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Qu G, Wei H, Zhao S, Yang Y, Zhang X, Chen G, Liu Z, Li H, Han C. A Temperature Self-Adaptive Electrolyte for Wide-Temperature Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2400370. [PMID: 38684215 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The advancement of aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) is often hampered by the dendritic zinc growth and the parasitic side reactions between the zinc anode and the aqueous electrolyte, especially under extreme temperature conditions. This study unveils the performance decay mechanism of zinc anodes in harsh environments, characterized by "dead zinc" at low temperatures and aggravated hydrogen evolution and adverse by-products at elevated temperatures. To address these issues, a temperature self-adaptive electrolyte (TSAE), founded on the competitive coordination principle of co-solvent and anions, is introduced. This electrolyte exhibits a dynamic solvation capability, engendering an inorganic-rich solid electrolyte interface (SEI) at low temperatures while an organic alkyl ether- and alkyl carbonate-containing SEI at elevated temperatures. The self-adaptability of the electrolyte significantly enhances the performance of the zinc anode across a broad temperature range. A Zn//Zn symmetrical cell, based on the TSAE, showcases reversible plating/stripping exceeding 16 800 h (>700 d) at room temperature under 1 mA cm-2 and 1 mAh cm-2, setting a record of lifespan. Furthermore, the TSAE enables stable operation of the zinc full batteries across an ultrawide temperature range of -35 to 75 °C. This work illuminates a pathway for optimizing AZIBs under extreme temperatures by fine-tuning the interfacial chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangmeng Qu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Energy Materials Service Safety, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Hua Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Energy Materials Service Safety, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Shunshun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology of Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 10029, China
| | - Yihan Yang
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Xiangyong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Energy Materials Service Safety, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Guangming Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Energy Materials Service Safety, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhuoxin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Energy Materials Service Safety, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hongfei Li
- School of System Design and Intelligent Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Cuiping Han
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
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2
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Chen J, Shi Y, Zheng S, Zhao W, Li R, Ye K, Zhao X, Zuo Z, Pan Z, Yang X. Blocking Interfacial Proton Transport via Self-Assembled Monolayer for Hydrogen Evolution-Free Zinc Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404825. [PMID: 38647332 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Aqueous Zn-ion batteries (ZIBs) are promising next-generation energy storage devices, yet suffer from the issues of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and intricate side reactions on the Zn anode surface. The hydrogen (H)-bond networks play a critical role in interfacial proton transport that may closely relate to HER but are rarely investigated. Herein, we report a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) strategy which is constructed by anchoring ionic liquid cations on Ti3C2Tx substrate for HER-free Zn anode. Molecule dynamics simulations reveal that the rationally designed SAM with a high coordination number of water molecules (25-27, 4-6 for Zn2+) largely reduces the interfacial densities of H2O molecules, therefore breaking the connectivity of H-bond networks and blocking proton transport on the interface, by which the HER is suppressed. Then, a series of in situ characterizations demonstrate that negligible amounts of H2 gas are collected from the Zn@SAM-MXene anode. Consequently, the symmetric cell enables a long-cycling life of 3000 h at 1 mA cm-2 and 1000 h at 5 mA cm-2. More significantly, the stable Zn@SAM-MXene films are successfully used for coin full cells showing high-capacity retention of over 94 % after 1000 cycles and large-area (10×5 cm2) pouch cells with desired performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Yayun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal Utilization, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, P. R. China
| | - Songhe Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Wanyu Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Ruimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal Utilization, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, P. R. China
| | - Ke Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Zhijun Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal Utilization, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, P. R. China
| | - Zhenghui Pan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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3
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Dou X, Xie X, Liang S, Fang G. Low-current-density stability of vanadium-based cathodes for aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:833-845. [PMID: 38302333 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Vanadium-based cathodes have received widespread attention in the field of aqueous zinc-ion batteries, presenting a promising prospect for stationary energy storage applications. However, the rapid capacity decay at low current densities has hampered their development. In particular, capacity stability at low current densities is a requisite in numerous practical applications, typically encompassing peak load regulation of the electricity grid, household energy storage systems, and uninterrupted power supplies. Despite possessing notably high specific capacities, vanadium-based materials exhibit severe instability at low current densities. Moreover, the issue of stabilizing electrode reactions at these densities for vanadium-based materials has been explored insufficiently in existing research. This review aims to investigate the matter of stability in vanadium-based materials at low current densities by concentrating on the mechanisms of capacity fading and optimization strategies. It proposes a comprehensive approach that includes electrolyte optimization, electrode modulation, and electrochemical operational conditions. Finally, we presented several crucial prospects for advancing the practical development of vanadium-based aqueous zinc-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Dou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Electronic Packaging and Advanced Functional Materials of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xuefang Xie
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China.
