1
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Wu X, Cao Z, Zhao T, Wu Y, Li Z, Doukas S, Lidorikis E, Xue Y, Liu L, Ghaebi O, Soavi G, Lu J, Ni Z, Wang J. High efficiency graphene-silicon hybrid-integrated thermal and electro-optical modulators. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024; 9:1372-1378. [PMID: 38895819 DOI: 10.1039/d4nh00160e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Graphene modulators are considered a potential solution for achieving high-efficiency light modulation, and graphene-silicon hybrid-integrated modulators are particularly favorable due to their CMOS compatibility and low cost. The exploitation of graphene modulator latent capabilities remains an ongoing endeavour to improve the modulation and energy efficiency. Here, high-efficiency graphene-silicon hybrid-integrated thermal and electro-optical modulators are realized using gold-assisted transfer. We fabricate and demonstrate a microscale thermo-optical modulator with a tuning efficiency of 0.037 nm mW-1 and a high heating performance of 67.4 K μm3 mW-1 on a small active area of 7.54 μm2 and a graphene electro-absorption modulator featuring a high speed data rate reaching 56 Gb s-1 and a low power consumption of 200 fJ per bit. These devices show superior performance compared to the state of the art devices in terms of high efficiency, low process complexity, and compact device footage, which can support the realization of high-performance graphene-silicon hybrid-integrated photonic circuits with CMOS compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Wu
- National Research Center for Optical Sensors/Communications Integrated Networks, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Zhengyi Cao
- CETC Key Laboratory of Carbon-based Electronics, Nanjing Electronic Devices Institute, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Tianxiang Zhao
- National Research Center for Optical Sensors/Communications Integrated Networks, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Yun Wu
- CETC Key Laboratory of Carbon-based Electronics, Nanjing Electronic Devices Institute, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Zhonghui Li
- CETC Key Laboratory of Carbon-based Electronics, Nanjing Electronic Devices Institute, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Spyros Doukas
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, GR 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Elefterios Lidorikis
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, GR 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Yu Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Liu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Photonic Sensing & Intelligent Imaging, Intelligent Optics & Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Omid Ghaebi
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Giancarlo Soavi
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Junpeng Lu
- National Research Center for Optical Sensors/Communications Integrated Networks, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Zhenhua Ni
- National Research Center for Optical Sensors/Communications Integrated Networks, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Junjia Wang
- National Research Center for Optical Sensors/Communications Integrated Networks, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
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2
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Dong W, Dai Z, Liu L, Zhang Z. Toward Clean 2D Materials and Devices: Recent Progress in Transfer and Cleaning Methods. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2303014. [PMID: 38049925 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have tremendous potential to revolutionize the field of electronics and photonics. Unlocking such potential, however, is hampered by the presence of contaminants that usually impede the performance of 2D materials in devices. This perspective provides an overview of recent efforts to develop clean 2D materials and devices. It begins by discussing conventional and recently developed wet and dry transfer techniques and their effectiveness in maintaining material "cleanliness". Multi-scale methodologies for assessing the cleanliness of 2D material surfaces and interfaces are then reviewed. Finally, recent advances in passive and active cleaning strategies are presented, including the unique self-cleaning mechanism, thermal annealing, and mechanical treatment that rely on self-cleaning in essence. The crucial role of interface wetting in these methods is emphasized, and it is hoped that this understanding can inspire further extension and innovation of efficient transfer and cleaning of 2D materials for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhaohe Dai
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Luqi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
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3
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Zhu Y, Shi Z, Zhao Y, Bu S, Hu Z, Liao J, Lu Q, Zhou C, Guo B, Shang M, Li F, Xu Z, Zhang J, Xie Q, Li C, Sun P, Mao B, Zhang X, Liu Z, Lin L. Recent trends in the transfer of graphene films. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:7862-7873. [PMID: 38568087 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05626k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed advances in chemical vapor deposition growth of graphene films on metal foils with fine scalability and thickness controllability. However, challenges for obtaining wrinkle-free, defect-free and large-area uniformity remain to be tackled. In addition, the real commercial applications of graphene films still require industrially compatible transfer techniques with reliable performance of transferred graphene, excellent production capacity, and suitable cost. Transferred graphene films, particularly with a large area, still suffer from the presence of transfer-related cracks, wrinkles and contaminants, which would strongly deteriorate the quality and uniformity of transferred graphene films. Potential applications of graphene films include moisture barrier films, transparent conductive films, electromagnetic shielding films, and optical communications; such applications call different requirements for the performance of transferred graphene, which, in turn, determine the suitable transfer techniques. Besides the reliable transfer process, automatic machines should be well developed for the future batch transfer of graphene films, ensuring the repeatability and scalability. This mini-review provides a summary of recent advances in the transfer of graphene films and offers a perspective for future directions of transfer techniques that are compatible for industrial batch transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, P. R. China.
