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Yi X, Guo L, Zeng Q, Huang S, Wen D, Wang C, Kou Y, Zhang M, Li H, Wen L, Chen G. Magnetic/Acoustic Dual-Controlled Microrobot Overcoming Oto-Biological Barrier for On-Demand Multidrug Delivery against Hearing Loss. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2401369. [PMID: 39016116 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Multidrug combination therapy in the inner ear faces diverse challenges due to the distinct physicochemical properties of drugs and the difficulties of overcoming the oto-biologic barrier. Although nanomedicine platforms offer potential solutions to multidrug delivery, the access of drugs to the inner ear remains limited. Micro/nanomachines, capable of delivering cargo actively, are promising tools for overcoming bio-barriers. Herein, a novel microrobot-based strategy to penetrate the round window membrane (RWM) is presented and multidrug in on-demand manner is delivered. The tube-type microrobot (TTMR) is constructed using the template-assisted layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of chitosan/ferroferric oxide/silicon dioxide (CS/Fe3O4/SiO2) and loaded with anti-ototoxic drugs (curcumin, CUR and tanshinone IIA, TSA) and perfluorohexane (PFH). Fe3O4 provides magnetic actuation, while PFH ensures acoustic propulsion. Upon ultrasound stimulation, the vaporization of PFH enables a microshotgun-like behavior, propelling the drugs through barriers and driving them into the inner ear. Notably, the proportion of drugs entering the inner ear can be precisely controlled by varying the feeding ratios. Furthermore, in vivo studies demonstrate that the drug-loaded microrobot exhibits superior protective effects and excellent biosafety toward cisplatin (CDDP)-induced hearing loss. Overall, the microrobot-based strategy provides a promising direction for on-demand multidrug delivery for ear diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Yi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery & Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Lifang Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery & Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery & Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Suling Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery & Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Dingsheng Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Chu Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery & Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yuwei Kou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery & Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Guangdong Sunho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Zhongshan, 528437, P. R. China
| | - Huaan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery & Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Lu Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery & Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
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Ma C, Xu W, Liu W, Xu C, Qin G, Chen D, Sha J. Confined Transport Behavior of Biomolecules within Tilted Nanopores. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:2792-2798. [PMID: 38471969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c07417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The transport behavior of biomolecules at the confined nanoscale is very different from that of the bulk state. Numerous disease diagnostics and targeted drug treatments are performed based on nanochannels in cells. The specific structure and shape of nanochannels play an important role in the behavior and efficiency of substance transport. In this paper, we fabricated nanopores with different tilt angles and the same diameters using focused ion beam. The capture frequency and the blocking current amplitude of λ-DNA within large-angle nanopores decrease obviously, suggesting an increase in the energy barrier of large-angle nanopores and the fact that they stretch biomolecules to thinness. Most importantly, large-angle nanopores slow down λ-DNA transport by 2-4 times. MD simulations find that the sloped electroosmotic flow inside the tilted nanopores is the main factor contributing to the transport phenomena. The increase in the capture time of biomolecules by nanopores assists in obtaining more biological information from the current trajectories. Our study provides a new understanding of substance transport in specially shaped nanopores, which can be instrumental in providing fresh inspiration and approaches to the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Changhui Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Guangle Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
- Jiangsu Automation Research Institute, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222000, China
| | - Dapeng Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
- Jiangsu Automation Research Institute, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222000, China
| | - Jingjie Sha
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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Chen S, Prado-Morales C, Sánchez-deAlcázar D, Sánchez S. Enzymatic micro/nanomotors in biomedicine: from single motors to swarms. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:2711-2719. [PMID: 38239179 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02457a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Micro/nanomotors (MNMs) have evolved from single self-propelled entities to versatile systems capable of performing one or multiple biomedical tasks. When single MNMs self-assemble into coordinated swarms, either under external control or triggered by chemical reactions, they offer advantages that individual MNMs cannot achieve. These benefits include intelligent multitasking and adaptability to changes in the surrounding environment. Here, we provide our perspective on the evolution of MNMs, beginning with the development of enzymatic MNMs since the first theoretical model was proposed in 2005. These enzymatic MNMs hold immense promise in biomedicine due to their advantages in biocompatibility and fuel availability. Subsequently, we introduce the design and application of single motors in biomedicine, followed by the control of MNM swarms and their biomedical applications. In the end, we propose viable solutions for advancing the development of MNM swarms and anticipate valuable insights into the creation of more intelligent and controllable MNM swarms for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqin Chen
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri I Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carles Prado-Morales
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri I Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Daniel Sánchez-deAlcázar
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri I Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Samuel Sánchez
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri I Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Psg. Lluís Companys, 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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Monterroso B, Margolin W, Boersma AJ, Rivas G, Poolman B, Zorrilla S. Macromolecular Crowding, Phase Separation, and Homeostasis in the Orchestration of Bacterial Cellular Functions. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1899-1949. [PMID: 38331392 PMCID: PMC10906006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Macromolecular crowding affects the activity of proteins and functional macromolecular complexes in all cells, including bacteria. Crowding, together with physicochemical parameters such as pH, ionic strength, and the energy status, influences the structure of the cytoplasm and thereby indirectly macromolecular function. Notably, crowding also promotes the formation of biomolecular condensates by phase separation, initially identified in eukaryotic cells but more recently discovered to play key functions in bacteria. Bacterial cells require a variety of mechanisms to maintain physicochemical homeostasis, in particular in environments with fluctuating conditions, and the formation of biomolecular condensates is emerging as one such mechanism. In this work, we connect physicochemical homeostasis and macromolecular crowding with the formation and function of biomolecular condensates in the bacterial cell and compare the supramolecular structures found in bacteria with those of eukaryotic cells. We focus on the effects of crowding and phase separation on the control of bacterial chromosome replication, segregation, and cell division, and we discuss the contribution of biomolecular condensates to bacterial cell fitness and adaptation to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Monterroso
