Ultrasensitive and Specific Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats Empowered a Plasmonic Fiber Tip System for Amplification-Free Monkeypox Virus Detection and Genotyping

CRISPR-Cas12a-regulated DNA adsorption on MoS2 quantum dots: Enhanced enzyme mimics for sensitive colorimetric detection of human monkeypox virus and human papillomavirus DNA

Diseases caused by viruses, such as monkeypox virus (MPXV) and human papillomavirus (HPV), pose serious threats to human health and safety. Although numerous strategies have been constructed for detecting MPXV and HPV DNA, most methods require either laborious procedures or complicated instruments involving skilled professionals. In this research, a CRISPR-Cas12a-mediated colorimetric detection platform for MPXV and HPV sensing was constructed for the first time by applying probe DNA to reprogram the catalytic properties of molybdenum disulfide quantum dots (MoS2 QDs). In the presence of MPXV or HPV targets, the CRISPR-Cas12a trans-cleavage activity is effectively motivated to decompose the probe DNA, leading to the suppression of enzymatic activity DNA enhancer adsorbed on MoS2 QDs, resulting in greatly decreased catalytic behaviors. The MoS2 QDs-DNA nanohybrids displayed prominent specificity and sensitivity, with detection limits at subpicomolar levels, as well as excellent stability and accuracy for determining MPXV and HPV DNA in human sera biosamples. Furthermore, the proposed colorimetric biosensing approach can be ensembled with a smartphone platform, allowing visible analysis of DNA targets. Taken together, this colorimetric strategy offers a novel diagnosis method for MPXV and HPV DNA detection, particularly favorable for highly endemic developing countries with restricted medical and instrumental support.

Ultrasensitive detection of SCCA employing a graphene oxide integrated microfiber ring laser biosensor

Squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) is one of the most commonly detected cancer biomarkers for a variety of cancers. In this paper, a microfiber ring laser biosensor with a graphene oxide linking layer for SCCA detection was proposed and experimentally demonstrated. SCCA antibody immobilized on graphene oxide surface binds specifically to SCCA, and induces refractive index variation over the surface of the microfiber biosensor, which leads to a wavelength shift of the microfiber ring laser biosensor. The experimental results show that the proposed laser biosensor can detect SCCA with concentrations from 0.01 to 50 ng/mL, and the calculated detection limit can be as low as 1.3 pg/mL. Additionally, the label-free quantitative detection of SCCA using the proposed microfiber biosensor was verified experimentally according to the corresponding regression equation, and the results agree well with clinical examination detection. This constructed microfiber biosensor may have promising practical applications in analytical detection, medical diagnostics, etc.

Free Electron Density Gradients Enhanced Biosensor for Ultrasensitive and Accurate Affinity Assessment of the Immunotherapy Drugs

Accurate affinity assessments play an important role in drug discovery, screening, and efficacy evaluation. Label-free affinity biosensors are recognized as a dependable and standard technology for addressing this challenge. This study constructs a free electron density gradient-enhanced meta-surface plasmon resonance (FED-MSPR) biosensor through a finite-difference time-domain simulation model, the biosensor demonstrates superior detection performance in accurately determining affinity and kinetic rate constants. By controlling the dielectric properties of the metal on the surface of the nanocup arrays, the plasmon resonance effects are easily tuned without changing the nanostructure design. Compared with the single-layer gold chip, the triple-layer FED-MSPR chip demonstrated a four-fold improvement in resolution at the optimal resonance peak. Additionally, the sensitivity and figure of merit (FOM) of the multi-layer chip increased by 3.5 and 7.99 times, respectively. Following modification with high- and low-staggered carboxylation, the noise-signal ratio and baseline stability of the real-time kinetic curves based on these chips are significantly enhanced. The developed carboxylation FED-MSPR platform is successfully used to perform affinity assays for Adalimumab and TNF-α protein, resulting in favorable dynamic curves. These findings validate the proposed FED-MSPR biosensor platform as cost-effective, rapid, sensitive, and label-free, facilitating real-time quality control in drug development.

