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Küstner F, Ditlbacher H, Hohenau A, Dirin DN, Kovalenko M, Krenn JR. Quantitative photocurrent scanning probe microscopy on PbS quantum dot monolayers. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:16664-16670. [PMID: 39171646 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr02575j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy can probe monolayers of PbS/perovskite quantum dots (QDs) with a contact area of 1-3 QDs in stable and reproducible acquisition conditions for I/V curves and photocurrent maps. From the measurements, quantitative values for the barrier height, built-in voltage, diffusion constant and ideality factor are deduced with high precision. The data analysis is based on modelling a superposition of the drift current of the photo-excited charges and a diffusion current across the interface barriers, providing physical insight into the underlying processes. Besides looking into PbS/perovskite on an indium tin oxide substrate, it is shown how the photocurrent is modified by changing either the QD ligand (to thiocyanate) or the substrate (to micro- and nanostructured gold). The dependence of the photocurrent on the light irradiance is found to follow a power law with an exponent of 0.64. Generally, quantitative measurements with high spatial resolution (on the single QD level) can provide significant insight into the processes in nanostructured hybrid optoelectronic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Küstner
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Andreas Hohenau
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dmitry N Dirin
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Maksym Kovalenko
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Joachim R Krenn
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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2
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Tian S, Gao XX, Reyes D, Syzgantseva OA, Baytemirov MM, Shibayama N, Kanda H, Schouwink PA, Fei Z, Zhong L, Tiranito FF, Fang Y, Dyson PJ, Nazeeruddin MK. Enhancing the Efficiency and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells Using Chemical Bath Deposition of SnO 2 Electron Transport Layers and 3D/2D Heterojunctions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2406929. [PMID: 39180443 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202406929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Chemical bath deposition (CBD) is an effective technique used to produce high-quality SnO2 electron transport layers (ETLs) employed in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). By optimizing the CBD process, high-quality SnO2 films are obtained with minimal oxygen vacancies and close energy level alignment with the perovskite layer. In addition, the 3D perovskite layers are passivated with n-butylammonium iodide (BAI), iso-pentylammonium iodide (PNAI), or 2-methoxyethylammonium iodide (MOAI) to form 3D/2D heterojunctions, resulting in defect passivation, suppressing ion migration and improving charge carrier extraction. As a result of these heterojunctions, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the PSCs increased from 21.39% for the reference device to 23.70% for the device containing the MOAI-passivated film. The 2D perovskite layer also provides a hydrophobic barrier, thus enhancing stability to humidity. Notably, the PNAI-based device exhibited remarkable stability, retaining approximately 95% of its initial efficiency after undergoing 1000-h testing in an N2 environment at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Tian
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Xiao-Xin Gao
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - David Reyes
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Electron Microscopy, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Olga A Syzgantseva
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Milorad M Baytemirov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Naoyuki Shibayama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Toin University of Yokohama, 1614 Kuroganecho, Aoba, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 225-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kanda
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Pascal A Schouwink
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Zhaofu Fei
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Liping Zhong
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei Tiranito
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Yanyan Fang
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Paul J Dyson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
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Yang L, Zheng F, Wu J, Hou Y, Qi X, Miao Y, Wang X, Huang L, Liu X, Zhang J, Zhu Y, Hu Z. Unveiling Local Current Behavior and Manipulating Grain Homogenization of Perovskite Films for Efficient Solar Cells. ACS NANO 2024; 18:17547-17556. [PMID: 38935688 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Achieving high power conversion efficiency in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) heavily relies on fabricating homogeneous perovskite films. However, understanding microscopic-scale properties such as current generation and open-circuit voltage within perovskite crystals has been challenging due to difficulties in quantifying intragrain behavior. In this study, the local current intensity within state-of-the-art perovskite films mapped by conductive atomic force microscopy reveals a distinct heterogeneity, which exhibits a strong anticorrelation to the external biases. Particularly under different external bias polarities, specific regions in the current mapping show contrasting conductivity. Moreover, grains oriented differently exhibit varied surface potentials and currents, leading us to associate this local current heterogeneity with the grain orientation. It was found that the films treated with isopropanol exhibit ordered grain orientation, demonstrating minimized lattice heterogeneity, fewer microstructure defects, and reduced electronic disorder. Importantly, devices exhibiting an ordered orientation showcase elevated macroscopic optoelectronic properties and boosted device performance. These observations underscore the critical importance of fine-tuning the grain homogenization of perovskite films, offering a promising avenue for further enhancing the efficiency of PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo Collaborative Innovation Center of Nonlinear Calamity System of Ocean and Atmosphere, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Fei Zheng
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo Collaborative Innovation Center of Nonlinear Calamity System of Ocean and Atmosphere, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo Collaborative Innovation Center of Nonlinear Calamity System of Ocean and Atmosphere, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yanna Hou
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo Collaborative Innovation Center of Nonlinear Calamity System of Ocean and Atmosphere, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiaorong Qi
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo Collaborative Innovation Center of Nonlinear Calamity System of Ocean and Atmosphere, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yuchen Miao
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo Collaborative Innovation Center of Nonlinear Calamity System of Ocean and Atmosphere, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo Collaborative Innovation Center of Nonlinear Calamity System of Ocean and Atmosphere, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Like Huang
