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Xu YN, Mei B, Xu Q, Fu HQ, Zhang XY, Liu PF, Jiang Z, Yang HG. In situ/Operando Synchrotron Radiation Analytical Techniques for CO 2/CO Reduction Reaction: From Atomic Scales to Mesoscales. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404213. [PMID: 38600431 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic carbon dioxide/carbon monoxide reduction reaction (CO(2)RR) has emerged as a prospective and appealing strategy to realize carbon neutrality for manufacturing sustainable chemical products. Developing highly active electrocatalysts and stable devices has been demonstrated as effective approach to enhance the conversion efficiency of CO(2)RR. In order to rationally design electrocatalysts and devices, a comprehensive understanding of the intrinsic structure evolution within catalysts and micro-environment change around electrode interface, particularly under operation conditions, is indispensable. Synchrotron radiation has been recognized as a versatile characterization platform, garnering widespread attention owing to its high brightness, elevated flux, excellent directivity, strong polarization and exceptional stability. This review systematically introduces the applications of synchrotron radiation technologies classified by radiation sources with varying wavelengths in CO(2)RR. By virtue of in situ/operando synchrotron radiationanalytical techniques, we also summarize relevant dynamic evolution processes from electronic structure, atomic configuration, molecular adsorption, crystal lattice and devices, spanning scales from the angstrom to the micrometer. The merits and limitations of diverse synchrotron characterization techniques are summarized, and their applicable scenarios in CO(2)RR are further presented. On the basis of the state-of-the-art fourth-generation synchrotron facilities, a perspective for further deeper understanding of the CO(2)RR process using synchrotron radiation analytical techniques is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ning Xu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Bingbao Mei
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 201800, P. R. China
| | - Qiucheng Xu
- Surface Physics and Catalysis (Surf Cat) Section, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Huai Qin Fu
- Center for Catalysis and Clean Energy, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Xin Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Peng Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Hua Gui Yang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
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2
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Chen B, Qi Z, Chen B, Liu X, Li H, Han X, Zhou G, Hu W, Zhao N, He C. Room-Temperature Salt Template Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped 3D Porous Carbon for Fast Metal-Ion Storage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316116. [PMID: 37983741 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The water-soluble salt-template technique holds great promise for fabricating 3D porous materials. However, an equipment-free and pore-size controllable synthetic approach employing salt-template precursors at room temperature has remained unexplored. Herein, we introduce a green room-temperature antisolvent precipitation strategy for creating salt-template self-assembly precursors to universally produce 3D porous materials with controllable pore size. Through a combination of theoretical simulations and advanced characterization techniques, we unveil the antisolvent precipitation mechanism and provide guidelines for selecting raw materials and controlling the size of precipitated salt. Following the calcination and washing steps, we achieve large-scale and universal production of 3D porous materials and the recycling of the salt templates and antisolvents. The optimized nitrogen-doped 3D porous carbon (N-3DPC) materials demonstrate distinctive structural benefits, facilitating a high capacity for potassium-ion storage along with exceptional reversibility. This is further supported by in situ electrochemical impedance spectra, in situ Raman spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations. The anode shows a high rate capacity of 181 mAh g-1 at 4 A g-1 in the full cell. This study addresses the knowledge gap concerning the room-temperature synthesis of salt-template self-assembly precursors for the large-scale production of porous materials, thereby expanding their potential applications for electrochemical energy conversion and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bochao Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Zijia Qi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Biao Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- National Industry-Education Platform of Energy Storage, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Huan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Xiaopeng Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- National Industry-Education Platform of Energy Storage, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wenbin Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- National Industry-Education Platform of Energy Storage, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, P. R. China
| | - Naiqin Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- National Industry-Education Platform of Energy Storage, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Chunnian He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- National Industry-Education Platform of Energy Storage, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, P. R. China
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Frisch ML, Wu L, Atlan C, Ren Z, Han M, Tucoulou R, Liang L, Lu J, Guo A, Nong HN, Arinchtein A, Sprung M, Villanova J, Richard MI, Strasser P. Unraveling the synergistic effects of Cu-Ag tandem catalysts during electrochemical CO 2 reduction using nanofocused X-ray probes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7833. [PMID: 38030620 PMCID: PMC10687089 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43693-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling the selectivity of the electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide into value-added chemicals continues to be a major challenge. Bulk and surface lattice strain in nanostructured electrocatalysts affect catalytic activity and selectivity. Here, we unravel the complex dynamics of synergistic lattice strain and stability effects of Cu-Ag tandem catalysts through a previously unexplored combination of in situ nanofocused X-ray absorption spectroscopy and Bragg coherent diffraction imaging. Three-dimensional strain maps reveal the lattice dynamics inside individual nanoparticles as a function of applied potential and product yields. Dynamic relations between strain, redox state, catalytic activity and selectivity are derived. Moderate Ag contents effectively reduce the competing evolution of H2 and, concomitantly, lead to an enhanced corrosion stability. Findings from this study evidence the power of advanced nanofocused spectroscopy techniques to provide new insights into the chemistry and structure of nanostructured catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin L Frisch
