1
|
Roy A, Healey CP, Larm NE, Ishtaweera P, Roca M, Baker GA. The Huge Role of Tiny Impurities in Nanoscale Synthesis. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2024; 4:176-193. [PMID: 38912288 PMCID: PMC11191736 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.3c00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is vital to many current industries, including electronics, energy, textiles, agriculture, and theranostics. Understanding the chemical mechanisms of nanomaterial synthesis has contributed to the tunability of their unique properties, although studies frequently overlook the potential impact of impurities. Impurities can show adverse effects, clouding the interpretation of results or limiting the practical utility of the nanomaterial. On the other hand, as successful doping has demonstrated, the intentional introduction of impurities can be a powerful tool for enhancing the properties of a nanomaterial. This Review examines the complex role of impurities, unintentionally or intentionally added, during nanoscale synthesis and their effects on the performance and usefulness of the most common classes of nanomaterials: nanocarbons, noble metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, semiconductor quantum dots, thermoelectrics, and perovskites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angira Roy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Ciaran P. Healey
- Chemistry
Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York 12866, United States
| | - Nathaniel E. Larm
- Department
of Chemistry, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, United States
| | - Piyuni Ishtaweera
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Maryuri Roca
- Chemistry
Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York 12866, United States
| | - Gary A. Baker
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang C, Lan X, Zhu L, Wang Y, Gao X, Li J, Tian H, Liang Z, Xu W. Construction Strategy of Functionalized Liposomes and Multidimensional Application. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309031. [PMID: 38258399 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Liposomes are widely used in the biological field due to their good biocompatibility and surface modification properties. With the development of biochemistry and material science, many liposome structures and their surface functional components have been modified and optimized one by one, pushing the liposome platform from traditional to functionalized and intelligent, which will better satisfy and expand the needs of scientific research. However, a main limiting factor effecting the efficiency of liposomes is the complicated environmental conditions in the living body. Currently, in order to overcome the above problem, functionalized liposomes have become a very promising strategy. In this paper, binding strategies of liposomes with four main functional elements, namely nucleic acids, antibodies, peptides, and stimuli-responsive motif have been summarized for the first time. In addition, based on the construction characteristics of functionalized liposomes, such as drug-carrying, targeting, long-circulating, and stimulus-responsive properties, a comprehensive overview of their features and respective research progress are presented. Finally, the paper critically presents the limitations of these functionalized liposomes in the current applications and also prospectively suggests the future development directions, aiming to accelerate realization of their industrialization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengyun Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xinyue Lan
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Longjiao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yanhui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xinru Gao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hongtao Tian
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Zhihong Liang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wentao Xu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Arango JC, Pintro CJ, Singh A, Claridge SA. Inkjet Printing of Nanoscale Functional Patterns on 2D Crystalline Materials and Transfer to Soft Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:8055-8065. [PMID: 38300756 PMCID: PMC10875643 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Nanometer-scale control over surface functionality is important in applications ranging from nanoscale electronics to regenerative medicine. However, approaches that provide precise control over surface chemistry at the nanometer scale are often challenging to use with higher throughput and in more heterogeneous environments (e.g., complex solutions, porous interfaces) common for many applications. Here, we demonstrate a scalable inkjet-based method to generate 1 nm-wide functional patterns on 2D materials such as graphite, which can then be transferred to soft materials such as hydrogels. We examine fluid dynamics associated with the inkjet printing process for low-viscosity amphiphile inks designed to maximize ordering with limited residue and show that microscale droplet fluid dynamics influence nanoscale molecular ordering. Additionally, we show that scalable patterns generated in this way can be transferred to hydrogel materials and used to create surface chemical patterns that induce adsorption of charged particles, with effects strong enough to overcome electrostatic repulsion between a charged hydrogel and a like-charged nanoparticle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Arango
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907, Indiana
| | - Chris J. Pintro
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907, Indiana
| | - Anamika Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907, Indiana
| | - Shelley A. Claridge
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907, Indiana
- Weldon
School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue
University, West Lafayette 47907, Indiana
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang H, Pan F, Li S. Self-Assembly of Lipid Molecules under Shear Flows: A Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulation Study. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1359. [PMID: 37759759 PMCID: PMC10526246 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The self-assembly of lipid molecules in aqueous solution under shear flows was investigated using the dissipative particle dynamics simulation method. Three cases were considered: zero shear flow, weak shear flow and strong shear flow. Various self-assembled structures, such as double layers, perforated double layers, hierarchical discs, micelles, and vesicles, were observed. The self-assembly behavior was investigated in equilibrium by constructing phase diagrams based on chain lengths. Results showed the remarkable influence of chain length, shear flow and solution concentration on the self-assembly process. Furthermore, the self-assembly behavior of lipid molecules was analyzed using the system energy, particle number and shape factor during the dynamic processes, where the self-assembly pathways were observed and analyzed for the typical structures. The results enhance our understanding of biomacromolecule self-assembly in a solution and hold the potential for applications in biomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Department of Physics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Fan Pan
