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Pham XM, Abdul Ahad S, Patil NN, Zubair M, Mushtaq M, Gao H, Owusu KA, Kennedy T, Geaney H, Singh S, Ryan KM. Binder-Free Anodes for Potassium-ion Batteries Comprising Antimony Nanoparticles on Carbon Nanotubes Obtained Using Electrophoretic Deposition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:34809-34818. [PMID: 38946438 PMCID: PMC11247428 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Antimony has a high theoretical capacity and suitable alloying/dealloying potentials to make it a future anode for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs); however, substantial volumetric changes, severe pulverization, and active mass delamination from the Cu foil during potassiation/depotassiation need to be overcome. Herein, we present the use of electrophoretic deposition (EPD) to fabricate binder-free electrodes consisting of Sb nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in interconnected multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The anode architecture allows volume changes to be accommodated and prevents Sb delamination within the binder-free electrodes. The Sb mass ratio of the Sb/CNT nanocomposites was varied, with the optimized Sb/CNT nanocomposite delivering a high reversible capacity of 341.30 mA h g-1 (∼90% of the initial charge capacity) after 300 cycles at C/5 and 185.69 mA h g-1 after 300 cycles at 1C. Postcycling investigations reveal that the stable performance is due to the unique Sb/CNT nanocomposite structure, which can be retained over extended cycling, protecting Sb NPs from volume changes and retaining the integrity of the electrode. Our findings not only suggest a facile fabrication method for high-performance alloy-based anodes in PIBs but also encourage the development of alloying-based anodes for next-generation PIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Manh Pham
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Syed Abdul Ahad
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Niraj Nitish Patil
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Maria Zubair
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Misbah Mushtaq
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Kwadwo Asare Owusu
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Tadhg Kennedy
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Hugh Geaney
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Shalini Singh
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
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2
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Zhang E, Luo Y, Fu H, Luo Z, Wang P, Wang X, Xu L, Li H. A bimetallic sulfide FeCoS 4@rGO hybrid as a high-performance anode for potassium-ion batteries. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6411-6414. [PMID: 38828544 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01026d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
We synthesized a low metal-to-sulfur atomic ratio (0.5) FeCoS4, exhibiting high reversible specific capacity. Reduced graphene oxide was covered on the surface to improve the cycling stability and rate performance further. Density functional theory calculations show that composite materials can effectively increase the adsorption energy and enhance the diffusion kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erjin Zhang
- Institute for Energy Research, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanning Luo
- Institute for Energy Research, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongwei Fu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhentao Luo
- Institute for Energy Research, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peng Wang
- Institute for Energy Research, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuejiao Wang
- Institute for Energy Research, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Xu
- Institute for Energy Research, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huaming Li
- Institute for Energy Research, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Chen X. Announcing the 2024 ACS Nano Lectureship and ACS Nano Impact Laureates. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 38856085 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c06869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
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Chen W, Zhang D, Fu H, Li J, Yu X, Zhou J, Lu B. Restructuring Electrolyte Solvation by a Partially and Weakly Solvating Cosolvent toward High-Performance Potassium-Ion Batteries. ACS NANO 2024; 18:12512-12523. [PMID: 38701404 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c02108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Ether-based electrolytes are among the most important electrolytes for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) due to their low polarization voltage and notable compatibility with potassium metal. However, their development is hindered by the strong binding between K+ and ether solvents, leading to [K+-solvent] cointercalation on graphite anodes. Herein, we propose a partially and weakly solvating electrolyte (PWSE) wherein the local solvation environment of the conventional 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME)-based electrolyte is efficiently reconfigured by a partially and weakly solvating diethoxy methane (DEM) cosolvent. For the PWSE in particular, DEM partially participates in the solvation shell and weakens the chelation between K+ and DME, facilitating desolvation and suppressing cointercalation behavior. Notably, the solvation structure of the DME-based electrolyte is transformed into a more cation-anion-cluster-dominated structure, consequently promoting thin and stable solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) generation. Benefiting from optimized solvation and SEI generation, the PWSE enables a graphite electrode with reversible K+ (de)intercalation (for over 1000 cycles) and K with reversible plating/stripping (the K||Cu cell with an average Coulombic efficiency of 98.72% over 400 cycles) and dendrite-free properties (the K||K cell operates over 1800 h). We demonstrate that rational PWSE design provides an approach to tailoring electrolytes toward stable PIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Chen