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo Collaborative Innovation Center of Nonlinear Calamity System of Ocean and Atmosphere, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo Collaborative Innovation Center of Nonlinear Calamity System of Ocean and Atmosphere, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo Collaborative Innovation Center of Nonlinear Calamity System of Ocean and Atmosphere, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yuejin Zhu
- School of Science and Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315300, China
| | - Ziyang Hu
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo Collaborative Innovation Center of Nonlinear Calamity System of Ocean and Atmosphere, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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Zou Z, Qiu H, Shao Z. Unveiling heterogeneity of hysteresis in perovskite thin films. DISCOVER NANO 2024; 19:48. [PMID: 38499837 PMCID: PMC10948732 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-024-03996-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The phenomenon of current-voltage hysteresis observed in perovskite-based optoelectronic devices is a critical issue that complicates the accurate assessment of device parameters, thereby impacting performance and applicability. Despite extensive research efforts aimed at deciphering the origins of hysteresis, its underlying causes remain a subject of considerable debate. By employing nanoscale investigations to elucidate the relationship between hysteresis and morphological characteristics, this study offers a detailed exploration of photocurrent-voltage hysteresis at the nanoscale within perovskite optoelectronic devices. Through the meticulous analysis of localized I-V curve arrays, our research identifies two principal hysteresis descriptors, uncovering a predominantly inverted hysteresis pattern in 87% of the locations examined. This pattern is primarily attributed to the energetic barrier encountered at the interface between the probe and the perovskite material. Our findings underscore the pronounced heterogeneity and grain-dependent variability inherent in hysteresis behavior, evidenced by an average Hysteresis Index value of 0.24. The investigation suggests that the localized hysteresis phenomena cannot be exclusively attributed to either photocharge collection processes or organic cation migration at grain boundaries. Instead, it appears significantly influenced by localized surface trap states, which play a pivotal role in modulating electron and hole current dynamics. By identifying the key factors contributing to hysteresis, such as localized surface trap states and their influence on electron and hole current dynamics, our findings pave the way for targeted strategies to mitigate these effects. This includes the development of novel materials and device architectures designed to minimize energy barriers and enhance charge carrier mobility, thereby improving device performance and longevity. This breakthrough in understanding the microscale mechanisms of hysteresis underscores the critical importance of surface/interface defect trap passivation in mitigating hysteretic effects, offering new pathways for enhancing the performance of perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouyiao Zou
- Industrial Training Center, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Haian Qiu
- Physics Laboratory, School of Undergraduate Education, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhibin Shao
- Industrial Training Center, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
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5
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Yang L, Wang Y, Wang X, Shafique S, Zheng F, Huang L, Liu X, Zhang J, Zhu Y, Xiao C, Hu Z. Identification the Role of Grain Boundaries in Polycrystalline Photovoltaics via Advanced Atomic Force Microscope. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304362. [PMID: 37752782 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Atomicforce microscopy (AFM)-based scanning probing techniques, including Kelvinprobe force microscopy (KPFM) and conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM), have been widely applied to investigate thelocal electromagnetic, physical, or molecular characteristics of functional materials on a microscopic scale. The microscopic inhomogeneities of the electronic properties of polycrystalline photovoltaic materials can be examined by these advanced AFM techniques, which bridge the local properties of materials to overall device performance and guide the optimization of the photovoltaic devices. In this review, the critical roles of local optoelectronic heterogeneities, especially at grain interiors (GIs) and grain boundaries (GBs) of polycrystalline photovoltaic materials, including versatile polycrystalline silicon, inorganic compound materials, and emerging halide perovskites, studied by KPFM and C-AFM, are systematically identified. How the band alignment and electrical properties of GIs and GBs affect the carrier transport behavior are discussed from the respective of photovoltaic research. Further exploiting the potential of such AFM-based techniques upon a summary of their up-to-date applications in polycrystalline photovoltaic materials is beneficial to acomprehensive understanding of the design and manipulation principles of thenovel solar cells and facilitating the development of the next-generation photovoltaics and optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Clean Energy Storage and Conversion, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo Collaborative Innovation Center of Nonlinear Calamity System of Ocean and Atmosphere, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Clean Energy Storage and Conversion, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo Collaborative Innovation Center of Nonlinear Calamity System of Ocean and Atmosphere, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
- Center for Micro-Nano Systems, School of Information Science and Technology (SIST), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Clean Energy Storage and Conversion, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo Collaborative Innovation Center of Nonlinear Calamity System of Ocean and Atmosphere, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Shareen Shafique
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Clean Energy Storage and Conversion, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo Collaborative Innovation Center of Nonlinear Calamity System of Ocean and Atmosphere, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Fei Zheng
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Clean Energy Storage and Conversion, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo Collaborative Innovation Center of Nonlinear Calamity System of Ocean and Atmosphere, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Like Huang
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Clean Energy Storage and Conversion, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo Collaborative Innovation Center of Nonlinear Calamity System of Ocean and Atmosphere, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Clean Energy Storage and Conversion, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo Collaborative Innovation Center of Nonlinear Calamity System of Ocean and Atmosphere, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Clean Energy Storage and Conversion, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo Collaborative Innovation Center of Nonlinear Calamity System of Ocean and Atmosphere, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yuejin Zhu