- School of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, Wenzhou University of Technology, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Shiben Li
- Department of Physics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li X, Luo Y, Huang Z, Wang Y, Wu J, Zhou S. Multifunctional Liposomes Remodeling Tumor Immune Microenvironment for Tumor Chemoimmunotherapy. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2201327. [PMID: 37075716 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In the treatment of solid tumors, the complex barriers composed of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) prevent drug delivery and T cells infiltration into tumor tissues. Although nanocarriers hold great prospects in drug delivery, fibrosis causes the biological barrier and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (ITM) that impairs the anti-tumor efficacy of nanocarriers. Here, a small dendritic macromolecule loaded with doxorubicin (PAMAM-ss-DOX) (DP) is synthesized and encapsulated into pH-responsive nanoliposome, together with adjuvant toll-like receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8) agonist resiquimod (R848) and losartan (LOS). The pH-responsive liposome facilitates the simultaneous and effective delivery of DP, R848, and LOS, which can decompose and release these drugs under the acidic tumor microenvironment. The small sized DP (≈25 nm) with the ability to penetrate into tumor tissue and immunogenic cell death (ICD) can reverse the ITM and elicit immune response, which is equivalent to the effect of an in situ vaccine. Moreover, LOS reduces the activity of CAFs effectively, which can contribute to the infiltration of T cells. Therefore, this nano-platform provides a new therapeutic strategy for enhanced chemo-immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
| | - Yang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
| | - Zhengjie Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
| | - Shaobing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pan F, Sun L, Li S. Dynamic Processes and Mechanical Properties of Lipid-Nanoparticle Mixtures. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081828. [PMID: 37111975 PMCID: PMC10144953 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the dynamic processes and mechanical properties of lipid nanoparticle mixtures in a melt via dissipation particle dynamic simulation. By investigating the distribution of nanoparticles in lamellar and hexagonal lipid matrices in equilibrium state and dynamic processes, we observe that the morphology of such composites depends not only on the geometric features of the lipid matrix but also on the concentration of nanoparticles. The dynamic processes are also demonstrated by calculating the average radius of gyration, which indicates the isotropic conformation of lipid molecules in the x-y plane and that the lipid chains are stretched in the z direction with the addition of nanoparticles. Meanwhile, we predict the mechanical properties of lipid-nanoparticle mixtures in lamellar structures by analyzing the interfacial tensions. Results show that the interfacial tension decreased with the increase in nanoparticle concentration. These results provide molecular-level information for the rational and a priori design of new lipid nanocomposites with ad hoc tailored properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Pan
- School of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, Wenzhou University of Technology, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Lingling Sun
- Department of Physics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Shiben Li
- Department of Physics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Williams LO, Nava EK, Shi A, Roberts TJ, Davis CS, Claridge SA. Designing Interfacial Reactions for Nanometer-Scale Surface Patterning of PDMS with Controlled Elastic Modulus. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:11360-11368. [PMID: 36787222 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Control over the surface chemistry of elastomers such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is important for many applications. However, achieving nanostructured chemical control on amorphous material interfaces below the length scale of substrate heterogeneity is not straightforward, and can be particularly difficult to decouple from changes in network structure that are required for certain applications (e.g., variation of elastic modulus for cell culture). We have recently reported a new method for precisely structured surface functionalization of PDMS and other soft materials, which displays high densities of ligands directly on the material surface, maximizing steric accessibility. Here, we systematically examine structural factors in the PDMS components (e.g., base and cross-linker structures) that impact efficiency of the interfacial reaction that leads to surface functionalization. Applying this understanding, we demonstrate routes for generating equivalent nanometer-scale functional patterns on PDMS with elastic moduli from 0.013 to 1.4 MPa, establishing a foundation for use in applications such as cell culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura O Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Emmanuel K Nava
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Anni Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tyler J Roberts
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Chelsea S Davis
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Shelley A Claridge
