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Goloviznina K, Fleischhaker J, Binninger T, Rotenberg B, Ers H, Ivanistsev V, Meissner R, Serva A, Salanne M. Accounting for the Quantum Capacitance of Graphite in Constant Potential Molecular Dynamics Simulations. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2405230. [PMID: 39096068 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202405230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations at a constant electric potential are an essential tool to study electrochemical processes, providing microscopic information on the structural, thermodynamic, and dynamical properties. Despite the numerous advances in the simulation of electrodes, they fail to accurately represent the electronic structure of materials such as graphite. In this work, a simple parameterization method that allows to tune the metallicity of the electrode based on a quantum chemistry calculation of the density of states (DOS) is introduced. As a first illustration, the interface between graphite electrodes and two different liquid electrolytes, an aqueous solution of NaCl and a pure ionic liquid, at different applied potentials are studied. It is shown that the simulations reproduce qualitatively the experimentally-measured capacitance; in particular, they yield a minimum of capacitance at the point of zero charge (PZC), which is due to the quantum capacitance (QC) contribution. An analysis of the structure of the adsorbed liquids allows to understand why the ionic liquid displays a lower capacitance despite its large ionic concentration. In addition to its relevance for the important class of carbonaceous electrodes, this method can be applied to any electrode materials (e.g. 2D materials, conducting polymers, etc), thus enabling molecular simulation studies of complex electrochemical devices in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Goloviznina
- CNRS, Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, Sorbonne Université, F-75005, Paris, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, 80039, Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Johann Fleischhaker
- CNRS, Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, Sorbonne Université, F-75005, Paris, France
- Institute of Polymers and Composites, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Binninger
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293, Montpellier, France
- Theory and Computation of Energy Materials (IEK-13), Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Benjamin Rotenberg
- CNRS, Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, Sorbonne Université, F-75005, Paris, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, 80039, Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Heigo Ers
- University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, Tartu, 51004, Estonia
| | | | - Robert Meissner
- Institute of Polymers and Composites, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Alessandra Serva
- CNRS, Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, Sorbonne Université, F-75005, Paris, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, 80039, Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Mathieu Salanne
- CNRS, Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, Sorbonne Université, F-75005, Paris, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, 80039, Amiens Cedex, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75231, Paris, France
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2
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Bi S, Knijff L, Lian X, van Hees A, Zhang C, Salanne M. Modeling of Nanomaterials for Supercapacitors: Beyond Carbon Electrodes. ACS NANO 2024; 18:19931-19949. [PMID: 39053903 PMCID: PMC11308780 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Capacitive storage devices allow for fast charge and discharge cycles, making them the perfect complements to batteries for high power applications. Many materials display interesting capacitive properties when they are put in contact with ionic solutions despite their very different structures and (surface) reactivity. Among them, nanocarbons are the most important for practical applications, but many nanomaterials have recently emerged, such as conductive metal-organic frameworks, 2D materials, and a wide variety of metal oxides. These heterogeneous and complex electrode materials are difficult to model with conventional approaches. However, the development of computational methods, the incorporation of machine learning techniques, and the increasing power in high performance computing now allow us to tackle these types of systems. In this Review, we summarize the current efforts in this direction. We show that depending on the nature of the materials and of the charging mechanisms, different methods, or combinations of them, can provide desirable atomic-scale insight on the interactions at play. We mainly focus on two important aspects: (i) the study of ion adsorption in complex nanoporous materials, which require the extension of constant potential molecular dynamics to multicomponent systems, and (ii) the characterization of Faradaic processes in pseudocapacitors, that involves the use of electronic structure-based methods. We also discuss how recently developed simulation methods will allow bridges to be made between double-layer capacitors and pseudocapacitors for future high power electricity storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Bi
- Physicochimie
des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
- Réseau
sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Lisanne Knijff
- Department
of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, BOX 538, Uppsala 75121, Sweden
| | - Xiliang Lian
- Physicochimie
des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