CRISPR-based strategies for sample-to-answer monkeypox detection: current status and emerging opportunities

The global health threat posed by the Monkeypox virus (Mpox) requires swift, simple, and accurate detection methods for effective management, emphasizing the growing necessity for decentralized point-of-care (POC) diagnostic solutions. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), initially known for its effective nucleic acid detection abilities, presents itself as an attractive diagnostic strategy. CRISPR offers exceptional sensitivity, single-base specificity, and programmability. Here, we reviewed the latest developments in CRISPR-based POC devices and testing strategies for Mpox detection. We explored the crucial role of genetic sequencing in designing crRNA for CRISPR reaction and understanding Mpox transmission and mutations. Additionally, we showed the integration of CRISPR-Cas12 strategy with pre-amplification and amplification-free methods. Our study also focused on the significant role of Cas12 proteins and the effectiveness of Cas12 coupled with recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) for Mpox detection. We envision the future prospects and challenges, positioning CRISPR-Cas12-based POC devices as a frontrunner in the next generation of molecular biosensing technologies.

CRISPR for companion diagnostics in low-resource settings

New point-of-care tests (POCTs), which are especially useful in low-resource settings, are needed to expand screening capacity for diseases that cause significant mortality: tuberculosis, multiple cancers, and emerging infectious diseases. Recently, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based diagnostic (CRISPR-Dx) assays have emerged as powerful and versatile alternatives to traditional nucleic acid tests, revealing a strong potential to meet this need for new POCTs. In this review, we discuss CRISPR-Dx assay techniques that have been or could be applied to develop POCTs, including techniques for sample processing, target amplification, multiplex assay design, and signal readout. This review also describes current and potential applications for POCTs in disease diagnosis and includes future opportunities and challenges for such tests. These tests need to advance beyond initial assay development efforts to broadly meet criteria for use in low-resource settings.

Rapid and Amplification-free Nucleic Acid Detection with DNA Substrate-Mediated Autocatalysis of CRISPR/Cas12a

To enable rapid and accurate point-of-care DNA detection, we have developed a single-step, amplification-free nucleic acid detection platform, a DNA substrate-mediated autocatalysis of CRISPR/Cas12a (DSAC). DSAC makes use of the trans-cleavage activity of Cas12a and target template-activated DNA substrate for dual signal amplifications. DSAC employs two distinct DNA substrate types: one that enhances signal amplification and the other that negatively modulates fluorescent signals. The positive inducer utilizes nicked- or loop-based DNA substrates to activate CRISPR/Cas12a, initiating trans-cleavage activity in a positive feedback loop, ultimately amplifying the fluorescent signals. The negative modulator, which involves competitor-based DNA substrates, competes with the probes for trans-cleaving, resulting in a signal decline in the presence of target DNA. These DNA substrate-based DSAC systems were adapted to fluorescence-based and paper-based lateral flow strip detection platforms. Our DSAC system accurately detected African swine fever virus (ASFV) in swine's blood samples at femtomolar sensitivity within 20 min. In contrast to the existing amplification-free CRISPR/Dx platforms, DSAC offers a cost-effective and straightforward detection method, requiring only the addition of a rationally designed DNA oligonucleotide. Notably, a common ASFV sequence-encoded DNA substrate can be directly applied to detect human nucleic acids through a dual crRNA targeting system. Consequently, our single-step DSAC system presents an alternative point-of-care diagnostic tool for the sensitive, accurate, and timely diagnosis of viral infections with potential applicability to human disease detection.

Ultra-Sensitive Detection of the SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein via a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat/Cas12a-Mediated Immunoassay

Tracking trace protein analytes in precision diagnostics is an ongoing challenge. Here, we developed an ultrasensitive detection method for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein by combining enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) system. First, the SARS-CoV-2 N protein bound by the capture antibody adsorbed on the well plate was sequentially coupled with the primary antibody, biotinylated secondary antibody, and streptavidin (SA), followed by biotin primer binding to SA. Subsequently, rolling circle amplification was initiated to generate ssDNA strands, which were targeted by CRISPR/Cas12a to cleave the FAM-ssDNA-BHQ1 probe in trans to generate fluorescence signals. We observed a linear relationship between fluorescence intensity and the logarithm of N protein concentration ranging from 3 fg/mL to 3 × 107 fg/mL. The limit of detection (LOD) was 1 fg/mL, with approximately nine molecules in 1 μL of the sample. This detection sensitivity was 4 orders magnitude higher than that of commercially available ELISA kits (LOD: 5.7 × 104 fg/mL). This method was highly specific and sensitive and could accurately detect SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus and clinical samples, providing a new approach for ultrasensitive immunoassay of protein biomarkers.

