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Tat T, Xu J, Chen J. Protocol for preparation of a textile magnetoelastic generator patch. STAR Protoc 2024; 5:103289. [PMID: 39244758 PMCID: PMC11408999 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2024.103289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The magnetoelastic generator (MEG) is a fundamentally new platform technology to convert mechanical motions into electrical signals for sensing, therapeutics, and energy applications. Here, we present a protocol for fabricating and characterizing the MEG for personalized muscle physiotherapy when integrated into a wearable textile patch. We describe the steps for fabricating such a textile MEG, including the magnetomechanical coupling (MC) and magnetic induction (MI) layers, and characterizing their magnetoelastic and electrical properties. We then detail procedures for monitoring muscle biomechanical activities and muscle physiotherapy application. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Xu et al.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinny Tat
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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2
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Xiao X, Yin J, Xu J, Tat T, Chen J. Advances in Machine Learning for Wearable Sensors. ACS NANO 2024; 18:22734-22751. [PMID: 39145724 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c05851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed tremendous advances in machine learning techniques for wearable sensors and bioelectronics, which play an essential role in real-time sensing data analysis to provide clinical-grade information for personalized healthcare. To this end, supervised learning and unsupervised learning algorithms have emerged as powerful tools, allowing for the detection of complex patterns and relationships in large, high-dimensional data sets. In this Review, we aim to delineate the latest advancements in machine learning for wearable sensors, focusing on key developments in algorithmic techniques, applications, and the challenges intrinsic to this evolving landscape. Additionally, we highlight the potential of machine-learning approaches to enhance the accuracy, reliability, and interpretability of wearable sensor data and discuss the opportunities and limitations of this emerging field. Ultimately, our work aims to provide a roadmap for future research endeavors in this exciting and rapidly evolving area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Junyi Yin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Trinny Tat
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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3
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Gao Z, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Foroughi J, Peng S, Baughman RH, Wang ZL, Wang CH. Advanced Energy Harvesters and Energy Storage for Powering Wearable and Implantable Medical Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2404492. [PMID: 38935237 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202404492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Wearable and implantable active medical devices (WIMDs) are transformative solutions for improving healthcare, offering continuous health monitoring, early disease detection, targeted treatments, personalized medicine, and connected health capabilities. Commercialized WIMDs use primary or rechargeable batteries to power their sensing, actuation, stimulation, and communication functions, and periodic battery replacements of implanted active medical devices pose major risks of surgical infections or inconvenience to users. Addressing the energy source challenge is critical for meeting the growing demand of the WIMD market that is reaching valuations in the tens of billions of dollars. This review critically assesses the recent advances in energy harvesting and storage technologies that can potentially eliminate the need for battery replacements. With a key focus on advanced materials that can enable energy harvesters to meet the energy needs of WIMDs, this review examines the crucial roles of advanced materials in improving the efficiencies of energy harvesters, wireless charging, and energy storage devices. This review concludes by highlighting the key challenges and opportunities in advanced materials necessary to achieve the vision of self-powered wearable and implantable active medical devices, eliminating the risks associated with surgical battery replacement and the inconvenience of frequent manual recharging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Gao
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Yang Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Javad Foroughi
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Shuhua Peng
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Ray H Baughman
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
| | - Chun H Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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4
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Ali I, Islam MR, Yin J, Eichhorn SJ, Chen J, Karim N, Afroj S. Advances in Smart Photovoltaic Textiles. ACS NANO 2024; 18:3871-3915. [PMID: 38261716 PMCID: PMC10851667 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Energy harvesting textiles have emerged as a promising solution to sustainably power wearable electronics. Textile-based solar cells (SCs) interconnected with on-body electronics have emerged to meet such needs. These technologies are lightweight, flexible, and easy to transport while leveraging the abundant natural sunlight in an eco-friendly way. In this Review, we comprehensively explore the working mechanisms, diverse types, and advanced fabrication strategies of photovoltaic textiles. Furthermore, we provide a detailed analysis of the recent progress made in various types of photovoltaic textiles, emphasizing their electrochemical performance. The focal point of this review centers on smart photovoltaic textiles for wearable electronic applications. Finally, we offer insights and perspectives on potential solutions to overcome the existing limitations of textile-based photovoltaics to promote their industrial commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftikhar Ali
- Centre
for Print Research (CFPR), The University
of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Bristol BS16 1QY, U.K.