| | - Zhuofeng Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, P. R. China.
| | - Yixuan Zhao
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, P. R. China.
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Saiyu Bu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.
| | - Zhaoning Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, P. R. China.
| | - Junhao Liao
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, P. R. China.
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qi Lu
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, P. R. China
| | - Chaofan Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, P. R. China.
| | - Bingbing Guo
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, P. R. China.
| | - Mingpeng Shang
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, P. R. China.
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Fangfang Li
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, P. R. China.
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zhiying Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.
- Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, P. R. China
| | - Jialin Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.
- Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, P. R. China
| | - Qin Xie
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, P. R. China.
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Chunhu Li
- Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, P. R. China
| | - Pengzhan Sun
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials, Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, P.R. China
| | - Boyang Mao
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, P. R. China.
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Li Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, P. R. China.
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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4
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Lu Q, Zhong H, Sun X, Shang M, Liu W, Zhou C, Hu Z, Shi Z, Zhu Y, Liu X, Zhao Y, Liao J, Zhang X, Lian Z, Song Y, Sun L, Jia K, Yin J, Zhang X, Xie Q, Yin WJ, Lin L, Liu Z. High Moisture-Barrier Performance of Double-Layer Graphene Enabled by Conformal and Clean Transfer. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:7716-7724. [PMID: 37539976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Graphene films that can theoretically block almost all molecules have emerged as promising candidate materials for moisture barrier films in the applications of organic photonic devices and gas storage. However, the current barrier performance of graphene films does not reach the ideal value. Here, we reveal that the interlayer distance of the large-area stacked multilayer graphene is the key factor that suppresses water permeation. We show that by minimizing the gap between the two monolayers, the water vapor transmission rate of double-layer graphene can be as low as 5 × 10-3 g/(m2 d) over an A4-sized region. The high barrier performance was achieved by the absence of interfacial contamination and conformal contact between graphene layers during layer-by-layer transfer. Our work reveals the moisture permeation mechanism through graphene layers, and with this approach, we can tailor the interlayer coupling of manually stacked two-dimensional materials for new physics and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Lu
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, Beijing 102249, People's Republic of China
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Haotian Zhong
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiucai Sun
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingpeng Shang
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlin Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaofan Zhou
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoning Hu
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuofeng Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqi Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoting Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixuan Zhao
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhao Liao
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Xintong Zhang
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeyu Lian
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Song
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Luzhao Sun
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaicheng Jia
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbo Yin
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Xie
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan-Jian Yin
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS), Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Lin
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, Beijing 102249, People's Republic of China
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
- Technology Innovation Center of Graphene Metrology and Standardization for State Market Regulation, Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
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5
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Zhang B, Wu M, Zhang L, Xu Y, Hou W, Guo H, Wang L. Isolated transition metal nanoparticles anchored on N-doped carbon nanotubes as scalable bifunctional electrocatalysts for efficient Zn–air batteries. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 629:640-648. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Wang ZH, Liu BW, Zeng FR, Lin XC, Zhang JY, Wang XL, Wang YZ, Zhao HB. Fully recyclable multifunctional adhesive with high durability, transparency, flame retardancy, and harsh-environment resistance. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd8527. [PMID: 36516253 PMCID: PMC9750157 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add8527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recyclable/reversible adhesives have attracted growing attention for sustainability and intelligence but suffer from low adhesion strength and poor durability in complex conditions. Here, we demonstrate an aromatic siloxane adhesive that exploits stimuli-responsive reversible assembly driven by π-π stacking, allowing for elimination and activation of interfacial interactions via infiltration-volatilization of ethanol. The robust cohesive energy from water-insensitive siloxane assembly enables durable strong adhesion (3.5 MPa shear strength on glasses) on diverse surfaces. Long-term adhesion performances are realized in underwater, salt, and acid/alkali solutions (pH 1-14) and at low/high temperatures (-10-90°C). With reversible assembly/disassembly, the adhesive is closed-loop recycled (~100%) and reused over 100 times without adhesion loss. Furthermore, the adhesive has unique combinations of high transparency (~98% in the visible light region of 400-800 nm) and flame retardancy. The experiments and theoretical calculations reveal the corresponding mechanism at the molecular level. This π-π stacking-driven siloxane assembly strategy opens up an avenue for high-performance adhesives with circular life and multifunctional integration.