CRISPR/Cas12a antifouling nanocomposite electrochemical biosensors enable amplification-free detection of Monkeypox virus in complex biological fluids

The escalating global threat of infectious diseases, including monkeypox virus (MPXV), necessitates advancements in point-of-care diagnostics, moving beyond the constraints of conventional methods tethered to centralized laboratories. Here, we introduce multiple CRISPR RNA (crRNA)-based biosensors that can directly detect MPXV within 35 minutes without pre-amplification, leveraging the enhanced sensitivity and antifouling attributes of the BSA-based nanocomposite. Multiple crRNAs, strategically targeting diverse regions of the F3L gene of MPXV, are designed and combined to amplify Cas12a activation and its collateral cleavage of reporter probes. Notably, our electrochemical sensors exhibit the detection limit of 669 fM F3L gene without amplification, which is approximately a 15-fold improvement compared to fluorescence detection. This sensor also shows negligible changes in peak current after exposure to complex biological fluids, such as whole blood and serum, maintaining its sensitivity at 682 fM. This sensitivity is nearly identical to the conditions when only the F3L gene was present in PBS. In summary, our CRISPR-based electrochemical biosensors can be utilized as a high-performance diagnostic tool in resource-limited settings, representing a transformative leap forward in point-of-care testing. Beyond infectious diseases, the implications of this technology extend to various molecular diagnostics, establishing itself as a rapid, accurate, and versatile platform for detection of target analytes.

Ratiometric nonfluorescent CRISPR assay utilizing Cas12a-induced plasmid supercoil relaxation

Most CRISPR-based biosensors rely on labeled reporter molecules and expensive equipment for signal readout. A recent approach quantifies analyte concentration by sizing λ DNA reporters via gel electrophoresis, providing a simple solution for label-free detection. Here, we report an alternative strategy for label-free CRISPR-Cas12a, which relies on Cas12a trans-nicking induced supercoil relaxation of dsDNA plasmid reporters to generate a robust and ratiometric readout. The ratiometric CRISPR (rCRISPR) measures the relative percentage of supercoiled plasmid DNA to the relaxed circular DNA by gel electrophoresis for more accurate target concentration quantification. This simple method is two orders of magnitude more sensitive than the typical fluorescent reporter. This self-referenced strategy solves the potential application limitations of previously demonstrated DNA sizing-based CRISPR-Dx without compromising the sensitivity. Finally, we demonstrated the applicability of rCRISPR for detecting various model DNA targets such as HPV 16 and real AAV samples, highlighting its feasibility for point-of-care CRISPR-Dx applications.

Postoperative tumor treatment strategies: From basic research to clinical therapy

Despite progression in advanced treatments for malignant tumors, surgery remains the primary treatment intervention, which removes a large portion of firm tumor tissues; however, the postoperative phase poses a possible risk for provincial tumor recurrence and metastasis. Consequently, the prevention of tumor recurrence and metastasis has attracted research attention. In this review, we summarized the postoperative treatment strategies for various tumors from both basic research and clinical perspectives. We delineated the underlying factors contributing to the recurrence of malignant tumors with a substantial prevalence rate, related molecular mechanisms of tumor recurrence post‐surgery, and related means of monitoring recurrence and metastasis after surgery. Furthermore, we described relevant therapeutic approaches for postoperative tumor recurrence, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and photodynamic therapy. This review focused on the emerging technologies used for postoperative tumor treatment in recent years in terms of functional classification, including the prevention of postoperative tumor recurrence, functional reconstruction, and monitoring of recurrence. Finally, we discussed the future development and deficiencies of postoperative tumor therapy. To understand postoperative treatment strategies for tumors from clinical treatment and basic research and further guide the research directions for postoperative tumors.

Potential Biomedical Applications of Terbium-Based Nanoparticles (TbNPs): A Review on Recent Advancement

The scientific world is increasingly focusing on rare earth metal oxide nanomaterials due to their consequential biological prospects, navigated by breakthroughs in biomedical applications. Terbium belongs to rare earth elements (lanthanide series) and possesses remarkably strong luminescence at lower energy emission and signal transduction properties, ushering in wide applications for diagnostic measurements (i.e., bioimaging, biosensors, fluorescence imaging, etc.) in the biomedical sectors. In addition, the theranostic applications of terbium-based nanoparticles further permit the targeted delivery of drugs to the specific site of the disease. Furthermore, the antimicrobial properties of terbium nanoparticles induced via reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause oxidative damage to the cell membrane and nuclei of living organisms, ion release, and surface charge interaction, thus further creating or exhibiting excellent antioxidant characteristics. Moreover, the recent applications of terbium nanoparticles in tissue engineering, wound healing, anticancer activity, etc., due to angiogenesis, cell proliferation, promotion of growth factors, biocompatibility, cytotoxicity mitigation, and anti-inflammatory potentials, make this nanoparticle anticipate a future epoch of nanomaterials. Terbium nanoparticles stand as a game changer in the realm of biomedical research, proffering a wide array of possibilities, from revolutionary imaging techniques to advanced drug delivery systems. Their unique properties, including luminescence, magnetic characteristics, and biocompatibility, have redefined the boundaries of what can be achieved in biomedicine. This review primarily delves into various mechanisms involved in biomedical applications via terbium-based nanoparticles due to their physicochemical characteristics. This review article further explains the potential biomedical applications of terbium nanoparticles with in-depth significant mechanisms from the individual literature. This review additionally stands as the first instance to furnish a "single-platted" comprehensive acquaintance of terbium nanoparticles in shaping the future of healthcare as well as potential limitations and overcoming strategies that require exploration before being trialed in clinical settings.