- School of Science and Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315300, China
| | - Chuanxiao Xiao
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, China
| | - Ziyang Hu
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Clean Energy Storage and Conversion, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo Collaborative Innovation Center of Nonlinear Calamity System of Ocean and Atmosphere, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
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6
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Wang F, Ma X, Huang W, Han J, Luo D, Jia C, Chen Y. The synergistic effect of trap deactivation and hysteresis suppression at grain boundaries in perovskite interfaces via multifunctional groups. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:29211-29223. [PMID: 37873576 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01500a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
In spite of the outstanding photoelectric properties of perovskite materials, numerous defects produced in the preparation process eventually result in decomposition of the perovskite layer. To date, the mechanism of defect passivation and hysteresis reduction via additive engineering has still been obscure for perovskite materials, which seriously restricts performance improvement of the devices. Herein, conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) measurements were applied to probe carbamic acid ethyl ester (EU)-based trap passivation and suppression of hysteresis in perovskite films. The results indicate that the internal interaction between multifunctional bonds ("CO" and "-NH2") of EU and Pb2+ ions of the perovskite may inactivate the trap state and inhibit ion migration within sub-grains and grain boundaries (GBs), resulting in improvement of the long-term stability of the cells. In consequence, the EU-modified champion device prepared in all-air achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.10%, one of the high performances for the devices fabricated in air to date. In short, this work will propose some interesting speculation about ion migration as well as its influence on hysteresis in perovskite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- School of Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohu Ma
- School of Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193 tunxi Rd., Hefei City, Anhui Province, 230009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dandan Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193 tunxi Rd., Hefei City, Anhui Province, 230009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chong Jia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193 tunxi Rd., Hefei City, Anhui Province, 230009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yiqing Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193 tunxi Rd., Hefei City, Anhui Province, 230009, People's Republic of China.
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Szostak R, de Souza Gonçalves A, de Freitas JN, Marchezi PE, de Araújo FL, Tolentino HCN, Toney MF, das Chagas Marques F, Nogueira AF. In Situ and Operando Characterizations of Metal Halide Perovskite and Solar Cells: Insights from Lab-Sized Devices to Upscaling Processes. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3160-3236. [PMID: 36877871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The performance and stability of metal halide perovskite solar cells strongly depend on precursor materials and deposition methods adopted during the perovskite layer preparation. There are often a number of different formation pathways available when preparing perovskite films. Since the precise pathway and intermediary mechanisms affect the resulting properties of the cells, in situ studies have been conducted to unravel the mechanisms involved in the formation and evolution of perovskite phases. These studies contributed to the development of procedures to improve the structural, morphological, and optoelectronic properties of the films and to move beyond spin-coating, with the use of scalable techniques. To explore the performance and degradation of devices, operando studies have been conducted on solar cells subjected to normal operating conditions, or stressed with humidity, high temperatures, and light radiation. This review presents an update of studies conducted in situ using a wide range of structural, imaging, and spectroscopic techniques, involving the formation/degradation of halide perovskites. Operando studies are also addressed, emphasizing the latest degradation results for perovskite solar cells. These works demonstrate the importance of in situ and operando studies to achieve the level of stability required for scale-up and consequent commercial deployment of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Szostak
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Energia Solar (LNES), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), 13083-100 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Agnaldo de Souza Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Energia Solar (LNES), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Gleb Wataghin Institute of Physics, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-859 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Jilian Nei de Freitas
- Center for Information Technology Renato Archer (CTI), 13069-901 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo E Marchezi
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Energia Solar (LNES), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Department of Engineering and Physics, Karlstad University, 651 88 Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Francineide Lopes de Araújo
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Energia Solar (LNES), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Hélio Cesar Nogueira Tolentino
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), 13083-100 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Michael F Toney
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, and Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | | | - Ana Flavia Nogueira
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Energia Solar (LNES), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Laird JS, Ravishankar S, Rietwyk KJ, Mao W, Bach U, Smith TA. Intensity Modulated Photocurrent Microspectrosopy for Next Generation Photovoltaics. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200493. [PMID: 35973943 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this report, a large-area laser beam induced current microscope that has been adapted to perform intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) in an imaging mode is described. Microscopy-based IMPS method provides a spatial resolution of the frequency domain response of the solar cell, allowing correlation of the optoelectronic response with a particular interface, bulk material, specific transport layer, or transport parameter. The system is applied to study degradation effects in back-contact perovskite cells where it is found to readily differentiate areas based on their markedly different frequency response. Using the diffusion-recombination model, the IMPS response is modeled for a sandwich structure and extended for the special case of lateral diffusion in a back-contact cell. In the low-frequency limit, the model is used to calculate spatial maps of the carrier ambipolar diffusion length. The observed frequency response of IMPS images is then discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie S Laird