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Dianwei Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Fu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Jinfan Li
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Xinzhi Yu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 511300, China
| | - Jiang Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Bingan Lu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
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5
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Li E, Wang M, Hu X, Huang S, Yang Z, Chen J, Yu B, Guo B, Ma Z, Huang Y, Cao G, Li X. NH 4 + Pre-Intercalation and Mo Doping VS 2 to Regulate Nanostructure and Electronic Properties for High Efficiency Sodium Storage. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308630. [PMID: 38100208 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Sodium-ion hybrid capacitors (SIHCs) have attracted much attention due to integrating the high energy density of battery and high out power of supercapacitors. However, rapid Na+ diffusion kinetics in cathode is counterbalanced with sluggish anode, hindering the further advancement and commercialization of SIHCs. Here, aiming at conversion-type metal sulfide anode, taking typical VS2 as an example, a comprehensive regulation of nanostructure and electronic properties through NH4 + pre-intercalation and Mo-doping VS2 (Mo-NVS2) is reported. It is demonstrated that NH4 + pre-intercalation can enlarge the interplanar spacing and Mo-doping can induce interlayer defects and sulfur vacancies that are favorable to construct new ion transport channels, thus resulting in significantly enhanced Na+ diffusion kinetics and pseudocapacitance. Density functional theory calculations further reveal that the introduction of NH4 + and Mo-doping enhances the electronic conductivity, lowers the diffusion energy barrier of Na+, and produces stronger d-p hybridization to promote conversion kinetics of Na+ intercalation intermediates. Consequently, Mo-NVS2 delivers a record-high reversible capacity of 453 mAh g-1 at 3 A g-1 and an ultra-stable cycle life of over 20 000 cycles. The assembled SIHCs achieve impressive energy density/power density of 98 Wh kg-1/11.84 kW kg-1, ultralong cycling life of over 15000 cycles, and very low self-discharge rate (0.84 mV h-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzhi Li
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, P. R. China
| | - Mingshan Wang
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, P. R. China
| | - Xi Hu
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, P. R. China
| | - Siming Huang
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, P. R. China
| | - Zhenliang Yang
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621908, P. R. China
| | - Junchen Chen
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, P. R. China
| | - Bo Yu
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, P. R. China
| | - Bingshu Guo
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, P. R. China
| | - Yun Huang
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, P. R. China
| | - Guozhong Cao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Xing Li
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, P. R. China
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Shao C, Luo Y, Fan H, Wang Y, Li T, Li Q, Liu W. An oriented tube array porous carbon anode prepared using a self-blowing mold of salt templates for high-rate potassium storage. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:4768-4777. [PMID: 38303672 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06081k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Porous carbon materials with oriented porosity are very useful in ion batteries, but their high cost and complex fabrication hinder their wide application. In this paper, we used cheap and water-soluble NaHCO3 grains to prepare unique porous carbon with an orderly arranged tube array via one-step carbonization. During the preparation process, a novel self-blowing mold of salt templates was discovered for the first time, and the resulting numerous high-speed gas jets can act as gas state templates to induce the formation of the oriented porous carbon into a mesoscale tube array with rich micropores. Besides, the amount of CO functional groups has been enhanced greatly by the chemical activation of H2O and CO2 derived from the decomposition of NaHCO3, which can improve the reversible specific capacity of the electrode by forming a C-O-K compound with potassium. Thanks to the coupling effect of the hierarchical porous structure with an orderly tube array and rich CO functional groups, the obtained porous carbon materials exhibited excellent kinetics and impressive rate capability as the anode of potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) with high capacities of 209 mA h g-1 at 10 A g-1 and 156 mA h g-1 at 30 A g-1. This work not only provides a facile, green, sustainable approach to fabricating novel carbon materials, but also demonstrates the promising prospect of oriented porous carbon in exploring advanced electrode materials for PIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Shao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yusheng Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongguang Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanpeng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingping Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, People's Republic of China.