| | - Shuquan Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Electronic Packaging and Advanced Functional Materials of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Guozhao Fang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Electronic Packaging and Advanced Functional Materials of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
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Liu L, Lu H, Han C, Chen X, Liu S, Zhang J, Chen X, Wang X, Wang R, Xu J, Liu HK, Dou SX, Li W. Salt Anion Amphiphilicity-Activated Electrolyte Cosolvent Selection Strategy toward Durable Zn Metal Anode. ACS NANO 2023; 17:23065-23078. [PMID: 37948160 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
One effective solution to inhibit side reactions and Zn dendrite growth in aqueous Zn-ion batteries is to add a cosolvent into the Zn(CF3SO3)2 electrolyte, which has the potential to form a robust solid electrolyte interface composed of ZnF2 and ZnS. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of discussion on a convenient selection method for cosolvents, which can directly reflect the interactions between solvent and solute to rationally design the electrolyte solvation structure. Herein, logP, where P is the octanol-water partition coefficient, a general parameter to describe the hydrophilicity and lipophilicity of chemicals, is proposed as a standard for selecting cosolvents for Zn(CF3SO3)2 electrolyte, which is demonstrated by testing seven different types of solvents. The solvent with a logP value similar to that of the salt anion CF3SO3- can interact with CF3SO3-, Zn2+, and H2O, leading to a reconstruction of the electrolyte solvation structure. To prove the concept, methyl acetate (MA) is demonstrated as an example due to its similar logP value to that of CF3SO3-. Both the experimental and theoretical results illustrate that MA molecules not only enter into the solvation shell of CF3SO3- but also coordinate with Zn2+ or H2O, forming an MA and CF3SO3- involved core-shell solvation structure. The special solvation structure reduces H2O activity and contributes to forming an anion-induced ZnCO3-ZnF2-rich solid electrolyte interface. As a result, the Zn||Zn cell and Zn||NaV3O8·1.5H2O cell with MA-involved electrolyte exhibit superior performances to that with the MA-free electrolyte. This work provides an insight into electrolyte design via salt anion chemistry for high-performance Zn batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522, Australia
| | - Haiying Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Chao Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Xianfei Chen
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
| | - Sucheng Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jiakui Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xianghong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522, Australia
| | - Rui Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jiantie Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Hua Kun Liu
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522, Australia
- Institute of Energy Materials Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Shi Xue Dou
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522, Australia
- Institute of Energy Materials Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Weijie Li
- State Key Laboratory for Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522, Australia
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Zhang K, Wang L, Ma C, Yuan Z, Wu C, Ye J, Wu Y. A Comprehensive Evaluation of Battery Technologies for High-Energy Aqueous Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2309154. [PMID: 37967335 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous batteries have garnered significant attention in recent years as a viable alternative to lithium-ion batteries for energy storage, owing to their inherent safety, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability. This study offers a comprehensive review of recent advancements, persistent challenges, and the prospects of aqueous batteries, with a primary focus on energy density compensation of various battery engineering technologies. Additionally, cutting-edge high-energy aqueous battery designs are emphasized as a reference for future endeavors in the pursuit of high-energy storage solutions. Finally, a dual-compatibility battery configuration perspective aimed at concurrently optimizing cycle stability, redox potential, capacity utilization for both anode and cathode materials, as well as the selection of potential electrode candidates, is proposed with the ultimate goal of achieving cell-level energy densities exceeding 400 Wh kg-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqiang Zhang
- School of Energy Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211816, China
| | - Luoya Wang
- School of Energy Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211816, China
| | - Changlong Ma
- School of Energy Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211816, China
| | - Zijie Yuan
- School of Energy Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211816, China
| | - Chao Wu
- School of Energy Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211816, China
| | - Jilei Ye
- School of Energy Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211816, China
| | - Yuping Wu
- School of Energy Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211816, China
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6