- Centre of Excellence in Excitons, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | | | - Kevin J Rietwyk
- Centre of Excellence in Excitons, Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Wenxin Mao
- Centre of Excellence in Excitons, Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Udo Bach
- Centre of Excellence in Excitons, Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Trevor A Smith
- Centre of Excellence in Excitons, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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9
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Li X, Zhang W, Guo X, Lu C, Wei J, Fang J. Constructing heterojunctions by surface sulfidation for efficient inverted perovskite solar cells. Science 2022; 375:434-437. [PMID: 35084976 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl5676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A stable perovskite heterojunction was constructed for inverted solar cells through surface sulfidation of lead (Pb)-rich perovskite films. The formed lead-sulfur (Pb-S) bonds upshifted the Fermi level at the perovskite interface and induced an extra back-surface field for electron extraction. The resulting inverted devices exhibited a power conversion efficiency (PCE) >24% with a high open-circuit voltage of 1.19 volts, corresponding to a low voltage loss of 0.36 volts. The strong Pb-S bonds could stabilize perovskite heterojunctions and strengthen underlying perovskite structures that have a similar crystal lattice. Devices with surface sulfidation retained more than 90% of the initial PCE after aging at 85°C for 2200 hours or operating at the maximum power point under continuous illumination for 1000 hours at 55° ± 5°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Li
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, Engineering Research Center of Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wenxiao Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, Engineering Research Center of Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xuemin Guo
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, Engineering Research Center of Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Chunyan Lu
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, Engineering Research Center of Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jiyao Wei
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, Engineering Research Center of Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Junfeng Fang
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, Engineering Research Center of Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.,Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
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10
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Aydin E, De Bastiani M, De Wolf S. Defect and Contact Passivation for Perovskite Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1900428. [PMID: 31062907 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201900428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Metal-halide perovskites are rapidly emerging as an important class of photovoltaic absorbers that may enable high-performance solar cells at affordable cost. Thanks to the appealing optoelectronic properties of these materials, tremendous progress has been reported in the last few years in terms of power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), now with record values in excess of 24%. Nevertheless, the crystalline lattice of perovskites often includes defects, such as interstitials, vacancies, and impurities; at the grain boundaries and surfaces, dangling bonds can also be present, which all contribute to nonradiative recombination of photo-carriers. On device level, such recombination undesirably inflates the open-circuit voltage deficit, acting thus as a significant roadblock toward the theoretical efficiency limit of 30%. Herein, the focus is on the origin of the various voltage-limiting mechanisms in PSCs, and possible mitigation strategies are discussed. Contact passivation schemes and the effect of such methods on the reduction of hysteresis are described. Furthermore, several strategies that demonstrate how passivating contacts can increase the stability of PSCs are elucidated. Finally, the remaining key challenges in contact design are prioritized and an outlook on how passivating contacts will contribute to further the progress toward market readiness of high-efficiency PSCs is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Aydin
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Michele De Bastiani
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Stefaan De Wolf
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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11
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Adhyaksa GWP, Brittman S, Āboliņš H, Lof A, Li X, Keelor JD, Luo Y, Duevski T, Heeren RMA, Ellis SR, Fenning DP, Garnett EC. Understanding Detrimental and Beneficial Grain Boundary Effects in Halide Perovskites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1804792. [PMID: 30368936 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Grain boundaries play a key role in the performance of thin-film optoelectronic devices and yet their effect in halide perovskite materials is still not understood. The biggest factor limiting progress is the inability to identify grain boundaries. Noncrystallographic techniques can misidentify grain boundaries, leading to conflicting literature reports about their influence; however, the gold standard - electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) - destroys halide perovskite thin films. Here, this problem is solved by using a solid-state EBSD detector with 6000 times higher sensitivity than the traditional phosphor screen and camera. Correlating true grain size with photoluminescence lifetime, carrier diffusion length, and mobility shows that grain boundaries are not benign but have a recombination velocity of 1670 cm s-1 , comparable to that of crystalline silicon. Amorphous grain boundaries are also observed that give rise to locally brighter photoluminescence intensity and longer lifetimes. This anomalous grain boundary character offers a possible explanation for the mysteriously long lifetime and record efficiency achieved in small grain halide perovskite thin films. It also suggests a new approach for passivating grain boundaries, independent of surface passivation, to lead to even better performance in optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gede W P Adhyaksa
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098, XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Brittman
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098, XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Haralds Āboliņš
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098, XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andries Lof
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098, XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xueying Li
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Joel D Keelor
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yanqi Luo
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Teodor Duevski
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098, XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron M A Heeren
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Shane R Ellis
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - David P Fenning
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Erik C Garnett
