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Singh S, Ghoshal T, Prochukhan N, Fernandez AA, Vasquez JF, Yadav P, Padmanabhan SC, Morris MA. Morphology Engineering of the Asymmetric PS- b-P4VP Block Copolymer: From Porous to Nanodot Oxide Structures. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2023; 5:9612-9619. [PMID: 37970530 PMCID: PMC10644307 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.3c02120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, we demonstrate the formation of oxide porous and nanodot structures from the same block copolymer (BCP) by the phase inversion of a BCP template. We investigated the effect of solvent annealing time on the ordering of asymmetric, cylinder forming, polystyrene-b-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P4VP) BCP. Phase separation of PS-b-P4VP was achieved by solvent vapor annealing (SVA) in a solvent atmosphere that is (partially) selective to P4VP to initially generate hexagonally arranged, cylindrical arrays of the expected structure. The morphology of the BCP changed from P4VP hexagonally packed cylinders to an 'inverse' structure with PS cylinders embedded in a P4VP matrix. This suggests that selective swelling occurs over time such that the swollen P4VP phase becomes the majority volume component. Metal ions (Ga3+, In3+) were infiltrated into the BCP templates by a solution-mediated infiltration approach, followed by an ultraviolet-ozone treatment to remove the polymer and oxidize the metallic ions to their oxides. The findings show that a single BCP can be used to create both metal oxide arrays and porous structures of metal oxides by simply varying the duration of the solvent annealing process. The resulting structures were analyzed through several methods including scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. XPS analyses confirmed the complete elimination of the BCP template and the presence of metal oxides. This study provides important insights into the development of functional BCP materials with inverse structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajan Singh
- AMBER Research Centre and
School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2 D02AK60, Ireland
| | - Tandra Ghoshal
- AMBER Research Centre and
School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2 D02AK60, Ireland
| | - Nadezda Prochukhan
- AMBER Research Centre and
School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2 D02AK60, Ireland
| | | | | | - Pravind Yadav
- AMBER Research Centre and
School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2 D02AK60, Ireland
| | - Sibu C. Padmanabhan
- AMBER Research Centre and
School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2 D02AK60, Ireland
| | - Michael A. Morris
- AMBER Research Centre and
School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2 D02AK60, Ireland
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Xiao Y, Zou G, Huo J, Sun T, Feng B, Liu L. Locally Thinned, Core-Shell Nanowire-Integrated Multi-gate MoS 2 Transistors for Active Control of Extendable Logic. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:1563-1573. [PMID: 36560862 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Field-effect transistor (FET) devices with multi-gate coupled structures usually exhibit special electrical properties and are suitable for fabricating multifunctional devices. Among them, the 1D nanowire gate configuration has become a promising gate design to tailor 2D FET performances. However, due to possible short circuiting induced by nanowire contact and the high requirement for precision manipulation, the integration of multi-nanowires as gates in a single 2D electronic system remains a grand challenge. Herein, local laser--thinned multiple core-shell SiC@SiO2 nanowires are successfully integrated into MoS2 transistors as multi-gates for active control of extendable logic applications. Nanowire gates (NGs) locally enhance the carrier transportation, and the use of multiple NGs can achieve designed band structures to tune the performance of the device. For core-shell structures, a semiconducting core is used to introduce a gate bias, and the insulating shell provides protection against short circuiting between NGs, facilitating nanowire assembly. Furthermore, a global control gate is introduced to co-tune the overall electrical characteristics, while active control of logic devices and extendable inputs are achieved based on this model. This work proposes a novel nanowire multi-gate configuration, which provides possibilities for localized, precise control of band structures and the fabrication of highly integrated, multifunctional, and controllable nano-devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing by Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education of PR China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Guisheng Zou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing by Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education of PR China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jinpeng Huo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing by Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education of PR China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Tianming Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing by Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education of PR China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Bin Feng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing by Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education of PR