Recent Advances in Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Healthcare Monitoring

The development of advanced technologies for the fabrication of functional nanomaterials, nanostructures, and devices has facilitated the development of biosensors for analyses. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, with unique hierarchical structures, a high surface area, and the ability to be functionalized for target detection at the surface, exhibit high potential for biosensing applications. The electronic properties, mechanical flexibility, and optical, electrochemical, and physical properties of 2D nanomaterials can be easily modulated, enabling the construction of biosensing platforms for the detection of various analytes with targeted recognition, sensitivity, and selectivity. This review provides an overview of the recent advances in 2D nanomaterials and nanostructures used for biosensor and wearable-sensor development for healthcare and health-monitoring applications. Finally, the advantages of 2D-nanomaterial-based devices and several challenges in their optimal operation have been discussed to facilitate the development of smart high-performance biosensors in the future.

Ultrasensitive single-step CRISPR detection of monkeypox virus in minutes with a vest-pocket diagnostic device

The emerging monkeypox virus (MPXV) has raised global health concern, thereby highlighting the need for rapid, sensitive, and easy-to-use diagnostics. Here, we develop a single-step CRISPR-based diagnostic platform, termed SCOPE (Streamlined CRISPR On Pod Evaluation platform), for field-deployable ultrasensitive detection of MPXV in resource-limited settings. The viral nucleic acids are rapidly released from the rash fluid swab, oral swab, saliva, and urine samples in 2 min via a streamlined viral lysis protocol, followed by a 10-min single-step recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA)-CRISPR/Cas13a reaction. A pod-shaped vest-pocket analysis device achieves the whole process for reaction execution, signal acquisition, and result interpretation. SCOPE can detect as low as 0.5 copies/µL (2.5 copies/reaction) of MPXV within 15 min from the sample input to the answer. We validate the developed assay on 102 clinical samples from male patients / volunteers, and the testing results are 100% concordant with the real-time PCR. SCOPE achieves a single-molecular level sensitivity in minutes with a simplified procedure performed on a miniaturized wireless device, which is expected to spur substantial progress to enable the practice application of CRISPR-based diagnostics techniques in a point-of-care setting.

Recent Progress on Synthesis and Properties of Black Phosphorus and Phosphorene As New-Age Nanomaterials for Water Decontamination

Concerted efforts have been made in recent years to find solutions to water and wastewater treatment challenges and eliminate the difficulties associated with treatment methods. Various techniques are used to ensure the recycling and reuse of water resources. Owing to their excellent chemical, physical, and biological properties, nanomaterials play an important role when integrated into water/wastewater treatment technologies. Black phosphorus (BP) is a potential nanomaterial candidate for water and wastewater treatment, especially its monolayer 2D derivative called phosphorene. Phosphorene offers relative adjustability in its direct bandgap, high charge carrier mobility, and improved in-plane anisotropy compared to the most extensively studied 2D nanomaterials. In this study, we examined the physical and chemical characteristics and synthetic processes of BP and phosphorene. We provide an overview of the latest advancements in the main applications of BP and phosphorene in water/wastewater treatment, which are categorized as photocatalytic, adsorption, and membrane filtration processes. Additionally, we explore the existing difficulties in the integration of BP and phosphorene into water/wastewater treatment technologies and prospects for future research in this field. In summary, this review highlights the ongoing necessity for significant research efforts on the integration of BP and phosphorene in water and wastewater applications.