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098, XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Abdi-Jalebi M, Andaji-Garmaroudi Z, Pearson AJ, Divitini G, Cacovich S, Philippe B, Rensmo H, Ducati C, Friend RH, Stranks SD. Potassium- and Rubidium-Passivated Alloyed Perovskite Films: Optoelectronic Properties and Moisture Stability. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2018; 3:2671-2678. [PMID: 30701195 PMCID: PMC6344034 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.8b01504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Halide perovskites passivated with potassium or rubidium show superior photovoltaic device performance compared to unpassivated samples. However, it is unclear which passivation route is more effective for film stability. Here, we directly compare the optoelectronic properties and stability of thin films when passivating triple-cation perovskite films with potassium or rubidium species. The optoelectronic and chemical studies reveal that the alloyed perovskites are tolerant toward higher loadings of potassium than rubidium. Whereas potassium complexes with bromide from the perovskite precursor solution to form thin surface passivation layers, rubidium additives favor the formation of phase-segregated micron-sized rubidium halide crystals. This tolerance to higher loadings of potassium allows us to achieve superior luminescent properties with potassium passivation. We also find that exposure to a humid atmosphere drives phase segregation and grain coalescence for all compositions, with the rubidium-passivated sample showing the highest sensitivity to nonperovskite phase formation. Our work highlights the benefits but also the limitations of these passivation approaches in maximizing both optoelectronic properties and the stability of perovskite films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Abdi-Jalebi
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Zahra Andaji-Garmaroudi
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Pearson
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgio Divitini
- Department
of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Stefania Cacovich
- Department
of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Bertrand Philippe
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Rensmo
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Caterina Ducati
- Department
of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Richard H. Friend
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel D. Stranks
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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13
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Li T, Zeng K. Probing of Local Multifield Coupling Phenomena of Advanced Materials by Scanning Probe Microscopy Techniques. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1803064. [PMID: 30306656 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201803064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of the local multifield coupling phenomenon (MCP) in various functional/structural materials by using scanning probe microscopy (SPM)-based techniques is comprehensively reviewed. Understanding MCP has great scientific and engineering significance in materials science and engineering, as in many practical applications, materials and devices are operated under a combination of multiple physical fields, such as electric, magnetic, optical, chemical and force fields, and working environments, such as different atmospheres, large temperature fluctuations, humidity, or acidic space. The materials' responses to the synergetic effects of the multifield (physical and environmental) determine the functionalities, performance, lifetime of the materials, and even the devices' manufacturing. SPM techniques are effective and powerful tools to characterize the local effects of MCP. Here, an introduction of the local MCP, the descriptions of several important SPM techniques, especially the electrical, mechanical, chemical, and optical related techniques, and the applications of SPM techniques to investigate the local phenomena and mechanisms in oxide materials, energy materials, biomaterials, and supramolecular materials are covered. Finally, an outlook of the MCP and SPM techniques in materials research is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
- Center for Spintronics and Quantum System, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, Xi'an, China
| | - Kaiyang Zeng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
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14
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Chen X, Lai J, Shen Y, Chen Q, Chen L. Functional Scanning Force Microscopy for Energy Nanodevices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1802490. [PMID: 30133000 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Energy nanodevices, including energy conversion and energy storage devices, have become a major cross-disciplinary field in recent years. These devices feature long-range electron and ion transport coupled with chemical transformation, which call for novel characterization tools to understand device operation mechanisms. In this context, recent developments in functional scanning force microscopy techniques and their application in thin-film photovoltaic devices and lithium batteries are reviewed. The advantages of scanning force microscopy, such as high spatial resolution, multimodal imaging, and the possibility of in situ and in operando imaging, are emphasized. The survey indicates that functional scanning force microscopy is making significant contributions in understanding materials and interfaces in energy nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Junqi Lai
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yanbin Shen
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Qi Chen
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Liwei Chen
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
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15
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Foley BJ, Cuthriell S, Yazdi S, Chen AZ, Guthrie SM, Deng X, Giri G, Lee SH, Xiao K, Doughty B, Ma YZ, Choi JJ. Impact of Crystallographic Orientation Disorders on Electronic Heterogeneities in Metal Halide Perovskite Thin Films. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:6271-6278. [PMID: 30216078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskite thin films have achieved remarkable performance in optoelectronic devices but suffer from spatial heterogeneity in their electronic properties. To achieve higher device performance and reliability needed for widespread commercial deployment, spatial heterogeneity of optoelectronic properties in the perovskite thin film needs to be understood and controlled. Clear identification of the causes underlying this heterogeneity, most importantly the spatial heterogeneity in charge trapping behavior, has remained elusive. Here, a multimodal imaging approach consisting of photoluminescence, optical transmission, and atomic force microscopy is utilized to separate electronic heterogeneity from morphology variations in perovskite thin films. By comparing the degree of heterogeneity in highly oriented and randomly oriented polycrystalline perovskite thin film samples, we reveal that disorders in the crystallographic orientation of the grains play a dominant role in determining charge trapping and electronic heterogeneity. This work also demonstrates a polycrystalline thin film with uniform charge trapping behavior by minimizing crystallographic orientation disorder. These results suggest that single crystals may not be required for perovskite thin film based optoelectronic devices to reach their full potential.
