1
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Arango JC, Pintro CJ, Singh A, Claridge SA. Inkjet Printing of Nanoscale Functional Patterns on 2D Crystalline Materials and Transfer to Soft Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:8055-8065. [PMID: 38300756 PMCID: PMC10875643 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Nanometer-scale control over surface functionality is important in applications ranging from nanoscale electronics to regenerative medicine. However, approaches that provide precise control over surface chemistry at the nanometer scale are often challenging to use with higher throughput and in more heterogeneous environments (e.g., complex solutions, porous interfaces) common for many applications. Here, we demonstrate a scalable inkjet-based method to generate 1 nm-wide functional patterns on 2D materials such as graphite, which can then be transferred to soft materials such as hydrogels. We examine fluid dynamics associated with the inkjet printing process for low-viscosity amphiphile inks designed to maximize ordering with limited residue and show that microscale droplet fluid dynamics influence nanoscale molecular ordering. Additionally, we show that scalable patterns generated in this way can be transferred to hydrogel materials and used to create surface chemical patterns that induce adsorption of charged particles, with effects strong enough to overcome electrostatic repulsion between a charged hydrogel and a like-charged nanoparticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Arango
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907, Indiana
| | - Chris J. Pintro
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907, Indiana
| | - Anamika Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907, Indiana
| | - Shelley A. Claridge
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907, Indiana
- Weldon
School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue
University, West Lafayette 47907, Indiana
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2
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Wilczek LA, Geiser JD, Fang C, Hicks EG, Dube L, Hipps KW, Zimmt MB. Polymerization of Physisorbed Molecular Monolayers via Overhanging Alkynyl Chains: Characterization of Polymerization Kinetics and Monolayer Durability. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:16457-16471. [PMID: 37946515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Monolayers self-assembled by triphenyleneethynylene (TPE) compounds bearing two terminal alkynyl chains were polymerized by Glaser-Hay (G-H) alkyne coupling at the acetonitrile-HOPG interface. The alkynyl chains extend into the solution due to the monolayer's dense-packed morphology. Reacting substructures that have no morphology-determining roles is a potential strategy for preserving monolayer morphology throughout polymerization. Monolayer G-H reaction kinetics and polymerized monolayer durability were characterized by using mass spectrometry and fluorescence. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometry (MS) and time-of-flight (TOF) MS were used to identify TPE-oligomers in the monolayer and to track the monolayer populations of TPE-monomer, -dimer, and -trimer as a function of G-H reaction duration. Comparison of the observed kinetics to a Monte Carlo simulation provided evidence of step-growth polymerization. The durability of polymerized monolayers depended strongly on the length of the alkynyl chains linked by G-H reaction. Polymerized T6y monolayers (O(CH2)3C≡CH alkynyl chains) desorbed minimally during 16-h immersion in 90 °C o-dichlorobenzene (oDCB), whereas polymerized T8y (O(CH2)5C≡CH alkynyl chains) and polymerized T11y (O(CH2)8C≡CH alkynyl chains), desorbed 33 and 60%, respectively, of their TPE units after 4 h in 90 °C oDCB. All the polymerized monolayers are much more durable than unpolymerized monolayers, which desorb quantitatively from HOPG when rinsed with 25 μL of oDCB. Polymerized T6y monolayer is a highly durable anchor that may be adapted to build multilayer structures "permanently" attached to the HOPG surface. The alkynyl chain length dependence may be useful for tuning polymerized TPE monolayer durability for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Wilczek
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Joseph D Geiser
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Chen Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Emily G Hicks
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Lacie Dube
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - K W Hipps
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Matthew B Zimmt
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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3
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Williams LO, Nava EK, Shi A, Roberts TJ, Davis CS, Claridge SA. Designing Interfacial Reactions for Nanometer-Scale Surface Patterning of PDMS with Controlled Elastic Modulus. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:11360-11368. [PMID: 36787222 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Control over the surface chemistry of elastomers such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is important for many applications. However, achieving nanostructured chemical control on amorphous material interfaces below the length scale of substrate heterogeneity is not straightforward, and can be particularly difficult to decouple from changes in network structure that are required for certain applications (e.g., variation of elastic modulus for cell culture). We have recently reported a new method for precisely structured surface functionalization of PDMS and other soft materials, which displays high densities of ligands directly on the material surface, maximizing steric accessibility. Here, we systematically examine structural factors in the PDMS components (e.g., base and cross-linker structures) that impact efficiency of the interfacial reaction that leads to surface functionalization. Applying this understanding, we demonstrate routes for generating equivalent nanometer-scale functional patterns on PDMS with elastic moduli from 0.013 to 1.4 MPa, establishing a foundation for use in applications such as cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura O Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Emmanuel K Nava