- Réseau
sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Alicia van Hees
- Department
of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, BOX 538, Uppsala 75121, Sweden
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, BOX 538, Uppsala 75121, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Uppsala University, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathieu Salanne
- Réseau
sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
- Institut
Universitaire de France (IUF), 75231 Paris, France
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3
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Gaudy N, Salanne M, Merlet C. Dynamics and Energetics of Ion Adsorption at the Interface between a Pure Ionic Liquid and Carbon Electrodes. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:5064-5071. [PMID: 38738820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c01192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations have been used extensively to determine equilibrium properties of the electrode-electrolyte interface in supercapacitors held at various potentials. While such studies are essential to understand and optimize the performance of such energy storage systems, investigation of the dynamics of adsorption during the charge of the supercapacitors is also necessary. Dynamical properties are especially important to get an insight into the power density of supercapacitors, one of their main assets. In this work, we propose a new method to coarse-grain simulations of all-atom systems and compute effective Lennard-Jones and Coulomb parameters, allowing subsequently to analyze the trajectories of adsorbing ions. We focus on pure 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide in contact with planar carbon electrodes. We characterize the evolution of the ion orientation and ion-electrode distance during adsorption and show that ions reorientate as they adsorb. We then determine the forces experienced by the adsorbing ions and demonstrate that Coulomb forces are dominant at a long range while van der Waals forces are dominant at a short range. We also show that there is an almost equal contribution from the two forces at an intermediate distance, explaining the peak of ion density close to the electrode surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gaudy
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 cedex 9 Toulouse, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Électrochimique de l'Énergie (RS2E), Fédération de Recherche CNRS 3459, HUB de l'Énergie, Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Mathieu Salanne
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, F-75005 Paris, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Électrochimique de l'Énergie (RS2E), Fédération de Recherche CNRS 3459, HUB de l'Énergie, Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Céline Merlet
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 cedex 9 Toulouse, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Électrochimique de l'Énergie (RS2E), Fédération de Recherche CNRS 3459, HUB de l'Énergie, Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens, France
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4
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Pireddu G, Fairchild CJ, Niblett SP, Cox SJ, Rotenberg B. Impedance of nanocapacitors from molecular simulations to understand the dynamics of confined electrolytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318157121. [PMID: 38662549 PMCID: PMC11067016 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318157121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanoelectrochemical devices have become a promising candidate technology across various applications, including sensing and energy storage, and provide new platforms for studying fundamental properties of electrode/electrolyte interfaces. In this work, we employ constant-potential molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the impedance of gold-aqueous electrolyte nanocapacitors, exploiting a recently introduced fluctuation-dissipation relation. In particular, we relate the frequency-dependent impedance of these nanocapacitors to the complex conductivity of the bulk electrolyte in different regimes, and use this connection to design simple but accurate equivalent circuit models. We show that the electrode/electrolyte interfacial contribution is essentially capacitive and that the electrolyte response is bulk-like even when the interelectrode distance is only a few nanometers, provided that the latter is sufficiently large compared to the Debye screening length. We extensively compare our simulation results with spectroscopy experiments and predictions from analytical theories. In contrast to experiments, direct access in simulations to the ionic and solvent contributions to the polarization allows us to highlight their significant and persistent anticorrelation and to investigate the microscopic origin of the timescales observed in the impedance spectrum. This work opens avenues for the molecular interpretation of impedance measurements, and offers valuable contributions for future developments of accurate coarse-grained representations of confined electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pireddu
- Physico-Chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux (PHENIX), CNRS, Sorbonne Université, ParisF-75005, France
| | - Connie J. Fairchild
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel P. Niblett
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Cox
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Rotenberg
- Physico-Chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux (PHENIX), CNRS, Sorbonne Université, ParisF-75005, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie, Fédération de Recherche CNRS 3459, Amiens Cedex80039, France