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16
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Hoque MNF, He R, Warzywoda J, Fan Z. Effects of Moisture-Based Grain Boundary Passivation on Cell Performance and Ionic Migration in Organic-Inorganic Halide Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:30322-30329. [PMID: 30118195 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b08981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Because of the polycrystalline nature, grain boundaries (GBs) in hybrid perovskite thin films play critical roles in determining the charge collection efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), material stability, and in particular the ion migration, considering their relatively soft ionic bonds with low formation energy. Different GB passivation methods are being studied, and introducing PbI2-rich phase at GBs in methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) has been found to be useful. In this study, combining macroscale measurements with tip-based microscopic probing that includes scanning Kelvin probe microscopy for surface potential mapping and conductive atomic force microscopy for charge transport mapping, we revealed the effects of PbI2-rich phase at GBs, which was introduced in moisture-assisted synthesis of MAPbI3 thin films. It was found that PbI2 passivation of GBs could change the surface potential and charge carrier screening and significantly retard current conduction at the GB while enhancing conduction through the grain interior. Inhibition of ion migration at GBs, as well as enhanced PSC device performance, is reported.
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17
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Rajagopal A, Yao K, Jen AKY. Toward Perovskite Solar Cell Commercialization: A Perspective and Research Roadmap Based on Interfacial Engineering. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1800455. [PMID: 29883006 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
High-efficiency and low-cost perovskite solar cells (PVKSCs) are an ideal candidate for addressing the scalability challenge of solar-based renewable energy. The dynamically evolving research field of PVKSCs has made immense progress in solving inherent challenges and capitalizing on their unique structure-property-processing-performance traits. This review offers a unique outlook on the paths toward commercialization of PVKSCs from the interfacial engineering perspective, relevant to both specialists and nonspecialists in the field through a brief introduction of the background of the field, current state-of-the-art evolution, and future research prospects. The multifaceted role of interfaces in facilitating PVKSC development is explained. Beneficial impacts of diverse charge-transporting materials and interfacial modifications are summarized. In addition, the role of interfaces in improving efficiency and stability for all emerging areas of PVKSC design are also evaluated. The authors' integral contributions in this area are highlighted on all fronts. Finally, future research opportunities for interfacial material development and applications along with scalability-durability-sustainability considerations pivotal for facilitating laboratory to industry translation are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adharsh Rajagopal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Kai Yao
- Institute of Photovoltaics, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Alex K-Y Jen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
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18
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Luo D, Yang W, Wang Z, Sadhanala A, Hu Q, Su R, Shivanna R, Trindade GF, Watts JF, Xu Z, Liu T, Chen K, Ye F, Wu P, Zhao L, Wu J, Tu Y, Zhang Y, Yang X, Zhang W, Friend RH, Gong Q, Snaith HJ, Zhu R. Enhanced photovoltage for inverted planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells. Science 2018; 360:1442-1446. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aap9282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 971] [Impact Index Per Article: 161.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The highest power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) reported for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with inverted planar structures are still inferior to those of PSCs with regular structures, mainly because of lower open-circuit voltages (Voc). Here we report a strategy to reduce nonradiative recombination for the inverted devices, based on a simple solution-processed secondary growth technique. This approach produces a wider bandgap top layer and a more n-type perovskite film, which mitigates nonradiative recombination, leading to an increase in Voc by up to 100 millivolts. We achieved a high Voc of 1.21 volts without sacrificing photocurrent, corresponding to a voltage deficit of 0.41 volts at a bandgap of 1.62 electron volts. This improvement led to a stabilized power output approaching 21% at the maximum power point.