China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing by Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education of PR China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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Chi L, Nogami J, Singh CV. Phase Transformation-Induced Quantum Dot States on the Bi/Si(111) Surface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:36217-36226. [PMID: 35900138 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanopatterns at near atomic dimensions with controllable quantum dot states (QDSs) are promising candidates for the continued downscaling of electronic devices. Herein, we report a phase transition-induced QD system achieved on the √3 × √3-Bi/Si(111) surface reconstruction, which points the way to a novel strategy on QDS implementation. Combining scanning tunneling microscopy, scanning tunneling spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the structure, energy dispersion, and size effect on band gap of the QDs are measured and verified. As-created QDs can be manipulated with a dot size down to 2 nm via Bi phase transformation, which, in turn, is triggered by thermal annealing at 700 K. The transition mechanism is also supported by our DFT calculations, and an empirical analytical model is developed to predict the transformation kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longxing Chi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Jun Nogami
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Chandra Veer Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
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Kulkarni AA, Doerk GS. Thin film block copolymer self-assembly for nanophotonics. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:292001. [PMID: 35358955 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac6315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The nanophotonic engineering of light-matter interactions has profoundly changed research behind the design and fabrication of optical materials and devices. Metasurfaces-arrays of subwavelength nanostructures that interact resonantly with electromagnetic radiation-have emerged as an integral nanophotonic platform for a new generation of ultrathin lenses, displays, polarizers and other devices. Their success hinges on advances in lithography and nanofabrication in recent decades. While existing nanolithography techniques are suitable for basic research and prototyping, issues of cost, throughput, scalability, and substrate compatibility may preclude their use for many metasurface applications. Patterning via spontaneous self-assembly of block copolymer thin films offers an enticing alternative for nanophotonic manufacturing that is rapid, inexpensive, and applicable to large areas and diverse substrates. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of block copolymer-based nanopatterning and highlights recent progress in their use for broadband antireflection, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and other nanophotonic applications. Recent advances in diversification of self-assembled block copolymer nanopatterns and improved processes for enhanced scalability of self-assembled nanopatterning using block copolymers are also discussed, with a spotlight on directions for future research that would enable a wider array of nanophotonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish A Kulkarni
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, United States of America
| | - Gregory S Doerk
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, United States of America
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Ghoshal T, Prochukhan N, Morris MA. Sub-25 nm Inorganic and Dielectric Nanopattern Arrays on Substrates: A Block Copolymer-Assisted Lithography. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:35738-35744. [PMID: 34984304 PMCID: PMC8717533 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A range of well-ordered inorganic (antimony, tin, and tungsten oxide) and dielectric (silica, alumina, and hafnia) nanoparticles and nanowire array patterns are created on substrates by a low-cost block copolymer (BCP) approach. A cylindrical-phase PS-b-PEO BCP is used as a template with hexagonally ordered perpendicular or parallel orientation of PEO cylinders. The solvent annealing parameters such as solvents, temperature, time, and so forth are optimized to achieve the desired patterns. An established BCP in situ inclusion protocol is utilized to achieve the material nanopatterns by spin coating the respective precursor ethanolic solution on the template followed by UV/ozone treatment for oxide conversion and polymer removal. Furthermore, the precursor solution concentrations and stirring times are calibrated to achieve isolated, well-ordered, and uniform-diameter and -thickness nanoparticles and nanowires. All of the material nanopatterns are mimicking the parent BCP nanopatterns. The phases of all of the nanopatterns are determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The inorganic and dielectric nanopattern arrays are patterned on a graphoepitaxial substrate for device application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tandra Ghoshal
- School of Chemistry, AMBER and CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D02 AK60, Ireland
| | - Nadezda Prochukhan
- School of Chemistry, AMBER and CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D02 AK60, Ireland
| | - Michael A. Morris
- School of Chemistry, AMBER and CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D02 AK60, Ireland
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