1
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Han X, Ma X, Miao Q, Zhang X, He D, Yu X, Wang Y. Tunable Photocarrier Dynamics in CuS Nanoflakes under Pressure Modulation. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:22248-22255. [PMID: 38799336 PMCID: PMC11112578 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional materials with a unique layered structure have attracted intense attention all around the world due to their extraordinary physical properties. Most importantly, the internal Coulomb coupling can be regulated, and thus electronic transition can be realized by manipulating the interlayer interaction effectively through adding external fields. At present, the properties of two-dimensional materials can be tuned through a variety of methods, such as adding pressure, strain, and electromagnetic fields. For optoelectronic applications, the lifetime of the photogenerated carriers is one of the most crucial parameters for the materials. Here, we demonstrate effective modulation of the optical band gap structure and photocarrier dynamics in CuS nanoflakes by applying hydrostatic pressure via a diamond anvil cell. The peak differential reflection signal shows a linear blueshift with the pressure, suggesting effective tuning of interlayer interaction inside CuS by pressure engineering. The results of transient absorption show that the photocarrier lifetime decreases significantly with pressure, suggesting that the dissociation process of the photogenerated carriers accelerates. It could be contributed to the phase transition or the decrease of the phonon vibration frequency caused by the pressure. Further, Raman spectra reveal the change of Cu-S and S-S bonds after adding pressure, indicating the possible occurrence of structural phase transition. Interestingly, all of the variation modes are reversible after releasing pressure. This work has provided an excellent sight to show the regulation of pressure on the photoelectric properties of CuS, exploring CuS to wider applications that can lead toward the realization of future excitonic and photoelectric devices modulated by high pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Han
- Key
Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education,
Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qing Miao
- Key
Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education,
Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xiaoxian Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education,
Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Dawei He
- Key
Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education,
Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xiaohui Yu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School
of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Songshan
Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education,
Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
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2
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Albino A, Buonocore F, Celino M, Totti F. The chimera of 2D- and 1D-graphene magnetization by hydrogenation or fluorination: critically revisiting old schemes and proposing new ones by ab initio methods. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:1106-1121. [PMID: 38356622 PMCID: PMC10863704 DOI: 10.1039/d3na01008b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Graphene is an ideal candidate material for spintronics due to its layered structure and peculiar electronic structure. However, in its pristine state, the production of magnetic moments is not trivial. A very appealing approach is the chemical modification of pristine graphene. The main obstacle is the control of the geometrical features and the selectivity of functional groups. The lack of a periodic functionalization pattern of the graphene sheet prevents, therefore, the achievement of long-range magnetic order, thus limiting its use in spintronic devices. In such regards, the stability and the magnitude of the instilled magnetic moment depending on the size and shape of in silico designed graphane islands and ribbons embedded in graphene matrix will be computed and analysed. Our findings thus suggest that a novel and magneto-active graphene derivative nanostructure could become achievable more easily than extended graphone or nanoribbons, with a strong potential for future spintronics applications with a variable spin-current density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Albino
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff" & INSTM RU, Università degli Studi di Firenze Via della Lastruccia 3 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) 50019 Italy
| | - Francesco Buonocore
- Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile (ENEA), Casaccia Research Centre Roma 00123 Italy
| | - Massimo Celino
- Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile (ENEA), Casaccia Research Centre Roma 00123 Italy
| | - Federico Totti
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff" & INSTM RU, Università degli Studi di Firenze Via della Lastruccia 3 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) 50019 Italy
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3
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Cheng Z, Zhang J, Lin L, Zhan Z, Ma Y, Li J, Yu S, Cui H. Pressure-Induced Modulation of Tin Selenide Properties: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:7971. [PMID: 38138462 PMCID: PMC10745316 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28247971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Tin selenide (SnSe) holds great potential for abundant future applications, due to its exceptional properties and distinctive layered structure, which can be modified using a variety of techniques. One of the many tuning techniques is pressure manipulating using the diamond anvil cell (DAC), which is a very efficient in situ and reversible approach for modulating the structure and physical properties of SnSe. We briefly summarize the advantages and challenges of experimental study using DAC in this review, then introduce the recent progress and achievements of the pressure-induced structure and performance of SnSe, especially including the influence of pressure on its crystal structure and optical, electronic, and thermoelectric properties. The overall goal of the review is to better understand the mechanics underlying pressure-induced phase transitions and to offer suggestions for properly designing a structural pattern to achieve or enhanced novel properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Cheng
- College of Sciences, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China; (Z.C.); (Z.Z.); (Y.M.); (J.L.); (S.Y.)