- Department
of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas
Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - William Margolin
- Department
of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth-Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Arnold J. Boersma
- Cellular
Protein Chemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty
of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Germán Rivas
- Department
of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas
Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bert Poolman
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Zorrilla
- Department
of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas
Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Zheng J, Huang R, Lin Z, Chen S, Yuan K. Nano/Micromotors for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy: Innovative Designs to Improve Biocompatibility. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:44. [PMID: 38258055 PMCID: PMC10821023 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Nano/micromotors are artificial robots at the nano/microscale that are capable of transforming energy into mechanical movement. In cancer diagnosis or therapy, such "tiny robots" show great promise for targeted drug delivery, cell removal/killing, and even related biomarker sensing. Yet biocompatibility is still the most critical challenge that restricts such techniques from transitioning from the laboratory to clinical applications. In this review, we emphasize the biocompatibility aspect of nano/micromotors to show the great efforts made by researchers to promote their clinical application, mainly including non-toxic fuel propulsion (inorganic catalysts, enzyme, etc.), bio-hybrid designs, ultrasound propulsion, light-triggered propulsion, magnetic propulsion, dual propulsion, and, in particular, the cooperative swarm-based strategy for increasing therapeutic effects. Future challenges in translating nano/micromotors into real applications and the potential directions for increasing biocompatibility are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahuan Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China;
| | - Rui Huang
- Bio-Analytical Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (R.H.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhexuan Lin
- Bio-Analytical Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (R.H.); (Z.L.)
| | - Shaoqi Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Kaisong Yuan
- Bio-Analytical Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (R.H.); (Z.L.)
- Department of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
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Ma C, Zheng F, Xu W, Liu W, Xu C, Chen Y, Sha J. Surface Roughness Effects on Confined Nanoscale Transport of Ions and Biomolecules. SMALL METHODS 2023:e2301485. [PMID: 38150654 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Biological channels, especially membrane proteins, play a crucial role in metabolism, facilitating the transport of nutrients and other materials across cell membranes in a bio-electrolyte environment. Artificial nanopores are employed to study ion and biomolecule transport behavior inside. While the non-specific interaction between the nanopore surface and transport targets has garnered significant attention, the impact of surface roughness is overlooked. In this study, Nanopores with different levels of inner surface roughness is created by adjusting the FIB (Focus Ion Beam) fabrication parameters. Experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are employed to demonstrate that greater roughness results from larger FIB beam currents and shorter processing times. Lower roughness increases the capture rate of biomolecules, while greater roughness enhances the normalized blockade current (ΔI/I0 ). The phenomenon of rougher nanopores are attributed to a barrier-dominated capture mechanism and more likely to induce DNA folding. This transport barrier exists in rough nanopores by utilizing steer molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations to investigate the force profile of a dA10 DNA molecule during translocation is demonstrated. This work illustrates how surface roughness influences the ionic current features and the translocation of biomolecules, paving a new way for tunning the molecule transport in nanopores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Fei Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Wei Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Changhui Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yunfei Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Jingjie Sha
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
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Liu S, Xu D, Chen J, Peng N, Ma T, Liang F. Nanozymatic magnetic nanomotors for enhancing photothermal therapy and targeting intracellular SERS sensing. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:12944-12953. [PMID: 37486742 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02739b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Self-propelled micro/nanomotors (MNMs) have emerged as promising tools for biomedical applications owing to their active and controllable movement, which is achieved by converting energy derived from chemical reactions or external physical fields into mechanical forces. However, it remains a challenge to develop all-in-one MNMs that integrate multiple bio-friendly engines and biomedical functions. In this study, we present a nanozymatic magnetic nanomotor capable of self-propulsion, driven by its intrinsic engines, and possessing inherent biomedical functions. The nanomotors with a core-island structure are fabricated by a general scalable chemistry synthesis approach. The core of the nanomotors is magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles, while the surrounding islands consist of Au nanostars. Such components naturally equip the nanomotors with the dual engine of the magnetic core and gold nanozyme. In addition, the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect of the Au nanostar imparts the nanomotors with favourable photothermal conversion and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) properties. The nanomotors exhibit glucose concentration-dependent motion behavior of enhanced diffusion, leading to improved endocytosis for enhanced photothermal treatment. When exposed to a magnetic field, the nanomotors demonstrate both directional locomotion towards target cells and up-and-down oscillatory movement, enabling the efficient gathering of intracellular analytes for SERS sensing. To conclude, the as-prepared nanomotors represent an active and controllable nanoplatform with a simple structure and are naturally equipped with dual engines and dual biomedical functions, providing new perspectives to the development of all-in-one biomedical MNMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimi Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China.
- Improve-WUST Joint Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Point-of-Care Testing and Precision Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Dandan Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China.
- Improve-WUST Joint Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Point-of-Care Testing and Precision Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Junling Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China.
- Improve-WUST Joint Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Point-of-Care Testing and Precision Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Na Peng
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China.
| | - Tao Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China.
- Improve-WUST Joint Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Point-of-Care Testing and Precision Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Feng Liang
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China.
- Improve-WUST Joint Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Point-of-Care Testing and Precision Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
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