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7
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Integrated wafer-scale ultra-flat graphene by gradient surface energy modulation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5410. [PMID: 36109519 PMCID: PMC9477858 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33135-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The integration of large-scale two-dimensional (2D) materials onto semiconductor wafers is highly desirable for advanced electronic devices, but challenges such as transfer-related crack, contamination, wrinkle and doping remain. Here, we developed a generic method by gradient surface energy modulation, leading to a reliable adhesion and release of graphene onto target wafers. The as-obtained wafer-scale graphene exhibited a damage-free, clean, and ultra-flat surface with negligible doping, resulting in uniform sheet resistance with only ~6% deviation. The as-transferred graphene on SiO2/Si exhibited high carrier mobility reaching up ~10,000 cm2 V−1 s−1, with quantum Hall effect (QHE) observed at room temperature. Fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) appeared at 1.7 K after encapsulation by h-BN, yielding ultra-high mobility of ~280,000 cm2 V−1 s−1. Integrated wafer-scale graphene thermal emitters exhibited significant broadband emission in near-infrared (NIR) spectrum. Overall, the proposed methodology is promising for future integration of wafer-scale 2D materials in advanced electronics and optoelectronics. Defect-free integration of 2D materials onto semiconductor wafers is desired to implement heterogeneous electronic devices. Here, the authors report a method to transfer high-quality graphene on target wafers via gradient surface energy modulation, leading to improved structural and electronic properties.
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8
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Zhao Y, Song Y, Hu Z, Wang W, Chang Z, Zhang Y, Lu Q, Wu H, Liao J, Zou W, Gao X, Jia K, Zhuo L, Hu J, Xie Q, Zhang R, Wang X, Sun L, Li F, Zheng L, Wang M, Yang J, Mao B, Fang T, Wang F, Zhong H, Liu W, Yan R, Yin J, Zhang Y, Wei Y, Peng H, Lin L, Liu Z. Large-area transfer of two-dimensional materials free of cracks, contamination and wrinkles via controllable conformal contact. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4409. [PMID: 35906212 PMCID: PMC9338253 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31887-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of graphene and other two-dimensional (2D) materials on a wide range of substrates forms the basis for large-area applications, such as graphene integration with silicon-based technologies, which requires graphene on silicon with outperforming carrier mobilities. However, 2D materials were only produced on limited archetypal substrates by chemical vapor deposition approaches. Reliable after-growth transfer techniques, that do not produce cracks, contamination, and wrinkles, are critical for layering 2D materials onto arbitrary substrates. Here we show that, by incorporating oxhydryl groups-containing volatile molecules, the supporting films can be deformed under heat to achieve a controllable conformal contact, enabling the large-area transfer of 2D films without cracks, contamination, and wrinkles. The resulting conformity with enhanced adhesion facilitates the direct delamination of supporting films from graphene, providing ultraclean surfaces and carrier mobilities up to 1,420,000 cm2 V−1 s−1 at 4 K. Reliable transfer techniques are critical for the integration of 2D materials with arbitrary substrates. Here, the authors describe a method to transfer 4-inch and A4-sized defect-free graphene films onto rigid and flexible substrates with controllable conformal contact, leading to improved electrical properties and uniformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Zhao
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yuqing Song
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China.,Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoning Hu
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
| | - Wendong Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Zhenghua Chang
- LNM, Institute of Mechanics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.,School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
| | - Qi Lu
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing, 100095, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, P. R. China
| | - Haotian Wu
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
| | - Junhao Liao
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Wentao Zou
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
| | - Xin Gao
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Kaicheng Jia
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - La Zhuo
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
| | - Jingyi Hu
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Qin Xie
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Xiaorui Wang
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
| | - Luzhao Sun
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
| | - Fangfang Li
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
| | - Liming Zheng
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Ming Wang
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Yang
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing, 100095, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Technology Ministry of Education College of Electronic Science and Technology Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Boyang Mao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Tiantian Fang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Fuyi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Haotian Zhong
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
| | - Wenlin Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Rui Yan
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
| | - Jianbo Yin
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Wei
- LNM, Institute of Mechanics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China. .,School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.