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Sciences, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China; (Z.C.); (Z.Z.); (Y.M.); (J.L.); (S.Y.)
| | - Lin Lin
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China;
- Key Laboratory of Wooden Materials Science and Engineering of Jilin Province, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Zhiwen Zhan
- College of Sciences, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China; (Z.C.); (Z.Z.); (Y.M.); (J.L.); (S.Y.)
| | - Yibo Ma
- College of Sciences, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China; (Z.C.); (Z.Z.); (Y.M.); (J.L.); (S.Y.)
| | - Jia Li
- College of Sciences, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China; (Z.C.); (Z.Z.); (Y.M.); (J.L.); (S.Y.)
| | - Shenglong Yu
- College of Sciences, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China; (Z.C.); (Z.Z.); (Y.M.); (J.L.); (S.Y.)
| | - Hang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
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4
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Tran MH, Booth I, Azarakhshi A, Berrang P, Wulff J, Brolo AG. Synthesis of Graphene and Graphene Films with Minimal Structural Defects. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:40387-40395. [PMID: 37929137 PMCID: PMC10620934 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is a carbon material with extraordinary properties that has been drawing a significant amount of attention in the recent decade. High-quality graphene can be produced by different methods, such as epitaxial growth, chemical vapor deposition, and micromechanical exfoliation. The reduced graphene oxide route is, however, the only current approach that leads to the large-scale production of graphene materials at a reasonable cost. Unfortunately, graphene oxide reduction normally yields graphene materials with a high defect density. Here, we introduce a new route for the large-scale synthesis of graphene that minimizes the creation of structural defects. The method involves high-quality hydrogen functionalization of graphite followed by thermal dehydrogenation. We also demonstrated that the hydrogenated graphene synthesis route can be used for the preparation of high-quality graphene films on glass substrates. A reliable method for the preparation of these types of films is essential for the widespread implementation of graphene devices. The structural evolution from the hydrogenated form to graphene, as well as the quality of the materials and films, was carefully evaluated by Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh-Hai Tran
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, BC V8W 3 V6, Canada
- Center
for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Ian Booth
- XlynX
Materials Inc, 10217
Surfside Place, Sidney, BC V8L 3R6, Canada
| | - Arash Azarakhshi
- Center
for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Peter Berrang
- XlynX
Materials Inc, 10217
Surfside Place, Sidney, BC V8L 3R6, Canada
| | - Jeremy Wulff
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, BC V8W 3 V6, Canada
- Center
for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Alexandre G. Brolo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, BC V8W 3 V6, Canada
- Center
for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
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5
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Kastorp CFP, Duncan DA, Jørgensen AL, Scheffler M, Thrower JD, Lee TL, Hornekær L, Balog R. Selective hydrogenation of graphene on Ir(111): an X-ray standing wave study. Faraday Discuss 2022; 236:178-190. [PMID: 35514290 PMCID: PMC9409641 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00122a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A combined high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray standing wave study into the adsorption structure of hydrogenated graphene on Ir(111) is presented. By exploiting the unique absorption profiles and significant modulations in signal intensity found within the X-ray standing wave results, we refine the fitting of the C 1s X-ray photoelectron spectra, allowing us to disentangle the contributions from hydrogenation of graphene in different high-symmetry regions of the moiré supercell. We clearly demonstrate that hydrogenation in the FCC regions results in the formation of a graphane-like structure, giving a standalone component that is separated from the component assigned to the similar structure in the HCP regions. The contribution from dimer structures in the ATOP regions is found to be minor or negligible. This is in contrast to the previous findings where a dimer structure was assumed to contribute significantly to the sp3 part of the C 1s spectra. The corrugation of the remaining pristine parts of the H-graphene is shown to increase with the H coverage, reflecting an increasing number and size of pinning centers of the graphene to the Ir(111) substrate with increasing H exposure. Graphene on Ir(111) was hydrogenated selectively in the HCP and FCC regions by controlling the substrate temperature during exposure. Hydrogenated carbon in these areas both form ordered clusters, but are found to contribute to different components.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus F P Kastorp
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - David A Duncan
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | | | - Martha Scheffler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - John D Thrower
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Tien-Lin Lee
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Liv Hornekær
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Richard Balog
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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6
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Facile preparation of hydrogenated graphene by hydrothermal methods and the investigation of its ferromagnetism. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Liu K, Qiao X, Huang C, Li X, Xue Z, Wang T. Spatial Confinement Tunes Cleavage and Re‐Formation of C=N Bonds in Fluorescent Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keyan Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Xuezhi Qiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Chuanhui Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Xiao Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Zhenjie Xue
