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Yang G, Cheng F, Zuo S, Zhang J, Xu Y, Hu Y, Hu X. Growing Carbon Nanotubes In Situ Surrounding Carbon Fiber Surface via Chemical Vapor Deposition to Reinforce Flexural Strength of Carbon Fiber Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102309. [PMID: 37242883 PMCID: PMC10223248 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study employed novel joint treatments to strengthen the carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites. Vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) were prepared in situ on the catalyst-treated CF surface via the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, intertwining into three-dimensional fiber-nets and fully surrounding CF to form an integrated structure. The resin pre-coating (RPC) technique was further used to guide diluted epoxy resin (without hardener) to flow into nanoscale and submicron spaces to eliminate void defects at the root of VACNTs. Three-point bending testing results showed the "growing CNTs and RPC"-treated CFRP composites yielded the best flexural strength, a 27.1% improvement over the specimens without treatment, while the failure modes indicated that the original delamination failure was changed into "flexural failure" with through-the-thickness crack propagation. In brief, growing VACNTs and RPC on the CF surface enabled toughening of the epoxy adhesive layer, reducing potential void defects and constructing the integrated quasi-Z-directional fiber bridging at the CF/epoxy interface for stronger CFRP composites. Therefore, the joint treatments of growing VACNTs in situ via the CVD method and RPC technique are very effective and have great potential in manufacturing high-strength CFRP composites for aerospace applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Yang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Fei Cheng
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass Materials, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Shihao Zuo
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Jinheng Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Yang Xu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Yunsen Hu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Xiaozhi Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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Gaviria Rojas WA, Hersam MC. Chirality-Enriched Carbon Nanotubes for Next-Generation Computing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905654. [PMID: 32255238 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
For the past half century, silicon has served as the primary material platform for integrated circuit technology. However, the recent proliferation of nontraditional electronics, such as wearables, embedded systems, and low-power portable devices, has led to increasingly complex mechanical and electrical performance requirements. Among emerging electronic materials, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are promising candidates for next-generation computing as a result of their superlative electrical, optical, and mechanical properties. Moreover, their chirality-dependent properties enable a wide range of emerging electronic applications including sub-10 nm complementary field-effect transistors, optoelectronic integrated circuits, and enantiomer-recognition sensors. Here, recent progress in SWCNT-based computing devices is reviewed, with an emphasis on the relationship between chirality enrichment and electronic functionality. In particular, after highlighting chirality-dependent SWCNT properties and chirality enrichment methods, the range of computing applications that have been demonstrated using chirality-enriched SWCNTs are summarized. By identifying remaining challenges and opportunities, this work provides a roadmap for next-generation SWCNT-based computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Gaviria Rojas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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Shi W, Li J, Polsen ES, Oliver CR, Zhao Y, Meshot ER, Barclay M, Fairbrother DH, Hart AJ, Plata DL. Oxygen-promoted catalyst sintering influences number density, alignment, and wall number of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:5222-5233. [PMID: 28397885 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr09802a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A lack of synthetic control and reproducibility during vertically aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) synthesis has stifled many promising applications of organic nanomaterials. Oxygen-containing species are particularly precarious in that they have both beneficial and deleterious effects and are notoriously difficult to control. Here, we demonstrated diatomic oxygen's ability, independent of water, to tune oxide-supported catalyst thin film dewetting and influence nanoscale (diameter and wall number) and macro-scale (alignment and density) properties for as-grown vertically aligned CNTs. In particular, single- or few-walled CNT forests were achieved at very low oxygen loading, with single-to-multi-walled CNT diameters ranging from 4.8 ± 1.3 nm to 6.4 ± 1.1 nm over 0-800 ppm O2, and an expected variation in alignment, where both were related to the annealed catalyst morphology. Morphological differences were not the result of subsurface diffusion, but instead occurred via Ostwald ripening under several hundred ppm O2, and this effect was mitigated by high H2 concentrations and not due to water vapor (as confirmed in O2-free water addition experiments), supporting the importance of O2 specifically. Further characterization of the interface between the Fe catalyst and Al2O3 support revealed that either oxygen-deficit metal oxide or oxygen-adsorption on metals could be functional mechanisms for the observed catalyst nanoparticle evolution. Taken as a whole, our results suggest that the impacts of O2 and H2 on the catalyst evolution have been underappreciated and underleveraged in CNT synthesis, and these could present a route toward facile manipulation of CNT forest morphology through control of the reactive gaseous atmosphere alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Shi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Navas H, Picher M, Andrieux-Ledier A, Fossard F, Michel T, Kozawa A, Maruyama T, Anglaret E, Loiseau A, Jourdain V. Unveiling the Evolutions of Nanotube Diameter Distribution during the Growth of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS NANO 2017; 11:3081-3088. [PMID: 28285520 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In situ and ex situ Raman measurements were used to study the dynamics of the populations of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) during their catalytic growth by chemical vapor deposition. Our study reveals that the nanotube diameter distribution strongly evolves during SWCNT growth but in dissimilar ways depending on the growth conditions. We notably show that high selectivity can be obtained using short or moderate growth times. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy observations support that Ostwald ripening is the key process driving these seemingly contradictory results by regulating the size distribution and lifetime of the active catalyst particles. Ostwald ripening appears as the main termination mechanism for the smallest diameter tubes, whereas carbon poisoning dominates for the largest ones. By unveiling the key concept of dynamic competition between nanotube growth and catalyst ripening, we show that time can be used as an active parameter to control the growth selectivity of carbon nanotubes and other 1D systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Navas
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier , 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Matthieu Picher
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier , 34095 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Frédéric Fossard
- Laboratoire d'étude des microstructures, CNRS-ONERA , 92322 Châtillon, France
| | - Thierry Michel
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier , 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Akinari Kozawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Meijo University , 468-8502 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Maruyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Meijo University , 468-8502 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Eric Anglaret
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier , 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Annick Loiseau
- Laboratoire d'étude des microstructures, CNRS-ONERA , 92322 Châtillon, France
| | - Vincent Jourdain
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier , 34095 Montpellier, France
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Yang F, Wang X, Si J, Zhao X, Qi K, Jin C, Zhang Z, Li M, Zhang D, Yang J, Zhang Z, Xu Z, Peng LM, Bai X, Li Y. Water-Assisted Preparation of High-Purity Semiconducting (14,4) Carbon Nanotubes. ACS NANO 2017; 11:186-193. [PMID: 28114760 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWNTs) with diameters of 1.0-1.5 nm (with similar bandgap to crystalline silicon) are highly desired for nanoelectronics. Up to date, the highest reported content of s-SWNTs as-grown is ∼97%, which is still far below the daunting requirements of high-end applications. Herein, we report a feasible and green pathway to use H2O vapor to modulate the structure of the intermetallic W6Co7 nanocrystals. By using the resultant W6Co7 nanocatalysts with a high percentage of (1 0 10) planes as structural templates, we realized the direct growth of s-SWNT with the purity of ∼99%, in which ∼97% is (14,4) tubes (diameter 1.29 nm). H2O can also act as an environmentally friendly and facile etchant for eliminating metallic SWNTs, and the content of s-SWNTs was further improved to 99.8% and (14,4) tubes to 98.6%. High purity s-SWNTs with even bandgap determined by their uniform structure can be used for the exquisite applications in different fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kuo Qi
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chuanhong Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhi Xu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | | | - Xuedong Bai
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
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