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19
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Howard JM, Tennyson EM, Barik S, Szostak R, Waks E, Toney MF, Nogueira AF, Neves BRA, Leite MS. Humidity-Induced Photoluminescence Hysteresis in Variable Cs/Br Ratio Hybrid Perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:3463-3469. [PMID: 29882399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites containing Cs are a promising new material for light-absorbing and light-emitting optoelectronics. However, the impact of environmental conditions on their optical properties is not fully understood. Here, we elucidate and quantify the influence of distinct humidity levels on the charge carrier recombination in Cs xFA1- xPb(I yBr1- y)3 perovskites. Using in situ environmental photoluminescence (PL), we temporally and spectrally resolve light emission within a loop of critical relative humidity (rH) levels. Our measurements show that exposure up to 35% rH increases the PL emission for all Cs (10-17%) and Br (17-38%) concentrations investigated here. Spectrally, samples with larger Br concentrations exhibit PL redshift at higher humidity levels, revealing water-driven halide segregation. The compositions considered present hysteresis in their PL intensity upon returning to a low-moisture environment due to partially reversible hydration of the perovskites. Our findings demonstrate that the Cs/Br ratio strongly influences both the spectral stability and extent of light emission hysteresis. We expect our method to become standard when testing the stability of emerging perovskites, including lead-free options, and to be combined with other parameters known for affecting material degradation, e.g., oxygen and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Howard
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20740 , United States
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20740 , United States
| | - Elizabeth M Tennyson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20740 , United States
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20740 , United States
| | - Sabyasachi Barik
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20740 , United States
- Department of Physics , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20740 , United States
| | - Rodrigo Szostak
- Institute of Chemistry , University of Campinas , Campinas - SP 13083-970 , Brazil
| | - Edo Waks
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20740 , United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20740 , United States
| | - Michael F Toney
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Ana F Nogueira
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
- Institute of Chemistry , University of Campinas , Campinas - SP 13083-970 , Brazil
| | - Bernardo R A Neves
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20740 , United States
- Department of Physics , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte - MG 31270-901 , Brazil
| | - Marina S Leite
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20740 , United States
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20740 , United States
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20
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deQuilettes DW, Jariwala S, Burke S, Ziffer ME, Wang JTW, Snaith HJ, Ginger DS. Tracking Photoexcited Carriers in Hybrid Perovskite Semiconductors: Trap-Dominated Spatial Heterogeneity and Diffusion. ACS NANO 2017; 11:11488-11496. [PMID: 29088539 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b06242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We use correlated confocal and wide-field fluorescence microscopy to probe the interplay between local variations in charge carrier recombination and charge carrier transport in methylammonium lead triiodide perovskite thin films. We find that local photoluminescence variations present in confocal imaging are also observed in wide-field imaging, while intensity-dependent confocal measurements show that the heterogeneity in nonradiative losses observed at low excitation powers becomes less pronounced at higher excitation powers. Both confocal and wide-field images show that carriers undergo anisotropic diffusion due to differences in intergrain connectivity. These data are all qualitatively consistent with trap-dominated variations in local photoluminescence intensity and with grain boundaries that exhibit varying degrees of opacity to carrier transport. We use a two-dimensional kinetic model to simulate and compare confocal time-resolved photoluminescence decay traces with experimental data. The simulations further support the assignment of local variations in nonradiative recombination as the primary cause of photoluminescence heterogeneity in the films studied herein. These results point to surface passivation and intergrain connectivity as areas that could yield improvements in perovskite solar cells and optoelectronic device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane W deQuilettes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Sarthak Jariwala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Sven Burke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Mark E Ziffer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Jacob T-W Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford , Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Henry J Snaith
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford , Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - David S Ginger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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21
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Schulze PSC, Bett AJ, Winkler K, Hinsch A, Lee S, Mastroianni S, Mundt LE, Mundus M, Würfel U, Glunz SW, Hermle M, Goldschmidt JC. Novel Low-Temperature Process for Perovskite Solar Cells with a Mesoporous TiO 2 Scaffold. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:30567-30574. [PMID: 28834429 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b05718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The most efficient organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) contain the conventional n-i-p mesoscopic device architecture using a semiconducting TiO2 scaffold combined with a compact TiO2 blocking layer for selective electron transport. These devices achieve high power conversion efficiencies (15-22%) but mainly require high-temperature sintering (>450 °C), which is not possible for temperature-sensitive substrates. Thus far, comparably little effort has been spent on alternative low-temperature (<150 °C) routes to realize high-efficiency TiO2-based PSCs; instead, other device architectures have been promoted for low-temperature processing. In this paper the compatibility of the conventional mesoscopic TiO2 device architecture with low-temperature processing is presented for the first time with the combination of electron beam evaporation for the compact TiO2 and UV treatment for the mesoporous TiO2 layer. Vacuum evaporation is introduced as an excellent deposition technique of uniform compact TiO2 layers, adapting smoothly to the rough fluorine-doped tin oxide substrate surface. Effective removal of organic binders by UV light is shown for the mesoporous scaffold. Entirely low-temperature-processed PSCs with TiO2 scaffold reach encouraging stabilized efficiencies of up to 18.2%. This process fulfills all requirements for monolithic tandem devices with high-efficiency silicon heterojunction solar cells as the bottom cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia S C Schulze
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems , Heidenhofstrasse 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander J Bett
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems , Heidenhofstrasse 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Winkler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems , Heidenhofstrasse 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Hinsch
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems , Heidenhofstrasse 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Seunghun Lee
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems , Heidenhofstrasse 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simone Mastroianni