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Singh A, Arango JC, Shi A, d’Aliberti JB, Claridge SA. Surface-Templated Glycopolymer Nanopatterns Transferred to Hydrogels for Designed Multivalent Carbohydrate-Lectin Interactions across Length Scales. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1668-1677. [PMID: 36640106 PMCID: PMC9881003 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Multivalent interactions between carbohydrates and proteins enable a broad range of selective chemical processes of critical biological importance. Such interactions can extend from the macromolecular scale (1-10 nm) up to much larger scales across a cell or tissue, placing substantial demands on chemically patterned materials aiming to leverage similar interactions in vitro. Here, we show that diyne amphiphiles with carbohydrate headgroups can be assembled on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) to generate nanometer-resolution carbohydrate patterns, with individual linear carbohydrate assemblies up to nearly 1 μm, and microscale geometric patterns. These are then photopolymerized and covalently transferred to the surfaces of hydrogels. This strategy suspends carbohydrate patterns on a relatively rigid polydiacetylene (persistence length ∼ 16 nm), exposed at the top surface of the hydrogel above the bulk pore structure. Transferred patterns of appropriate carbohydrates (e.g., N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, GlcNAc) enable selective, multivalent interactions (KD ∼ 40 nM) with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), a model lectin that exhibits multivalent binding with appropriately spaced GlcNAc moieties. WGA binding affinity can be further improved (KD ∼ 10 nM) using diacetylenes that shift the polymer backbone closer to the displayed carbohydrate, suggesting that this strategy can be used to modulate carbohydrate presentation at interfaces. Conversely, GlcNAc-patterned surfaces do not induce specific binding of concanavalin A, and surfaces patterned with glucuronic acid, or with simple carboxylic acid or hydroxyl groups, do not induce WGA binding. More broadly, this approach may have utility in designing synthetic glycan-mimetic interfaces with features from molecular to mesoscopic scales, including soft scaffolds for cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Juan C. Arango
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Anni Shi
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Joseph B. d’Aliberti
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Shelley A. Claridge
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States,Weldon
School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States,. Phone: 765-494-6070
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu Y, Zheng X, Guan D, Jiang X, Hu G. Heterogeneous Nanostructures Cause Anomalous Diffusion in Lipid Monolayers. ACS NANO 2022; 16:16054-16066. [PMID: 36149751 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The diffusion and mobility in biomembranes are crucial for various cell functions; however, the mechanisms involved in such processes remain ambiguous due to the complex membrane structures. Herein, we investigate how the heterogeneous nanostructures cause anomalous diffusion in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) monolayers. By identifying the existence of condensed nanodomains and clarifying their impact, our findings renew the understanding of the hydrodynamic description and the statistical feature of the diffusion in the monolayers. We find a universal characteristic of the multistage mean square displacement (MSD) with an intermediate crossover, signifying two membrane viscosities at different scales: the short-time scale describes the local fluidity and is independent of the nominal DPPC density, and the long-time scale represents the global continuous phase taking into account nanodomains and increases with DPPC density. The constant short-time viscosity reflects a dynamic equilibrium between the continuous fluid phase and the condensed nanodomains in the molecular scale. Notably, we observe an "anomalous yet Brownian" phenomenon exhibiting an unusual double-peaked displacement probability distribution (DPD), which is attributed to the net dipolar repulsive force from the heterogeneous nanodomains around the microdomains. The findings provide physical insights into the transport of membrane inclusions that underpin various biological functions and drug deliveries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics (LNM), Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Frontier Scientific Research Centre for Fluidized Mining of Deep Underground Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics (LNM), Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongshi Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics (LNM), Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Xikai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics (LNM), Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Hu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sun L, Pan F, Li S. Self-Assembly of Lipid Mixtures in Solutions: Structures, Dynamics Processes and Mechanical Properties. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12080730. [PMID: 35893448 PMCID: PMC9394357 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12080730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of lipid mixtures in aqueous solution was investigated by dissipative particle dynamics simulation. Two types of lipid molecules were modelled, where three mixed structures, i.e., the membrane, perforated membrane and vesicle, were determined in the self-assembly processes. Phase behaviour was investigated by using the phase diagrams based on the tail chain lengths for the two types of lipids. Several parameters, such as chain number and average radius of gyration, were employed to explore the structural formations of the membrane and perforated membrane in the dynamic processes. Interface tension was used to demonstrate the mechanical properties of the membrane and perforated membrane in the equilibrium state and dynamics processes. Results help us to understand the self-assembly mechanism of the biomolecule mixtures, which has a potential application for designing the lipid molecule-based bio-membranes in solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fan Pan
- Correspondence: (F.P.); (S.L.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Singh A, Shi A, Claridge SA. Nanometer-scale patterning of hard and soft interfaces: from photolithography to molecular-scale design. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:13059-13070. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05221k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Many areas of modern materials chemistry, from nanoscale electronics to regenerative medicine, require design of precisely-controlled chemical environments at near-molecular scales on both hard and soft surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Singh
- Purdue University, Chemistry, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Anni Shi
- Purdue University, Chemistry, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Shelley A. Claridge
- Purdue University, Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|