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5
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Lin X, Tee SR, Kent PRC, Searles DJ, Cummings PT. Development of Heteroatomic Constant Potential Method with Application to MXene-Based Supercapacitors. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:651-664. [PMID: 38211325 PMCID: PMC10809414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
We describe a method for modeling constant-potential charges in heteroatomic electrodes, keeping pace with the increasing complexity of electrode composition and nanostructure in electrochemical research. The proposed "heteroatomic constant potential method" (HCPM) uses minimal added parameters to handle differing electronegativities and chemical hardnesses of different elements, which we fit to density functional theory (DFT) partial charge predictions in this paper by using derivative-free optimization. To demonstrate the model, we performed molecular dynamics simulations using both HCPM and conventional constant potential method (CPM) for MXene electrodes with Li-TFSI/AN (lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide/acetonitrile)-based solvent-in-salt electrolytes. Although the two methods show similar accumulated charge storage on the electrodes, the results indicated that HCPM provides a more reliable depiction of electrode atom charge distribution and charge response compared with CPM, accompanied by increased cationic attraction to the MXene surface. These results highlight the influence of elemental composition on electrode performance, and the flexibility of our HCPM opens up new avenues for studying the performance of diverse heteroatomic electrodes including other types of MXenes, two-dimensional materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and doped carbonaceous electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Lin
- Multiscale
Modeling and Simulation Center, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1604, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1604, United States
| | - Shern R. Tee
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul R. C. Kent
- Computational
Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Debra J. Searles
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Peter T. Cummings
- Multiscale
Modeling and Simulation Center, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1604, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1604, United States
- School of
Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt
University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, U.K.
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6
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Mo T, He H, Zhou J, Zeng L, Long Y, Feng G. Molecular Understanding of Charging Dynamics in Supercapacitors with Porous Electrodes and Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:11258-11267. [PMID: 38060214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Porous electrodes and ionic liquids could significantly enhance the energy storage of supercapacitors. However, they may reduce the charging dynamics and power density due to the nanoconfinement of porous electrodes and the high viscosity of ionic liquids. A comprehensive understanding of the charging mechanism in porous supercapacitors with ionic liquids provides a crucial theoretical foundation for their design optimization. Here, we review the progress of molecular simulations of the charging dynamics in supercapacitors consisting of porous electrodes and ionic liquids. We highlight and delve into the breakthroughs in the ion transport and charging mechanism for electrodes with subnanometer pores and realistic porous structures. We also discuss future directions for the charging dynamics of supercapacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangming Mo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Haoyu He
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Jianguo Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Liang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Yu Long
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Guang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research for Mathematics and Applied Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
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7
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Krajewska AM, Paiva AE, Morris M, McDonald AR. Synthesis, Characterisation, and Functionalisation of Charged Two-Dimensional MoS 2. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302039. [PMID: 37534612 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The applications of exfoliated MoS2 are limited by its inert surface and poor interface. We have activated the surface of exfoliated 2H-MoS2 by reacting it with NaBH4 , forming an n-doped material as demonstrated by a negative zeta-potential value ζ=-25 mV and a 20 nm (0.05 eV) red-shift in its photoluminescence spectrum. The novel material's spectral properties were consistent with pristine 2H-MoS2 (as determined by HR-TEM, XPS, pXRD, DRIFT, TGA, and Raman spectroscopy). Importantly, it was readily dispersed in H2 O unlike 2H-MoS2 . Its dispersibility properties were explored for a variety of solvents and could be directly correlated with the relative permittivity of the respective solvents. The charged 2H-MoS2 reacted readily with an organo-iodide to deliver functionalized 2H-MoS2 . Our approach delivers aqueous dispersions of semiconducting 2H-MoS2 , without additives or chemical functionalities, and allows for controlled and facile functionalization of 2H-MoS2 opening multiple new avenues of semi-conducting MoS2 application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M Krajewska