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Str. des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Longfei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Str. des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany
- Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Jean-Paul-Str. 12, 53173, Bonn, Germany
| | - Clément Atlan
- ESRF, The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38000, France
- CEA Grenoble, IRIG/MEM/NRX, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, 38054, France
| | - Zhe Ren
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Madeleine Han
- ESRF, The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Rémi Tucoulou
- ESRF, The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Liang Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Str. des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jiasheng Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Str. des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - An Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Str. des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hong Nhan Nong
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Str. des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aleks Arinchtein
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Str. des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Sprung
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julie Villanova
- ESRF, The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Marie-Ingrid Richard
- ESRF, The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38000, France
- CEA Grenoble, IRIG/MEM/NRX, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, 38054, France
| | - Peter Strasser
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Str. des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
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Vicente RA, Raju SP, Gomes HVN, Neckel IT, Tolentino HCN, Fernández PS. Development of Electrochemical Cells and Their Application for Spatially Resolved Analysis Using a Multitechnique Approach: From Conventional Experiments to X-Ray Nanoprobe Beamlines. Anal Chem 2023; 95:16144-16152. [PMID: 37883715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Real (electro)catalysts are often heterogeneous, and their activity and selectivity depend on the properties of specific active sites. Therefore, unveiling the so-called structure-activity relationship is essential for a rational search for better materials and, consequently, for the development of the field of (electro-)catalysis. Thus, spatially resolved techniques are powerful tools as they allow us to characterize and/or measure the activity and selectivity of different regions of heterogeneous catalysts. To take full advantage of that, we have developed spectroelectrochemical cells to perform spatially resolved analysis using X-ray nanoprobe synchrotron beamlines and conventional pieces of equipment. Here, we describe the techniques available at the Carnaúba beamline at the Sirius-LNLS storage ring, and then we show how our cells enable obtaining X-ray (XRF, XRD, XAS, etc.) and vibrational spectroscopy (FTIR and Raman) contrast images. Through some proof-of-concept experiments, we demonstrate how using a multi-technique approach could render a complete and detailed analysis of an (electro)catalyst overall performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Alcides Vicente
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Josué de Castro, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Campinas 13083-872, Brazil
- Center for Innovation on New Energies (CINE), R. Michel Debrun, s/n, Prédio Amarelo, Campinas 13083-084, Brazil
| | - Swathi Patchaiammal Raju
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Josué de Castro, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Campinas 13083-872, Brazil
- Center for Innovation on New Energies (CINE), R. Michel Debrun, s/n, Prédio Amarelo, Campinas 13083-084, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Vampré Nascimento Gomes
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Josué de Castro, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Campinas 13083-872, Brazil
- Center for Innovation on New Energies (CINE), R. Michel Debrun, s/n, Prédio Amarelo, Campinas 13083-084, Brazil
| | - Itamar Tomio Neckel
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), R. Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10000 - Bosque das Palmeiras, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Hélio Cesar Nogueira Tolentino
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), R. Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10000 - Bosque das Palmeiras, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Pablo Sebastián Fernández
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Josué de Castro, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Campinas 13083-872, Brazil
- Center for Innovation on New Energies (CINE), R. Michel Debrun, s/n, Prédio Amarelo, Campinas 13083-084, Brazil
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Martens I, Vostrov N, Mirolo M, Leake SJ, Zatterin E, Zhu X, Wang L, Drnec J, Richard MI, Schulli TU. Defects and nanostrain gradients control phase transition mechanisms in single crystal high-voltage lithium spinel. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6975. [PMID: 37914690 PMCID: PMC10620135 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42285-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lithiation dynamics and phase transition mechanisms in most battery cathode materials remain poorly understood, because of the challenge in differentiating inter- and intra-particle heterogeneity. In this work, the structural evolution inside Li1-xMn1.5Ni0.5O4 single crystals during electrochemical delithiation is directly resolved with operando X-ray nanodiffraction microscopy. Metastable domains of solid-solution intermediates do not appear associated with the reaction front between the lithiated and delithiated phases, as predicted by current phase transition theory. Instead, unusually persistent strain gradients inside the single crystals suggest that the shape and size of solid solution domains are instead templated by lattice defects, which guide the entire delithiation process. Morphology, strain distributions, and tilt boundaries reveal that the (Ni2+/Ni3+) and (Ni3+/Ni4+) phase transitions proceed through different mechanisms, offering solutions for reducing structural degradation in high voltage spinel active materials towards commercially useful durability. Dynamic lattice domain reorientation during cycling are found to be the cause for formation of permanent tilt boundaries with their angular deviation increasing during continuous cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Martens
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Nikita Vostrov
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Marta Mirolo
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Steven J Leake
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Edoardo Zatterin
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Xiaobo Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Lianzhou Wang
- Nanomaterials Centre, School of Chemical Engineering, and Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jakub Drnec
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Ingrid Richard
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France.