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Anni Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tyler J Roberts
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Chelsea S Davis
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Shelley A Claridge
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Singh A, Arango JC, Shi A, d’Aliberti JB, Claridge SA. Surface-Templated Glycopolymer Nanopatterns Transferred to Hydrogels for Designed Multivalent Carbohydrate-Lectin Interactions across Length Scales. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1668-1677. [PMID: 36640106 PMCID: PMC9881003 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Multivalent interactions between carbohydrates and proteins enable a broad range of selective chemical processes of critical biological importance. Such interactions can extend from the macromolecular scale (1-10 nm) up to much larger scales across a cell or tissue, placing substantial demands on chemically patterned materials aiming to leverage similar interactions in vitro. Here, we show that diyne amphiphiles with carbohydrate headgroups can be assembled on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) to generate nanometer-resolution carbohydrate patterns, with individual linear carbohydrate assemblies up to nearly 1 μm, and microscale geometric patterns. These are then photopolymerized and covalently transferred to the surfaces of hydrogels. This strategy suspends carbohydrate patterns on a relatively rigid polydiacetylene (persistence length ∼ 16 nm), exposed at the top surface of the hydrogel above the bulk pore structure. Transferred patterns of appropriate carbohydrates (e.g., N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, GlcNAc) enable selective, multivalent interactions (KD ∼ 40 nM) with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), a model lectin that exhibits multivalent binding with appropriately spaced GlcNAc moieties. WGA binding affinity can be further improved (KD ∼ 10 nM) using diacetylenes that shift the polymer backbone closer to the displayed carbohydrate, suggesting that this strategy can be used to modulate carbohydrate presentation at interfaces. Conversely, GlcNAc-patterned surfaces do not induce specific binding of concanavalin A, and surfaces patterned with glucuronic acid, or with simple carboxylic acid or hydroxyl groups, do not induce WGA binding. More broadly, this approach may have utility in designing synthetic glycan-mimetic interfaces with features from molecular to mesoscopic scales, including soft scaffolds for cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Juan C. Arango
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Anni Shi
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Joseph B. d’Aliberti
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Shelley A. Claridge
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States,Weldon
School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States,. Phone: 765-494-6070
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5
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Owen DS. Toward a better modulus at shallow indentations-Enhanced tip and sample characterization for quantitative atomic force microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2023; 86:84-96. [PMID: 36398794 PMCID: PMC10099859 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Approximations of the geometry of indenting probes, particularly when using shallow indentations on soft materials, can lead to the erroneous reporting of mechanical data in atomic force microscopy (AFM). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) identified a marked change in geometry toward the tip apex where the conical probe assumes a near linear flat-punch geometry. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a ubiquitous elastomer within the materials and biological sciences. Its elastic modulus is widely characterized but the data are dispersed and can display orders of magnitude disparity. Herein, we compare the moduli gathered from a range of analytical techniques and relate these to the molecular architecture identified with AFM. We present a simple method that considers sub-100 nm indentations of PDMS using the Hertz and Sneddon contact mechanics models, and how this could be used to improve the output of shallow indentations on similarly soft materials, such as polymers or cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Owen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
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6
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Arango JC, Williams LO, Shi A, Singh A, Nava EK, Fisher RV, Garfield JA, Claridge SA. Nanostructured Surface Functionalization of Polyacrylamide Hydrogels Below the Length Scale of Hydrogel Heterogeneity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:43937-43945. [PMID: 36103382 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are broadly used in applications where polymer materials must interface with biology. The hydrogel network is amorphous, with substantial heterogeneity on length scales up to hundreds of nanometers, in some cases raising challenges for applications that would benefit from highly structured interactions with biomolecules. Here, we show that it is possible to generate ordered patterns of functional groups on polyacrylamide hydrogel surfaces. We demonstrate that, when linear patterns of amines are transferred to polyacrylamide, they pattern interactions with DNA at the interface, a capability of potential importance for preconcentration in chromatographic applications, as well as for the development of nanostructured hybrid materials and supports for cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Arango
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Laura O Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Anni Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Anamika Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Emmanuel K Nava
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Racheal V Fisher
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Joseph A Garfield
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Shelley A Claridge
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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7