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Tie Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Life and Health Research Institute School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Tianjin University of Technology Tianjin 300384 P. R. China
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8
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Liu K, Qiao X, Huang C, Li X, Xue Z, Wang T. Spatial Confinement Tunes Cleavage and Re-Formation of C=N Bonds in Fluorescent Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14365-14369. [PMID: 33843116 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Molecules in confined spaces exhibit unusual behaviors that are not typically observed in bulk systems. Such behavior can provide alternative strategies for exploring new reaction pathways. Cleavage of the C=N bond of Nile red (NR) in solution is an irreversible reaction. Here, we used spatial confinement within a cationic micelle-confined system to convert this reaction to a reversible process. The fluorescence of NR shifted between red and green for nine cycles. The new chemical pathway based on spatial confinement can be attributed to two factors: increasing the local concentration of reactants and reducing the reaction energy barrier. This effect is supported by both experimental evidence and theoretical calculations. The cross-linked silica shell comprising the confinement chamber stabilizes the enclosed molecules. This reduces fluorophore leakage and maintains fluorescence intensity in most environments, including in solution, on paper, and in hydrogel films, and expands practical applications in encrypted information and multi-informational displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyan Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xuezhi Qiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chuanhui Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhenjie Xue
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Tie Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,Life and Health Research Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, P. R. China
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9
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Zhang L, Tang Y, Khan AR, Hasan MM, Wang P, Yan H, Yildirim T, Torres JF, Neupane GP, Zhang Y, Li Q, Lu Y. 2D Materials and Heterostructures at Extreme Pressure. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2002697. [PMID: 33344136 PMCID: PMC7740103 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
2D materials possess wide-tuning properties ranging from semiconducting and metallization to superconducting, etc., which are determined by their structure, empowering them to be appealing in optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications. Pressure is an effective and clean tool that allows modifications of the electronic structure, crystal structure, morphologies, and compositions of 2D materials through van der Waals (vdW) interaction engineering. This enables an insightful understanding of the variable vdW interaction induced structural changes, structure-property relations as well as contributes to the versatile implications of 2D materials. Here, the recent progress of high-pressure research toward 2D materials and heterostructures, involving graphene, boron nitride, transition metal dichalcogenides, 2D perovskites, black phosphorene, MXene, and covalent-organic frameworks, using diamond anvil cell is summarized. A detailed analysis of pressurized structure, phonon dynamics, superconducting, metallization, doping together with optical property is performed. Further, the pressure-induced optimized properties and potential applications as well as the vision of engineering the vdW interactions in heterostructures are highlighted. Finally, conclusions and outlook are presented on the way forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglong Zhang
- Institute of Microscale OptoelectronicsCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Computer ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Yilin Tang
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Computer ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Ahmed Raza Khan
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Computer ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Md Mehedi Hasan
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Computer ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Ping Wang
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Computer ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Han Yan
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Computer ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Tanju Yildirim
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Computer ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Juan Felipe Torres
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Computer ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Guru Prakash Neupane
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Computer ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Yupeng Zhang
- Institute of Microscale OptoelectronicsCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Quan Li
- International Center for Computational Methods and SoftwareCollege of PhysicsJilin UniversityChangchun130012China
| | - Yuerui Lu
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Computer ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
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10
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Bakharev PV, Huang M, Saxena M, Lee SW, Joo SH, Park SO, Dong J, Camacho-Mojica DC, Jin S, Kwon Y, Biswal M, Ding F, Kwak SK, Lee Z, Ruoff RS. Chemically induced transformation of chemical vapour deposition grown bilayer graphene into fluorinated single-layer diamond. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 15:59-66. [PMID: 31819243 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0582-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Notwithstanding the numerous density functional studies on the chemically induced transformation of multilayer graphene into a diamond-like film carried out to date, a comprehensive convincing experimental proof of such a conversion is still lacking. We show that the fluorination of graphene sheets in Bernal (AB)-stacked bilayer graphene grown by chemical vapour deposition on a single-crystal CuNi(111) surface triggers the formation of interlayer carbon-carbon bonds, resulting in a fluorinated diamond monolayer ('F-diamane'). Induced by fluorine chemisorption, the phase transition from (AB)-stacked bilayer graphene to single-layer diamond was studied and verified by X-ray photoelectron, UV photoelectron, Raman, UV-Vis and electron energy loss spectroscopies, transmission electron microscopy and density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel V Bakharev