| | - Md Rashedul Islam
- Centre
for Print Research (CFPR), The University
of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Bristol BS16 1QY, U.K.
| | - Junyi Yin
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Stephen J. Eichhorn
- Bristol
Composites Institute, School of Civil, Aerospace, and Design Engineering, The University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR, U.K.
| | - Jun Chen
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Nazmul Karim
- Centre
for Print Research (CFPR), The University
of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Bristol BS16 1QY, U.K.
- Nottingham
School of Art and Design, Nottingham Trent
University, Shakespeare Street, Nottingham NG1 4GG, U.K.
| | - Shaila Afroj
- Centre
for Print Research (CFPR), The University
of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Bristol BS16 1QY, U.K.
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5
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Zhou Y, Wang S, Yin J, Wang J, Manshaii F, Xiao X, Zhang T, Bao H, Jiang S, Chen J. Flexible Metasurfaces for Multifunctional Interfaces. ACS NANO 2024; 18:2685-2707. [PMID: 38241491 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Optical metasurfaces, capable of manipulating the properties of light with a thickness at the subwavelength scale, have been the subject of extensive investigation in recent decades. This research has been mainly driven by their potential to overcome the limitations of traditional, bulky optical devices. However, most existing optical metasurfaces are confined to planar and rigid designs, functions, and technologies, which greatly impede their evolution toward practical applications that often involve complex surfaces. The disconnect between two-dimensional (2D) planar structures and three-dimensional (3D) curved surfaces is becoming increasingly pronounced. In the past two decades, the emergence of flexible electronics has ushered in an emerging era for metasurfaces. This review delves into this cutting-edge field, with a focus on both flexible and conformal design and fabrication techniques. Initially, we reflect on the milestones and trajectories in modern research of optical metasurfaces, complemented by a brief overview of their theoretical underpinnings and primary classifications. We then showcase four advanced applications of optical metasurfaces, emphasizing their promising prospects and relevance in areas such as imaging, biosensing, cloaking, and multifunctionality. Subsequently, we explore three key trends in optical metasurfaces, including mechanically reconfigurable metasurfaces, digitally controlled metasurfaces, and conformal metasurfaces. Finally, we summarize our insights on the ongoing challenges and opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlei Zhou
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Shaolei Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Junyi Yin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Farid Manshaii
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Hong Bao
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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6
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Li J, Xia B, Xiao X, Huang Z, Yin J, Jiang Y, Wang S, Gao H, Shi Q, Xie Y, Chen J. Stretchable Thermoelectric Fibers with Three-Dimensional Interconnected Porous Network for Low-Grade Body Heat Energy Harvesting. ACS NANO 2023; 17:19232-19241. [PMID: 37751200 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Electricity generation from body heat has garnered significant interest as a sustainable power source for wearable bioelectronics. In this work, we report stretchable n-type thermoelectric fibers based on the hybrid of Ti3C2Tx MXene nanoflakes and polyurethane (MP) through a wet-spinning process. The proposed fibers are designed with a 3D interconnected porous network to achieve satisfactory electrical conductivity (σ), thermal conductivity (κ), and stretchability simultaneously. We systematically optimize the thermoelectric and mechanical traits of the MP fibers and the MP-60 (with 60 wt % MXene content) exhibits a high σ of 1.25 × 103 S m-1, an n-type Seebeck coefficient of -8.3 μV K-1, and a notably low κ of 0.19 W m-1 K-1. Additionally, the MP-60 fibers possess great stretchability and mechanical strength with a tensile strain of 434% and a breaking stress of 11.8 MPa. Toward practical application, a textile thermoelectric generator is constructed based on the MP-60 fibers and achieves a voltage of 3.6 mV with a temperature gradient between the body skin and ambient environment, highlighting the enormous potential of low-grade body heat energy harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Bailu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Zhangfan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyi Yin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yawei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaolei Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Haiqi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuwei Shi
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yannan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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