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems , Heidenhofstrasse 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg , Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura E Mundt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems , Heidenhofstrasse 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus Mundus
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems , Heidenhofstrasse 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Uli Würfel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems , Heidenhofstrasse 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg , Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan W Glunz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems , Heidenhofstrasse 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg , Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Hermle
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems , Heidenhofstrasse 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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Rajagopal A, Yang Z, Jo SB, Braly IL, Liang PW, Hillhouse HW, Jen AKY. Highly Efficient Perovskite-Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells Reaching 80% of the Theoretical Limit in Photovoltage. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29. [PMID: 28692764 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201702140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite multijunction solar cells have immense potential to realize power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) beyond the Shockley-Queisser limit of single-junction solar cells; however, they are limited by large nonideal photovoltage loss (V oc,loss ) in small- and large-bandgap subcells. Here, an integrated approach is utilized to improve the V oc of subcells with optimized bandgaps and fabricate perovskite-perovskite tandem solar cells with small V oc,loss . A fullerene variant, Indene-C60 bis-adduct, is used to achieve optimized interfacial contact in a small-bandgap (≈1.2 eV) subcell, which facilitates higher quasi-Fermi level splitting, reduces nonradiative recombination, alleviates hysteresis instabilities, and improves V oc to 0.84 V. Compositional engineering of large-bandgap (≈1.8 eV) perovskite is employed to realize a subcell with a transparent top electrode and photostabilized V oc of 1.22 V. The resultant monolithic perovskite-perovskite tandem solar cell shows a high V oc of 1.98 V (approaching 80% of the theoretical limit) and a stabilized PCE of 18.5%. The significantly minimized nonideal V oc,loss is better than state-of-the-art silicon-perovskite tandem solar cells, which highlights the prospects of using perovskite-perovskite tandems for solar-energy generation. It also unlocks opportunities for solar water splitting using hybrid perovskites with solar-to-hydrogen efficiencies beyond 15%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adharsh Rajagopal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Zhibin Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Sae Byeok Jo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ian L Braly
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Po-Wei Liang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Hugh W Hillhouse
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Alex K-Y Jen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Zuo L, Guo H, deQuilettes DW, Jariwala S, De Marco N, Dong S, DeBlock R, Ginger DS, Dunn B, Wang M, Yang Y. Polymer-modified halide perovskite films for efficient and stable planar heterojunction solar cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1700106. [PMID: 28845446 PMCID: PMC5567759 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The solution processing of polycrystalline perovskite films introduces trap states that can adversely affect their optoelectronic properties. Motivated by the use of small-molecule surfactants to improve the optoelectronic performance of perovskites, we demonstrate the use of polymers with coordinating groups to improve the performance of solution-processed semiconductor films. The use of these polymer modifiers results in a marked change in the electronic properties of the films, as measured by both carrier dynamics and overall device performance. The devices grown with the polymer poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PVP) show significantly enhanced power conversion efficiency from 16.9 ± 0.7% to 18.8 ± 0.8% (champion efficiency, 20.2%) from a reverse scan and stabilized champion efficiency from 17.5 to 19.1% [under a bias of 0.94 V and AM (air mass) 1.5-G, 1-sun illumination over 30 min] compared to controls without any passivation. Treating the perovskite film with PVP enables a VOC of up to 1.16 V, which is among the best reported for a CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cell and one of the lowest voltage deficits reported for any perovskite to date. In addition, perovskite solar cells treated with PVP show a long shelf lifetime of up to 90 days (retaining 85% of the initial efficiency) and increased by a factor of more than 20 compared to those without any polymer (degrading to 85% after ~4 days). Our work opens up a new class of chemical additives for improving perovskite performance and should pave the way toward improving perovskite solar cells for high efficiency and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijian Zuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hexia Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dane W. deQuilettes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195–1700, USA
| | - Sarthak Jariwala
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nicholas De Marco
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shiqi Dong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ryan DeBlock
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David S. Ginger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195–1700, USA
| | - Bruce Dunn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mingkui Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
- Corresponding author. (M.W.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Corresponding author. (M.W.); (Y.Y.)
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Yao Y, Wang G, Wu F, Liu D, Lin C, Rao X, Wu R, Zhou G, Song Q. The interface degradation of planar organic–inorganic perovskite solar cell traced by light beam induced current (LBIC). RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06423c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The light beam induced current (LBIC) method was adopted to nondestructively map the photoresponse of real planar organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Yao
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials
- Faculty of Materials and Energy
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- P. R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials
- Faculty of Materials and Energy
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- P. R. China
| | - Fei Wu
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials
- Faculty of Materials and Energy
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- P. R. China
| | - Debei Liu
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials
- Faculty of Materials and Energy
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Lin
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials
- Faculty of Materials and Energy
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- P. R. China
| | - Xi Rao
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials
- Faculty of Materials and Energy
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- P. R. China
| | - Rong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Solid-State Physics and Devices
- School of Physical Science and Technology
- Xinjiang University
- Urumqi 830046
- China
| | - Guangdong Zhou
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials
- Faculty of Materials and Energy
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- P. R. China
| | - Qunliang Song
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials
- Faculty of Materials and Energy
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- P. R. China
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