- CRANN/AMBER Nanoscience Institute and School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Aislan Esmeraldo Paiva
- CRANN/AMBER Nanoscience Institute and School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Michael Morris
- CRANN/AMBER Nanoscience Institute and School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Aidan R McDonald
- CRANN/AMBER Nanoscience Institute and School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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8
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Dufils T, Knijff L, Shao Y, Zhang C. PiNNwall: Heterogeneous Electrode Models from Integrating Machine Learning and Atomistic Simulation. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:5199-5209. [PMID: 37477645 PMCID: PMC10413855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical energy storage always involves the capacitive process. The prevailing electrode model used in the molecular simulation of polarizable electrode-electrolyte systems is the Siepmann-Sprik model developed for perfect metal electrodes. This model has been recently extended to study the metallicity in the electrode by including the Thomas-Fermi screening length. Nevertheless, a further extension to heterogeneous electrode models requires introducing chemical specificity, which does not have any analytical recipes. Here, we address this challenge by integrating the atomistic machine learning code (PiNN) for generating the base charge and response kernel and the classical molecular dynamics code (MetalWalls) dedicated to the modeling of electrochemical systems, and this leads to the development of the PiNNwall interface. Apart from the cases of chemically doped graphene and graphene oxide electrodes as shown in this study, the PiNNwall interface also allows us to probe polarized oxide surfaces in which both the proton charge and the electronic charge can coexist. Therefore, this work opens the door for modeling heterogeneous and complex electrode materials often found in energy storage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dufils
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, P. O. Box 538, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lisanne Knijff
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, P. O. Box 538, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yunqi Shao
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, P. O. Box 538, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, P. O. Box 538, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
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9
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Kondrat S, Feng G, Bresme F, Urbakh M, Kornyshev AA. Theory and Simulations of Ionic Liquids in Nanoconfinement. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6668-6715. [PMID: 37163447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) have exciting properties such as nonvolatility, large electrochemical windows, and remarkable variety, drawing much interest in energy storage, gating, electrocatalysis, tunable lubrication, and other applications. Confined RTILs appear in various situations, for instance, in pores of nanostructured electrodes of supercapacitors and batteries, as such electrodes increase the contact area with RTILs and enhance the total capacitance and stored energy, between crossed cylinders in surface force balance experiments, between a tip and a sample in atomic force microscopy, and between sliding surfaces in tribology experiments, where RTILs act as lubricants. The properties and functioning of RTILs in confinement, especially nanoconfinement, result in fascinating structural and dynamic phenomena, including layering, overscreening and crowding, nanoscale capillary freezing, quantized and electrotunable friction, and superionic state. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental physical phenomena controlling the properties of such systems and the current state-of-the-art theoretical and simulation approaches developed for their description. We discuss these approaches sequentially by increasing atomistic complexity, paying particular attention to new physical phenomena emerging in nanoscale confinement. This review covers theoretical models, most of which are based on mapping the problems on pertinent statistical mechanics models with exact analytical solutions, allowing systematic analysis and new physical insights to develop more easily. We also describe a classical density functional theory, which offers a reliable and computationally inexpensive tool to account for some microscopic details and correlations that simplified models often fail to consider. Molecular simulations play a vital role in studying confined ionic liquids, enabling deep microscopic insights otherwise unavailable to researchers. We describe the basics of various simulation approaches and discuss their challenges and applicability to specific problems, focusing on RTIL structure in cylindrical and slit confinement and how it relates to friction and capacitive and dynamic properties of confined ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svyatoslav Kondrat
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Guang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
- Nano Interface Centre for Energy, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fernando Bresme
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ,United Kingdom
- Thomas Young Centre for Theory and Simulation of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Urbakh
- School of Chemistry and the Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Alexei A Kornyshev
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ,United Kingdom
- Thomas Young Centre for Theory and Simulation of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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