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ming Huang
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Manav Saxena
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- Centre for Nano Material Sciences, Jain University, Karnataka, India
| | - Suk Woo Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hun Joo
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung O Park
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jichen Dong
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dulce C Camacho-Mojica
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Jin
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngwoo Kwon
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Mandakini Biswal
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Feng Ding
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyu Kwak
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Zonghoon Lee
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Rodney S Ruoff
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Wang J, Wang F, Cheng Z, Zhang G, Lu Z, Xue Q. Alternative Friction Mechanism for Amorphous Carbon Films Sliding against Alumina. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b06082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ziwen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Guangan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhibin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qunji Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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12
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Proctor JE, Massey D. Electric discharge machine for preparation of diamond anvil cell sample chambers. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:105109. [PMID: 30399960 DOI: 10.1063/1.5050500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We have designed and constructed a novel electric discharge machine designed primarily for the preparation of sample chambers in rhenium and stainless steel gaskets for diamond anvil cell experiments. Our design combines automatic stage movement with relatively low voltage (100 V) operation and routinely achieves a drilling/erosion speed of approximately 0.4 μm s-1. The machine is used for preparing 100 μm diameter sample chambers for diamond anvil cell experiments with 250 μm culets and has also been used to prepare 50 μm diameter sample chambers for diamond anvil cell experiments with 100 μm culets to access a pressure of 165 GPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Proctor
- Materials and Physics Research Group, School of Computing, Science and Engineering, University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, United Kingdom
| | - D Massey
- Materials and Physics Research Group, School of Computing, Science and Engineering, University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, United Kingdom
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Bonfanti M, Achilli S, Martinazzo R. Sticking of atomic hydrogen on graphene. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:283002. [PMID: 29845971 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aac89f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed an ever growing interest in the interactions between hydrogen atoms and a graphene sheet. Largely motivated by the possibility of modulating the electric, optical and magnetic properties of graphene, a huge number of studies have appeared recently that added to and enlarged earlier investigations on graphite and other carbon materials. In this review we give a glimpse of the many facets of this adsorption process, as they emerged from these studies. The focus is on those issues that have been addressed in detail, under carefully controlled conditions, with an emphasis on the interplay between the adatom structures, their formation dynamics and the electric, magnetic and chemical properties of the carbon sheet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bonfanti
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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Kyhl L, Bisson R, Balog R, Groves MN, Kolsbjerg EL, Cassidy AM, Jørgensen JH, Halkjær S, Miwa JA, Grubišić Čabo A, Angot T, Hofmann P, Arman MA, Urpelainen S, Lacovig P, Bignardi L, Bluhm H, Knudsen J, Hammer B, Hornekaer L. Exciting H 2 Molecules for Graphene Functionalization. ACS NANO 2018; 12:513-520. [PMID: 29253339 PMCID: PMC7311079 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen functionalization of graphene by exposure to vibrationally excited H2 molecules is investigated by combined scanning tunneling microscopy, high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements, and density functional theory calculations. The measurements reveal that vibrationally excited H2 molecules dissociatively adsorb on graphene on Ir(111) resulting in nanopatterned hydrogen functionalization structures. Calculations demonstrate that the presence of the Ir surface below the graphene lowers the H2 dissociative adsorption barrier and allows for the adsorption reaction at energies well below the dissociation threshold of the H-H bond. The first reacting H2 molecule must contain considerable vibrational energy to overcome the dissociative adsorption barrier. However, this initial adsorption further activates the surface resulting in reduced barriers for dissociative adsorption of subsequent H2 molecules. This enables functionalization by H2 molecules with lower vibrational energy, yielding an avalanche effect for the hydrogenation reaction. These results provide an example of a catalytically active graphene-coated surface and additionally set the stage for a re-interpretation of previous experimental work involving elevated H2 background gas pressures in the presence of hot filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Kyhl
- iNANO, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Régis Bisson