A field diagnostic method for rapid and sensitive detection of mpox virus

The mpox outbreak has subdued with fewer reported cases at the present in high-income countries. It is known that mpox virus (MPXV) infection has been epidemic for more than 50 years in African countries. The ancestral MPXV strain has changed into multiple clades, indicating the ongoing evolution of MPXV, which reflects the historical neglect of mpox in Africa, especially after smallpox eradication, and bestows the danger of more severe mpox epidemics in the future. It is thus imperative to continue the development of mpox diagnostics and treatments so we can be prepared in the event of a new mpox epidemic. In this study, we have developed an MPXV detection tool that leverages the recombinase-aid amplification assay by integrating lateral flow strips (RAA-LF) and one-step sample DNA preparation, with visible readout, no need of laboratory instrument, and ready for field deployment. The detection limit reaches 10 copies per reaction. The performance of our RAA-FL assay in diagnosing mpox clinical samples is on par with that of the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Taken together, we have developed a point-of-care RAA-LF method of high accuracy and sensitivity, readily deployable for field detection of MPXV. This diagnostic tool is expected to improve and accelerate field- and self-diagnosis, allow timely isolation and treatment, reduce the spread of MPXV, thus effectively mitigate MPXV outbreak in the future.

Fiber Optic SPR POCT: A Novel Nucleic Acid Detection Biosensor for Environmental Viruses

In the post-COVID-19 pandemic era, the long-term surveillance of pathogens is still important. The rapid detection of pathogens facilitates the accurate and convenient real-time monitoring of microbial contamination and improves the management of diseases. Here, a novel surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based point of care testing (POCT) approach of microorganism nucleic acids with the guidance of CRISPR enzyme is described, including the application of optical fiber-based detection of trace SARS-CoV2 virus in sewage water on SPR and validation of the plasmonic biosensor for the detection of single-nucleotide mutations in natural water samples.

Utilising biosensor-based approaches for identifying neurotropic viruses

Neurotropic viruses, with their ability to invade the central nervous system, present a significant public health challenge, causing a spectrum of neurological diseases. Clinical manifestations of neurotropic viral infections vary widely, from mild to life-threatening conditions, such as HSV-induced encephalitis or poliovirus-induced poliomyelitis. Traditional diagnostic methods, including polymerase chain reaction, serological assays, and imaging techniques, though valuable, have limitations. To address these challenges, biosensor-based methods have emerged as a promising approach. These methods offer advantages such as rapid results, high sensitivity, specificity, and potential for point-of-care applications. By targeting specific biomarkers or genetic material, biosensors utilise technologies like surface plasmon resonance and microarrays, providing a direct and efficient means of diagnosing neurotropic infections. This review explores the evolving landscape of biosensor-based methods, highlighting their potential to enhance the diagnostic toolkit for neurotropic viruses.

CRISPR/Cas and Argonaute-Based Biosensors for Pathogen Detection

Over the past few decades, pathogens have posed a threat to human security, and rapid identification of pathogens should be one of the ideal methods to prevent major public health security outbreaks. Therefore, there is an urgent need for highly sensitive and specific approaches to identify and quantify pathogens. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats CRISPR/Cas systems and Argonaute (Ago) belong to the Microbial Defense Systems (MDS). The guided, programmable, and targeted activation of nucleases by both of them is leading the way to a new generation of pathogens detection. We compare these two nucleases in terms of similarities and differences. In addition, we discuss future challenges and prospects for the development of the CRISPR/Cas systems and Argonaute (Ago) biosensors, especially electrochemical biosensors. This review is expected to afford researchers entering this multidisciplinary field useful guidance and to provide inspiration for the development of more innovative electrochemical biosensors for pathogens detection.

Early and Sensitive Detection of Pathogens for Public Health and Biosafety: An Example of Surveillance and Genotyping of SARS-CoV-2 in Sewage Water by Cas12a-Facilitated Portable Plasmonic Biosensor

Infectious diseases severely threaten public health and global biosafety. In addition to transmission through the air, pathogenic microorganisms have also been detected in environmental liquid samples, such as sewage water. Conventional biochemical detection methodologies are time-consuming and cost-ineffective, and their detection limits hinder early diagnosis. In the present study, ultrafine plasmonic fiber probes with a diameter of 125 μm are fabricated for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas)-12a-mediated sensing of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Single-stranded DNA exposed on the fiber surface is trans-cleaved by the Cas12a enzyme to release gold nanoparticles that are immobilized onto the fiber surface, causing a sharp reduction in the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) wavelength. The proposed fiber probe is virus-specific with the limit of detection of ~2,300 copies/ml, and genomic copy numbers can be reflected as shifts in wavelengths. A total of 21 sewage water samples have been examined, and the data obtained are consistent with those of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In addition, the Omicron variant and its mutation sites have been fast detected using S gene-specific Cas12a. This study provides an accurate and convenient approach for the real-time surveillance of microbial contamination in sewage water.