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Liu X, Wang X, Zhou Y, Wang B, Zhao L, Zheng H, Wang J, Liu J, Liu J, Li Y. Novel Ultra-Stable 2D SbBi Alloy Structure with Precise Regulation Ratio Enables Long-Stable Potassium/Lithium-Ion Storage. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2308447. [PMID: 38091528 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The inferior cycling stabilities or low capacities of 2D Sb or Bi limit their applications in high-capacity and long-stability potassium/lithium-ion batteries (PIBs/LIBs). Therefore, integrating the synergy of high-capacity Sb and high-stability Bi to fabricate 2D binary alloys is an intriguing and challenging endeavor. Herein, a series of novel 2D binary SbBi alloys with different atomic ratios are fabricated using a simple one-step co-replacement method. Among these fabricated alloys, the 2D-Sb0.6 Bi0.4 anode exhibits high-capacity and ultra-stable potassium and lithium storage performance. Particularly, the 2D-Sb0.6 Bi0.4 anode has a high-stability capacity of 381.1 mAh g-1 after 500 cycles at 0.2 A g-1 (≈87.8% retention) and an ultra-long-cycling stability of 1000 cycles (0.037% decay per cycle) at 1.0 A g-1 in PIBs. Besides, the superior lithium and potassium storage mechanism is revealed by kinetic analysis, in-situ/ex-situ characterization techniques, and theoretical calculations. This mainly originates from the ultra-stable structure and synergistic interaction within the 2D-binary alloy, which significantly alleviates the volume expansion, enhances K+ adsorption energy, and decreases the K+ diffusion energy barrier compared to individual 2D-Bi or 2D-Sb. This study verifies a new scalable design strategy for creating 2D binary (even ternary) alloys, offering valuable insights into their fundamental mechanisms in rechargeable batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xinying Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yiru Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bingchun Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ligong Zhao
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy, MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures, and Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - He Zheng
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy, MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures, and Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy, MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures, and Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Junhao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Storage Mater., School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Storage Mater., School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Yunyong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Khan MS, Leong ZY, Li DS, Qiu J, Xu X, Yang HY. A mini review on metal-organic framework-based electrode materials for capacitive deionization. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:15929-15949. [PMID: 37772477 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03993e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an electrochemical method of extracting ions from solution at potentials below electrolysis. It has various applications ranging from water remediation and desalination to heavy metal removal and selective resource recovery. A CDI device applies an electrical charge across two porous electrodes to attract and remove ions without producing waste products. It is generally considered environmentally friendly and promising for sustainability, yet ion removal efficiency still falls short of more established filtration methods. Commercially available activated carbon is typically used for CDI, and its ion adsorption capacity is low at approximately 20-30 mg g-1. Recently, much interest has been in the highly porous and well-structured family of materials known as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Most MOFs are poor conductors of electricity and cannot be directly used to make electrodes. A common workaround is to pyrolyze the MOF to convert its organic components to carbon while maintaining its underlying microstructure. However, most MOF-derived materials only retain partial microstructure after pyrolysis and cannot inherit the robust porosity of the parent MOFs. This review provides a systematic breakdown of structure-performance relationships between a MOF-derived material and its CDI performance based on recent works. This review also serves as a starting point for researchers interested in developing MOF-derived materials for CDI applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shahnawaz Khan
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372, Singapore.
| | - Zhi Yi Leong
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372, Singapore.
| | - Dong-Sheng Li
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, P. R. China
| | - Jianbei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
| | - Xuhui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
| | - Hui Ying Yang
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372, Singapore.
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Fu R, Pan J, Wang M, Min H, Dong H, Cai R, Sun Z, Xiong Y, Cui F, Lei SY, Chen S, Chen J, Sun L, Zhang Q, Xu F. In Situ Atomic-Scale Deciphering of Multiple Dynamic Phase Transformations and Reversible Sodium Storage in Ternary Metal Sulfide Anode. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37326660 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ternary metal sulfides (TMSs), endowed with the synergistic effect of their respective binary counterparts, hold great promise as anode candidates for boosting sodium storage performance. Their fundamental sodium storage mechanisms associated with dynamic structural evolution and reaction kinetics, however, have not been fully comprehended. To enhance the electrochemical performance of TMS anodes in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), it is of critical importance to gain a better mechanistic understanding of their dynamic electrochemical processes during live (de)sodiation cycling. Herein, taking BiSbS3 anode as a representative paradigm, its real-time sodium storage mechanisms down to the atomic scale during the (de)sodiation cycling are systematically elucidated through in situ transmission electron microscopy. Previously unexplored multiple phase transformations involving intercalation, two-step conversion, and two-step alloying reactions are explicitly revealed during sodiation, in which newly formed Na2BiSbS4 and Na2BiSb are respectively identified as intermediate phases of the conversion and alloying reactions. Impressively, the final sodiation products of Na6BiSb and Na2S can recover to the original BiSbS3 phase upon desodiation, and afterward, a reversible phase transformation can be established between BiSbS3 and Na6BiSb, where the BiSb as an individual phase (rather than respective Bi and Sb phases) participates in reactions. These findings are further verified by operando X-ray diffraction, density functional theory calculations, and electrochemical tests. Our work provides valuable insights into the mechanistic understanding of sodium storage mechanisms in TMS anodes and important implications for their performance optimization toward high-performance SIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruining Fu
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhai Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyuan Wang
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Huihua Min
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanghang Dong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Cai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhefei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuwei Xiong
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuhan Cui
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang-Ying Lei
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangqiang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Litao Sun
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaobao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Xu
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
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