| | - Hailin Peng
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China. .,Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing, 100095, P. R. China. .,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China.
| | - Li Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China.
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China. .,Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing, 100095, P. R. China. .,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China.
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Ignatova T, Pourianejad S, Li X, Schmidt K, Aryeetey F, Aravamudhan S, Rotkin SV. Multidimensional Imaging Reveals Mechanisms Controlling Multimodal Label-Free Biosensing in Vertical 2DM-Heterostructures. ACS NANO 2022; 16:2598-2607. [PMID: 35061372 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional materials and their van der Waals heterostructures enable a large range of applications, including label-free biosensing. Lattice mismatch and work function difference in the heterostructure material result in strain and charge transfer, often varying at a nanometer scale, that influence device performance. In this work, a multidimensional optical imaging technique is developed in order to map subdiffractional distributions for doping and strain and understand the role of those for modulation of the electronic properties of the material. As an example, vertical heterostructures comprised of monolayer graphene and single-layer flakes of transition metal dichalcogenide MoS2 were fabricated and used for biosensing. Herein, the optical label-free detection of doxorubicin, a common cancer drug, is reported via three independent optical detection channels (photoluminescence shift, Raman shift, and graphene enhanced Raman scattering). Non-uniform broadening of components of multimodal signal correlates with the statistical distribution of local optical properties of the heterostructure. Multidimensional nanoscale imaging allows one to reveal the physical origin for such a local response and propose the best strategy for the mitigation of materials variability and future device fabrication, enabling multiplexed biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Ignatova
- Department of Nanoscience, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2907 East Gate City Boulevard, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
| | - Sajedeh Pourianejad
- Department of Nanoscience, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2907 East Gate City Boulevard, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
| | - Xinyi Li
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Kirby Schmidt
- Department of Nanoscience, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2907 East Gate City Boulevard, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
| | - Frederick Aryeetey
- Department of Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, 2907 East Gate City Boulevard, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
| | - Shyam Aravamudhan
- Department of Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, 2907 East Gate City Boulevard, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
| | - Slava V Rotkin
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, Millennium Science Complex, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Langston X, Whitener KE. Graphene Transfer: A Physical Perspective. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2837. [PMID: 34835602 PMCID: PMC8625831 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Graphene, synthesized either epitaxially on silicon carbide or via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on a transition metal, is gathering an increasing amount of interest from industrial and commercial ventures due to its remarkable electronic, mechanical, and thermal properties, as well as the ease with which it can be incorporated into devices. To exploit these superlative properties, it is generally necessary to transfer graphene from its conductive growth substrate to a more appropriate target substrate. In this review, we analyze the literature describing graphene transfer methods developed over the last decade. We present a simple physical model of the adhesion of graphene to its substrate, and we use this model to organize the various graphene transfer techniques by how they tackle the problem of modulating the adhesion energy between graphene and its substrate. We consider the challenges inherent in both delamination of graphene from its original substrate as well as relamination of graphene onto its target substrate, and we show how our simple model can rationalize various transfer strategies to mitigate these challenges and overcome the introduction of impurities and defects into the graphene. Our analysis of graphene transfer strategies concludes with a suggestion of possible future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keith E. Whitener
- Chemistry Division, US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA;
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