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA Grenoble, IRIG, MEM, NRX, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Tobias U Schulli
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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Simonne D, Carnis J, Atlan C, Chatelier C, Favre-Nicolin V, Dupraz M, Leake SJ, Zatterin E, Resta A, Coati A, Richard MI. Gwaihir: Jupyter Notebook graphical user interface for Bragg coherent diffraction imaging. J Appl Crystallogr 2022; 55:1045-1054. [PMID: 35974722 PMCID: PMC9348885 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576722005854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In a world where data are steadily made more available, Gwaihir is a tool that overcomes multiple issues by bridging remote access, cluster computing and a user-friendly interface, consequentially improving the link between synchrotrons and their users for Bragg coherent diffraction imaging. Bragg coherent X-ray diffraction is a nondestructive method for probing material structure in three dimensions at the nanoscale, with unprecedented resolution in displacement and strain fields. This work presents Gwaihir, a user-friendly and open-source tool to process and analyze Bragg coherent X-ray diffraction data. It integrates the functionalities of the existing packages bcdi and PyNX in the same toolbox, creating a natural workflow and promoting data reproducibility. Its graphical interface, based on Jupyter Notebook widgets, combines an interactive approach for data analysis with a powerful environment designed to link large-scale facilities and scientists.
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7
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Mai H, Le TC, Chen D, Winkler DA, Caruso RA. Machine Learning for Electrocatalyst and Photocatalyst Design and Discovery. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13478-13515. [PMID: 35862246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Electrocatalysts and photocatalysts are key to a sustainable future, generating clean fuels, reducing the impact of global warming, and providing solutions to environmental pollution. Improved processes for catalyst design and a better understanding of electro/photocatalytic processes are essential for improving catalyst effectiveness. Recent advances in data science and artificial intelligence have great potential to accelerate electrocatalysis and photocatalysis research, particularly the rapid exploration of large materials chemistry spaces through machine learning. Here a comprehensive introduction to, and critical review of, machine learning techniques used in electrocatalysis and photocatalysis research are provided. Sources of electro/photocatalyst data and current approaches to representing these materials by mathematical features are described, the most commonly used machine learning methods summarized, and the quality and utility of electro/photocatalyst models evaluated. Illustrations of how machine learning models are applied to novel electro/photocatalyst discovery and used to elucidate electrocatalytic or photocatalytic reaction mechanisms are provided. The review offers a guide for materials scientists on the selection of machine learning methods for electrocatalysis and photocatalysis research. The application of machine learning to catalysis science represents a paradigm shift in the way advanced, next-generation catalysts will be designed and synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxin Mai
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Tu C Le
- School of Engineering, STEM College, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Dehong Chen
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - David A Winkler
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, Victoria 3042, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel A Caruso
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
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Dolabella S, Borzì A, Dommann A, Neels A. Lattice Strain and Defects Analysis in Nanostructured Semiconductor Materials and Devices by High-Resolution X-Ray Diffraction: Theoretical and Practical Aspects. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2100932. [PMID: 34951155 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The reliability of semiconductor materials with electrical and optical properties are connected to their structures. The elastic strain field and tilt analysis of the crystal lattice, detectable by the variation in position and shape of the diffraction peaks, is used to quantify defects and investigate their mobility. The exploitation of high-resolution X-ray diffraction-based methods for the evaluation of structural defects in semiconductor materials and devices is reviewed. An efficient and non-destructive characterization is possible for structural parameters such as, lattice strain and tilt, layer composition and thickness, lattice mismatch, and dislocation density. The description of specific experimental diffraction geometries and scanning methods is provided. Today's X-ray diffraction based methods are evaluated and compared, also with respect to their applicability limits. The goal is to understand the close relationship between lattice strain and structural defects. For different material systems, the appropriate analytical methods are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Dolabella
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Aurelio Borzì
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Alex Dommann
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Antonia Neels
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
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