nanocarrier to amplify AKG's bioavailability and OP therapy efficacy. Furthermore, the mechanism of AKG-loaded nanocarrier regulating the biological behavior of osteoclasts and osteoblasts mediated is tentatively explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunan Cheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, No. 399, Middle Yan Chang Road, Shanghai 200072, PR China
| | - Zhenyu Xing
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, PR China
| | - Qian Hu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, PR China
| | - Na Kong
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, PR China
| | - Chongshan Liao
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, No. 399, Middle Yan Chang Road, Shanghai 200072, PR China
| | - Sixin Xu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, PR China
| | - Jieying Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, PR China
| | - Feiwu Kang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, No. 399, Middle Yan Chang Road, Shanghai 200072, PR China.
| | - Xingjun Zhu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, PR China.
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Zhang H, Wang R, Wu C, Feng W, Zhong Q, Chen X, Wang T, Mao C. Diffusion-mediated carving of interior topologies of all-natural protein nanoparticles to tailor sustained drug release for effective breast cancer therapy. Biomaterials 2023; 295:122027. [PMID: 36805237 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are promising base materials for developing drug carriers with efficient blood circulation due to low possibilities of clearance by macrophages. However, such natural biopolymers have highly sophisticated molecular structures, preventing them from being assembled into nano-platforms with manipulable payload release profiles. Here, we report the self-assembly of two natural proteins (milk casein and rice protein) into protein nanoparticles (NPs, ∼150 nm) with tailorable release profiles. Diffusion of plant-derived paclitaxel (PTX)-containing eugenol into the hydrophobic cores of the NPs and subsequent dialysis to remove eugenol from the cores lead to the carving of the NP interiors. With the increase in the mass ratios of casein and rice protein, this process generates all-natural NPs with PTX loaded in their full cavities, semi-full cavities, or solid cores. These NPs can be efficiently uptaken by breast cancer cells and could kill the cancer cells efficiently. PTX in these NPs demonstrates increasingly sustained in vivo release profiles from full cavities, semi-full cavities, to solid cores, gradually extending its pharmacokinetic profiles in blood plasma to favor drug accumulation in breast tumor models. Consequently, the NPs with solid cores completely inhibit tumor growth in vivo, more effectively than those with full and semi-full cavities. Our work opens up a new avenue to the use of diffusion-mediated nanoscale carving in producing biomaterials with controllable interior topologies relevant to drug release profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 21422, China; National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 21422, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 21422, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 21422, China
| | - Ren Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 21422, China; National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 21422, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 21422, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 21422, China
| | - Chao Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 21422, China; National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 21422, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 21422, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 21422, China
| | - Qixin Zhong
- Department of Food Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Xianfu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 21422, China; National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 21422, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 21422, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 21422, China.
| | - Chuanbin Mao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Stephenson Life Science Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
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Zhang K, Chen FR, Wang L, Hu J. Second Near-Infrared (NIR-II) Window for Imaging-Navigated Modulation of Brain Structure and Function. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206044. [PMID: 36670072 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
For a long time, optical imaging of the deep brain with high resolution has been a challenge. Recently, with the advance in second near-infrared (NIR-II) bioimaging techniques and imaging contrast agents, NIR-II window bioimaging has attracted great attention to monitoring deeper biological or pathophysiological processes with high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and spatiotemporal resolution. Assisted with NIR-II bioimaging, the modulation of structure and function of brain is promising to be noninvasive and more precise. Herein, in this review, first the advantage of NIR-II light in brain imaging from the interaction between NIR-II and tissue is elaborated. Then, several specific NIR-II bioimaging technologies are introduced, including NIR-II fluorescence imaging, multiphoton fluorescence imaging, and photoacoustic imaging. Furthermore, the corresponding contrast agents are summarized. Next, the application of various NIR-II bioimaging technologies in visualizing the characteristics of cerebrovascular network and monitoring the changes of the pathology signals will be presented. After that, the modulation of brain structure and function based on NIR-II bioimaging will be discussed, including treatment of glioblastoma, guidance of cell transplantation, and neuromodulation. In the end, future perspectives that would help improve the clinical translation of NIR-II light are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Fu-Rong Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Lidai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Jinlian Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
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Zhao H, Li Y, Zhang X, Wu K, Lv J, Chen C, Liu H, Shi Z, Ju H, Liu Y. Orthogonal excitations of lanthanide nanoparticle up/down conversion emissions via switching NIR lights for in-vivo theranostics. Biomaterials 2022; 291:121873. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Su JY, Li WH, Li YM. New opportunities for immunomodulation of the tumour microenvironment using chemical tools. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7944-7970. [PMID: 35996977 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00486k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is recognised as an attractive method for the treatment of cancer, and numerous treatment strategies have emerged over recent years. Investigations of the tumour microenvironment (TME) have led to the identification of many potential therapeutic targets and methods. However, many recently applied immunotherapies are based on previously identified strategies, such as boosting the immune response by combining commonly used stimulators, and the release of drugs through changes in pH. Although methodological improvements such as structural optimisation and combining strategies can be undertaken, applying those novel targets and methods in immunotherapy remains an important goal. In this review, we summarise the latest research on the TME, and discuss how small molecules, immune cells, and their interactions with tumour cells can be regulated in the TME. Additionally, the techniques currently employed for delivery of these agents to the TME are also mentioned. Strategies to modulate cell phenotypes and interactions between immune cells and tumours are mainly discussed. We consider both modulatory and targeting methods aiming to bridge the gap between the TME and chemical modulation thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yun Su
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China.