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, PIIM , 13007 Marseille, France
| | - Richard Balog
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Michael N Groves
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Susanne Halkjær
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jill A Miwa
- iNANO, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Thierry Angot
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, PIIM , 13007 Marseille, France
| | - Philip Hofmann
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | | | - Paolo Lacovig
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A. , S. S. 14 km 163.5, 34012 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Bignardi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A. , S. S. 14 km 163.5, 34012 Trieste, Italy
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Chemical Sciences Division and Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jan Knudsen
- The MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University , 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University , 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Bjørk Hammer
- iNANO, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Liv Hornekaer
- iNANO, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Kapitanova OO, Panin GN, Cho HD, Baranov AN, Kang TW. Formation of self-assembled nanoscale graphene/graphene oxide photomemristive heterojunctions using photocatalytic oxidation. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:204005. [PMID: 28272021 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa655c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic oxidation of graphene with ZnO nanoparticles was found to create self-assembled graphene oxide/graphene (G/GO) photosensitive heterostructures, which can be used as memristors. Oxygen groups released during photodecomposition of water molecules on the nanoparticles under ultraviolet light, oxidized graphene, locally forming the G/GO heterojunctions with ultra-high density. The G/GO nanostructures have non-linear current-voltage characteristics and switch the resistance in the dark and under white light, providing four resistive states at room temperature. Photocatalytic oxidation of graphene with ZnO nanoparticles is proposed as an effective method for creating two-dimensional memristors with a photoresistive switching for ultra-high capacity non-volatile memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesya O Kapitanova
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, b.3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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17
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Manimunda P, Al-Azizi A, Kim SH, Chromik RR. Shear-Induced Structural Changes and Origin of Ultralow Friction of Hydrogenated Diamond-like Carbon (DLC) in Dry Environment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:16704-16714. [PMID: 28459534 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The origins of run-in and ultralow friction states of a sliding contact of hydrogenated diamond-like carbon (H-DLC) and sapphire were studied with an in situ Raman tribometer as well as ex situ analyses of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, and nanoindentation. Prior to ultralow friction behavior, H-DLC exhibits a run-in period. During the run-in period in dry nitrogen atmosphere, the transfer film was formed and its uniformity and thickness as well as structure were varied. The duration and friction behaviors during the run-in depended on the initial surface state of the H-DLC coatings. A comparative study of pristine and thermally oxidized H-DLC revealed the role of surface oxide layer on run-in friction and transfer film formation. Attainment of the ultralow friction state appeared to correlate with the uniformity and structure of the transfer film evolved during the run-in, rather than its final thickness. TEM cross-section imaging of the wear track and the counter surfaces showed a trace of nanocrystalline graphite and a thin modified surface layer on both rubbing bodies. The comparison of hardness and reduced modulus of the wear tracks and the unworn surfaces as well as the ex situ Raman spectra suggested the densification of the wear track surfaces. Combining the in situ and ex situ analysis results, a comprehensive model was proposed for the formation and structure of the ultralow friction sliding contact of H-DLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveena Manimunda
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University , Montreal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Ala' Al-Azizi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Seong H Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Richard R Chromik
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University , Montreal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada
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Drogowska K, Kovaříček P, Kalbáč M. Functionalization of Hydrogenated Chemical Vapour Deposition‐Grown Graphene by On‐Surface Chemical Reactions. Chemistry 2017; 23:4073-4078. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Drogowska
- Department of Low Dimensional Systems, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Dolejskova 2155/3 18223 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kovaříček
- Department of Low Dimensional Systems, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Dolejskova 2155/3 18223 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kalbáč
- Department of Low Dimensional Systems, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Dolejskova 2155/3 18223 Prague 8 Czech Republic
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Pumera M, Sofer Z. Towards stoichiometric analogues of graphene: graphane, fluorographene, graphol, graphene acid and others. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:4450-4463. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00215g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stoichiometric derivatives of graphene, having well-defined chemical structure and well-defined chemical bonds, are of a great interest to the 2D materials research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pumera
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637371
- Singapore
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague
- 166 28 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