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Zheng Z, Guo S, Yan M, Luo Y, Cao F. A Functional Janus Ag Nanowires/Bacterial Cellulose Separator for High-Performance Dendrite-Free Zinc Anode Under Harsh Conditions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2304667. [PMID: 37730093 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) offer promising prospects for large-scale energy storage due to their inherent abundance and safety features. However, the growth of zinc dendrites remains a primary obstacle to the practical industrialization of AZIBs, especially under harsh conditions of high current densities and elevated temperatures. To address this issue, a Janus separator with an exceptionally ultrathin thickness of 29 µm is developed. This Janus separator features the bacterial cellulose (BC) layer on one side and Ag nanowires/bacterial cellulose (AgNWs/BC) layer on the other side. High zincophilic property and excellent electric/thermal conductivity of AgNWs make them ideal for serving as an ion pump to accelerate Zn2+ transport in the electrolyte, resulting in greatly improved Zn2+ conductivity, deposition of homogeneous Zn nuclei, and dendrite-free Zn. Consequently, the Zn||Zn symmetrical cells with the Janus separator exhibit a stable cycle life of over 1000 h under 80 mA cm-2 and are sustained for over 600 h at 10 mA cm-2 under 50 °C. Further, the Janus separator enables excellent cycling stability in AZIBs, aqueous zinc-ion capacitors (AZICs), and scaled-up flexible soft-packaged batteries. This study demonstrates the potential of functional separators in promoting the application of aqueous zinc batteries, particularly under harsh conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Zheng
- College of Chemistry, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Shaojie Guo
- College of Chemistry, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Mengyu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yanzhu Luo
- College of Chemistry, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Feifei Cao
- College of Chemistry, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, P. R. China
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7
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Li W, Wang D. Conversion-Type Cathode Materials for Aqueous Zn Metal Batteries in Nonalkaline Aqueous Electrolytes: Progress, Challenges, and Solutions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2304983. [PMID: 37467467 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous Zn metal batteries are attractive as safe and low-cost energy storage systems. At present, due to the narrow window of the aqueous electrolyte and the strong reliance of the Zn2+ ion intercalated reaction on the host structure, the current intercalated cathode materials exhibit restricted energy densities. In contrast, cathode materials with conversion reactions can promise higher energy densities. Especially, the recently reported conversion-type cathode materials that function in nonalkaline electrolytes have garnered increasing attention. This is because the use of nonalkaline electrolytes can prevent the occurrence of side reactions encountered in alkaline electrolytes and thereby enhance cycling stability. However, there is a lack of comprehensive review on the reaction mechanisms, progress, challenges, and solutions to these cathode materials. In this review, four kinds of conversion-type cathode materials including MnO2 , halogen materials (Br2 and I2 ), chalcogenide materials (O2 , S, Se, and Te), and Cu-based compounds (CuI, Cu2 O, Cu2 S, CuO, CuS, and CuSe) are reviewed. First, the reaction mechanisms and battery structures of these materials are introduced. Second, the fundamental problems and their corresponding solutions are discussed in detail in each material. Finally, future directions and efforts for the development of conversion-type cathode materials for aqueous Zn batteries are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Dihua Wang
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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Xie C, Liu S, Wu H, Zhang Q, Hu C, Yang Z, Li H, Tang Y, Wang H. Weak solvent chemistry enables stable aqueous zinc metal batteries over a wide temperature range from -50 to 80 °C. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023:S2095-9273(23)00395-X. [PMID: 37385901 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of electrolytes with a wide temperature range, no dendrite growth and corrosion resistance is essential for the practical application of aqueous zinc metal batteries. Herein, γ-valerolactone is developed as the co-solvent to extend the operating temperature range of the aqueous electrolyte and stabilize the zinc metal anode interface. This weak solvent acts as a strong hydrogen bonding ligand and "diluent" to break the hydrogen bonds between free water molecules, thus enhancing the temperature tolerance and chemical stability of the electrolyte. The γ-valerolactone can also be adsorbed on the anode surface to achieve a dendrite-free zinc deposition behavior by promoting zinc nucleation and regulating zinc growth texture. The optimized electrolyte enables the symmetric cell to deliver a cycle/rest life of 2160 h and operate stably over a wide temperature range of -50 to 80 °C. The corresponding Zn||AC and Zn||PANI cells exhibit capacity retention of 92.5% and 85% after 8100 and 1600 cycles, respectively. This mechanism of weak solvent-regulated hydrogen bonding and solvent sheath provides new insights into the design of advanced aqueous electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Xie
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Shengfang Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Chao Hu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zefang Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yougen Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
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