| | - Wen-Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China.
| | - Yan-Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China. .,Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, 100069 Beijing, China
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Xiao T, He M, Xu F, Fan Y, Jia B, Shen M, Wang H, Shi X. Macrophage Membrane-Camouflaged Responsive Polymer Nanogels Enable Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided Chemotherapy/Chemodynamic Therapy of Orthotopic Glioma. ACS NANO 2021; 15:20377-20390. [PMID: 34860014 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c08689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Development of innovative nanomedicine formulations to traverse the blood-brain barrier (BBB) for effective theranostics of glioma remains a great challenge. Herein, we report the creation of macrophage membrane-camouflaged multifunctional polymer nanogels coloaded with manganese dioxide (MnO2) and cisplatin for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging-guided chemotherapy/chemodynamic therapy (CDT) of orthotopic glioma. Redox-responsive poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCL) nanogels (NGs) formed via precipitation polymerization were in situ loaded with MnO2 and physically encapsulated with cisplatin to have a mean size of 106.3 nm and coated with macrophage membranes to have a good colloidal stability. The generated hybrid NGs display dual pH- and redox-responsive cisplatin and Mn(II) release profiles and can deplete glutathione (GSH) rich in tumor microenvironment through reaction with disulfide-containing cross-linkers within the NGs and MnO2. The thus created Mn(II) enables enhanced CDT through a Fenton-like reaction and T1-weighted MR imaging, while the loaded cisplatin not only exerts its chemotherapy effect but also promotes the reactive oxygen species generation to enhance the CDT efficacy. Importantly, the macrophage membrane coating rendered the hybrid NGs with prolonged blood circulation time and ability to traverse BBB for specific targeted chemotherapy/CDT of orthotopic glioma. Our study demonstrates a promising self-adaptive and cooperative NG-based nanomedicine platform for highly efficient theranostics of glioma, which may be extended to tackle other difficult cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Meijuan He
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingyang Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwu Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
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Chen H, Fu Y, Feng K, Zhou Y, Wang X, Huang H, Chen Y, Wang W, Xu Y, Tian H, Mao Y, Wang J, Zhang Z. Polydopamine-coated UiO-66 nanoparticles loaded with perfluorotributylamine/tirapazamine for hypoxia-activated osteosarcoma therapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:298. [PMID: 34592996 PMCID: PMC8482624 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hypoxia is a characteristic of solid tumors that can lead to tumor angiogenesis and early metastasis, and addressing hypoxia presents tremendous challenges. In this work, a nanomedicine based on oxygen-absorbing perfluorotributylamine (PFA) and the bioreductive prodrug tirapazamine (TPZ) was prepared by using a polydopamine (PDA)-coated UiO-66 metal organic framework (MOF) as the drug carrier. Results The results showed that TPZ/PFA@UiO-66@PDA nanoparticles significantly enhanced hypoxia, induced cell apoptosis in vitro through the oxygen-dependent HIF-1α pathway and decreased oxygen levels in vivo after intratumoral injection. In addition, our study demonstrated that TPZ/PFA@UiO-66@PDA nanoparticles can accumulate in the tumor region after tail vein injection and effectively inhibit tumor growth when combined with photothermal therapy (PTT). TPZ/PFA@UiO-66@PDA nanoparticles increased HIF-1α expression while did not promote the expression of CD31 in vivo during the experiment. Conclusions By using TPZ and PFA and the enhanced permeability and retention effect of nanoparticles, TPZ/PFA@UiO-66@PDA can target tumor tissues, enhance hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment, and activate TPZ. Combined with PTT, the growth of osteosarcoma xenografts can be effectively inhibited. Graphic abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-021-01013-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfang Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - You Fu
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial - Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology , Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Feng
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Haohan Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Wenhao Wang
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanjing Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haijun Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Yuanqing Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Jinwu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial - Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology , Shanghai, China
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