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Pham BQ, Gordon MS. Thermodynamics and kinetics of graphene chemistry: a graphene hydrogenation prototype study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:33274-33281. [PMID: 27896344 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05687c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The thermodynamic and kinetic controls of graphene chemistry are studied computationally using a graphene hydrogenation reaction and polyaromatic hydrocarbons to represent the graphene surface. Hydrogen atoms are concertedly chemisorped onto the surface of graphene models of different shapes (i.e., all-zigzag, all-armchair, zigzag-armchair mixed edges) and sizes (i.e., from 16-42 carbon atoms). The second-order Z-averaged perturbation theory (ZAPT2) method combined with Pople double and triple zeta basis sets are used for all calculations. It is found that both the net enthalpy change and the barrier height of graphene hydrogenation at graphene edges are lower than at their interior surfaces. While the thermodynamic product distribution is mainly determined by the remaining π-islands of functionalized graphenes (Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2013, 15, 3725-3735), the kinetics of the reaction is primarily correlated with the localization of the electrostatic potential of the graphene surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buu Q Pham
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
| | - Mark S Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
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Lakshmi GBVS, Sharma A, Solanki PR, Avasthi DK. Mesoporous polyaniline nanofiber decorated graphene micro-flowers for enzyme-less cholesterol biosensors. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:345101. [PMID: 27419910 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/34/345101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, we have studied a nanocomposite of polyaniline nanofiber-graphene microflowers (PANInf-GMF), prepared by an in situ rapid mixing polymerization method. The structural and morphological studies of the nanocomposite (PANInf-GMF) were carried out by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. The mesoporous, nanofibrous and microflower structures were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The functional groups and synergetic effects were observed by FTIR and micro-Raman measurements. The water wettability was carried out by a contact angle measurement technique and found to be super hydrophilic in nature towards water. This nanocomposite was deposited onto indium-tin-oxide coated glass substrate by a drop casting method and used for the detection of cholesterol using an electrochemical technique. The differential pulse voltammetry studies show the appreciable increase in the current with the addition of 1.93 to 464.04 mg dl(-1) cholesterol concentration. It is also found that the electrodes were highly selective towards cholesterol when compared to other biological interfering analytes, such as glucose, urea, citric acid, cysteine and ascorbic acid. The sensitivity of the sensor is estimated as 0.101 μA mg(-1) dl cm(-2) and the lower detection limit as 1.93 mg dl(-1). This work will throw light on the preparation of non-enzymatic biosensors based on PANInf-carbon nanostructure composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B V S Lakshmi
- Inter University Accelerator Centre (IUAC), New Delhi, India
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Urbanová V, Karlický F, Matěj A, Šembera F, Janoušek Z, Perman JA, Ranc V, Čépe K, Michl J, Otyepka M, Zbořil R. Fluorinated graphenes as advanced biosensors - effect of fluorine coverage on electron transfer properties and adsorption of biomolecules. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:12134-12142. [PMID: 26879645 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr00353b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Graphene derivatives are promising materials for the electrochemical sensing of diverse biomolecules and development of new biosensors owing to their improved electron transfer kinetics compared to pristine graphene. Here, we report complex electrochemical behavior and electrocatalytic performance of variously fluorinated graphene derivatives prepared by reaction of graphene with a nitrogen-fluorine mixture at 2 bars pressure. The fluorine content was simply controlled by varying the reaction time and temperature. The studies revealed that electron transfer kinetics and electrocatalytic activity of CFx strongly depend on the degree of fluorination. The versatility of fluorinated graphene as a biosensor platform was demonstrated by cyclic voltammetry for different biomolecules essential in physiological processes, i.e. NADH, ascorbic acid and dopamine. Importantly, the highest electrochemical performance, even higher than pristine graphene, was obtained for fluorinated graphene with the lowest fluorine content (CF0.084) due to its high conductivity and enhanced adsorption properties combining π-π stacking interaction with graphene regions with hydrogen-bonding interaction with fluorine atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Urbanová
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17 listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - František Karlický
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17 listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Adam Matěj
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17 listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Filip Šembera
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Janoušek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jason A Perman
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17 listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Václav Ranc
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17 listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Klára Čépe
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17 listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Josef Michl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80301, USA
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17 listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17 listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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