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Shi A, Singh A, Williams LO, Arango JC, Claridge SA. Nanometer-Scale Precision Polymer Patterning of PDMS: Multiscale Insights into Patterning Efficiency Using Alkyldiynamines. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:22634-22642. [PMID: 35512386 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Most high-resolution interfacial patterning approaches are restricted to crystalline inorganic interfaces. Recently, we have shown that it is possible to generate 1 nm resolution functional patterns on soft materials, such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), by creating highly structured striped patterns of functional alkyldiacetylenes on a hard crystalline surface, photopolymerizing to set the molecular pattern as a striped-phase polydiacetylene (sPDA), and then covalently transferring the sPDAs to PDMS. Transfer depends on the diacetylene polymerization, making it important to understand design principles for efficient sPDA polymerization and cross-linking to PDMS. Here, we combine single-molecule and fluorescence-based metrics for sPDA polymerization and transfer, first to characterize sPDA polymerization of amine striped phases, and then to develop a probabilistic model that describes the transfer process in terms of sPDA-PDMS cross-linking reaction efficiency and number of reactions required for transfer. We illustrate that transferred patterns of alkylamines can be used to direct both adsorption of CdSe nanocrystals with alkyl ligand shells and covalent reactions with fluorescent dyes, highlighting the utility of functional patterning of the PDMS surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Anamika Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Laura O Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Juan C Arango
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Shelley A Claridge
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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8
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Singh A, Shi A, Claridge SA. Nanometer-scale patterning of hard and soft interfaces: from photolithography to molecular-scale design. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:13059-13070. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05221k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Many areas of modern materials chemistry, from nanoscale electronics to regenerative medicine, require design of precisely-controlled chemical environments at near-molecular scales on both hard and soft surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Singh
- Purdue University, Chemistry, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Anni Shi
- Purdue University, Chemistry, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Shelley A. Claridge
- Purdue University, Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Shi A, Villarreal TA, Singh A, Hayes TR, Davis TC, Brooks JT, Claridge SA. Plenty of Room at the Top: A Multi‐Scale Understanding of nm‐Resolution Polymer Patterning on 2D Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anni Shi
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
| | | | - Anamika Singh
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Tyler R. Hayes
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Tyson C. Davis
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Jacob T. Brooks
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Shelley A. Claridge
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
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Shi A, Villarreal TA, Singh A, Hayes TR, Davis TC, Brooks JT, Claridge SA. Plenty of Room at the Top: A Multi-Scale Understanding of nm-Resolution Polymer Patterning on 2D Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25436-25444. [PMID: 34549520 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Lamellar phases of alkyldiacetylenes in which the alkyl chains lie parallel to the substrate represent a straightforward means for scalable 1-nm-resolution interfacial patterning. This capability has the potential for substantial impacts in nanoscale electronics, energy conversion, and biomaterials design. Polymerization is required to set the 1-nm functional patterns embedded in the monolayer, making it important to understand structure-function relationships for these on-surface reactions. Polymerization can be observed for certain monomers at the single-polymer scale using scanning probe microscopy. However, substantial restrictions on the systems that can be effectively characterized have limited utility. Here, using a new multi-scale approach, we identify a large, previously unreported difference in polymerization efficiency between the two most widely used commercial diynoic acids. We further identify a core design principle for maximizing polymerization efficiency in these on-surface reactions, generating a new monomer that also exhibits enhanced polymerization efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Anamika Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tyler R Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tyson C Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jacob T Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Shelley A Claridge
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Abstract
The evolution of lipids in nanoscience exemplifies the powerful coupling of advances in science and technology. Here, we describe two waves of discovery and innovation in lipid materials: one historical and one still building. The first wave leveraged the relatively simple capability for lipids to orient at interfaces, building layers of functional groups. This simple form of building with atoms yielded a stunning range of technologies: lubricant additives that dramatically extended machine lifetimes, molecules that enabled selective ore extraction in mining, and soaps that improved human health. It also set the stage for many areas of modern nanoscience. The second wave of lipid materials, still growing, uses the more complex toolkits lipids offer for building with atoms, including controlling atomic environment to control function (e.g., pKa tuning) and the generation of more arbitrary two-dimensional and three-dimensional structures, including lipid nanoparticles for COVID-19 mRNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Shelley A Claridge
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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