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Saifullah MSM, Rajak AK, Hofhuis KA, Tiwale N, Mahfoud Z, Testino A, Karadan P, Vockenhuber M, Kazazis D, Valiyaveettil S, Ekinci Y. Approaching Angstrom-Scale Resolution in Lithography Using Low-Molecular-Mass Resists (<500 Da). ACS NANO 2024; 18:24076-24094. [PMID: 39163414 PMCID: PMC11375778 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Resists that enable high-throughput and high-resolution patterning are essential in driving the semiconductor technology forward. The ultimate patterning performance of a resist in lithography is limited because of the trade-off between resolution, line-width roughness, and sensitivity; improving one or two of these parameters typically leads to a loss in the third. As the patterned feature sizes approach angstrom scale, the trade-off between these three metrics becomes increasingly hard to resolve and calls for a fundamental rethinking of the resist chemistry. Low-molecular-mass monodispersed metal-containing resists of high atom economy can provide not only very high resolution but also very low line-width roughness without sacrificing sensitivity. Here we describe a modular metal-containing resist platform (molecular mass <500 Da) where a molecular resist consists of just two components: a metal and a radical initiator bonded to it. This simple system not only is amenable to high-resolution electron beam lithography (EBL) and extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) but also unites them mechanistically, giving a consolidated perspective of molecular and chemical processes happening during exposure. Irradiation of the resist leads to the production of secondary electrons that generate radicals in the initiator bonded to metal. This brings about an intramolecular rearrangement and causes solubility switch in the exposed resist. We demonstrate record 1.9-2.0 nm isolated patterns and 7 nm half-pitch dense line-space features over a large area using EBL. With EUVL, 12 nm half-pitch line-space features are shown at a dose of 68 mJ/cm2. In both of these patterning techniques, the line-width roughness was found to be ≤2 nm, a record low value for any resist platform, also leading to a low-performance trade-off metric, Z factor, of 0.6 × 10-8 mJ·nm3. With the ultimate resolution limited by instrumental factors, potential patterning at the level of a unit cell can be envisaged, making low-molecular-mass resists best poised for angstrom-scale lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S M Saifullah
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI 5232, Switzerland
- PiBond Oy, Kutojantie 2B, Espoo 02630, Finland
| | - Anil Kumar Rajak
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI 5232, Switzerland
| | - Kevin A Hofhuis
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI 5232, Switzerland
| | - Nikhil Tiwale
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States of America
| | - Zackaria Mahfoud
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Andrea Testino
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI 5232, Switzerland
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, STI SMX-GE, Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland
| | - Prajith Karadan
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI 5232, Switzerland
| | | | - Dimitrios Kazazis
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI 5232, Switzerland
| | - Suresh Valiyaveettil
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yasin Ekinci
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI 5232, Switzerland
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Zhao Y, Huang X, Si Y, Zheng L, Chen H, Zhao J, Luo F, Zhang J, Chen P, Peng X. Additive-Assisted Forming High-Quality Thin Films of Sn-Oxo Cluster for Nanopatterning. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39047062 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Recently, metal-oxo clusters (MOCs) have attracted significant interest in fabricating nanoscale patterns in semiconductors via lithography. However, many MOCs are highly crystalline, making it difficult for them to form films and hindering subsequent nanopatterning processes. In this study, we developed a novel and simple method to enhance the film-forming ability of aromatic tetranuclear Sn-oxo clusters by adding additives. Theoretical calculations and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the Sn-oxo clusters and additives, which induced a crystal-gel phase transition at -20 °C, thereby inhibiting the easy crystallization of the Sn-oxo clusters. High-quality and uniform thin films with surface roughness below 0.3 nm were prepared via spin coating. The obtained thin films exhibited good lithographic performance under deep ultraviolet (DUV), electron beam, and extreme-ultraviolet irradiation without a photo acid generator/photoinitiator, and 13- and 21 nm-wide line patterns were obtained on the films via electron-beam and extreme-ultraviolet lithographies. This study will pave the way for the further investigation of novel MOCs for advanced lithography and other thin-film applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingdong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xinyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Youming Si
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Lingfeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Feng Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Pengzhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Zhang Y, Yu H, Wang L, Wu X, He J, Huang W, Ouyang C, Chen D, Keshta BE. Advanced lithography materials: From fundamentals to applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 329:103197. [PMID: 38781827 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The semiconductor industry has long been driven by advances in a nanofabrication technology known as lithography, and the fabrication of nanostructures on chips relies on an important coating, the photoresist layer. Photoresists are typically spin-coated to form a film and have a photolysis solubility transition and etch resistance that allow for rapid fabrication of nanostructures. As a result, photoresists have attracted great interest in both fundamental research and industrial applications. Currently, the semiconductor industry has entered the era of extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) and expects photoresists to be able to fabricate sub-10 nm structures. In order to realize sub-10 nm nanofabrication, the development of photoresists faces several challenges in terms of sensitivity, etch resistance, and molecular size. In this paper, three types of lithographic mechanisms are reviewed to provide strategies for designing photoresists that can enable high-resolution nanofabrication. The discussion of the current state of the art in optical lithography is presented in depth. Practical applications of photoresists and related recent advances are summarized. Finally, the current achievements and remaining issues of photoresists are discussed and future research directions are envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Haojie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Zhejiang-Russia Joint Laboratory of Photo-Electron-Megnetic Functional Materials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Zhejiang-Russia Joint Laboratory of Photo-Electron-Megnetic Functional Materials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xudong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Jiawen He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Wenbing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Chengaung Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Dingning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Basem E Keshta
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
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Hassaan M, Saleem U, Singh A, Haque AJ, Wang K. Recent Advances in Positive Photoresists: Mechanisms and Fabrication. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2552. [PMID: 38893815 PMCID: PMC11173546 DOI: 10.3390/ma17112552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Photoresists are fundamental materials in photolithography and are crucial for precise patterning in microelectronic devices, MEMS, and nanostructures. This paper provides an in-depth review of recent advancements in positive photoresist research and development, focusing on discussion regarding the underlying mechanisms governing their behavior, exploring innovative fabrication techniques, and highlighting the advantages of the photoresist classes discussed. The paper begins by discussing the need for the development of new photoresist technologies, highlighting issues associated with adopting extreme ultraviolet photolithography and addressing these challenges through the development of advanced positive-tone resist materials with improved patterning features, resolution, and sensitivity. Subsequently, it discusses the working mechanisms and synthesis methods of different types and subtypes of photoresists, starting from non-chemically amplified, organic, and inorganic-organic hybrid photoresists and progressing to dry film resists, with an emphasis on the upsides of each. The paper concludes by discussing how future research in the field of lithography-prioritizing concerns related to environmental impacts, improved photoresist material and properties, and utilization of advanced quantum technology-can assist with revolutionizing lithography techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kaiying Wang
- Department of Microsystems, University of South-Eastern Norway, 3184 Horten, Norway; (M.H.); (U.S.); (A.S.); (A.J.H.)
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Li X, Li M. Broadband Antireflective Hybrid Micro/Nanostructure on Zinc Sulfide Fabricated by Optimal Bessel Femtosecond Laser. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1225. [PMID: 37049318 PMCID: PMC10097145 DOI: 10.3390/nano13071225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the infrared window transmittance of zinc sulfide (ZnS) is important to improve the performance of infrared detector systems. In this work, a new hybrid micro/nanostructure was fabricated by an optimal Bessel femtosecond laser on ZnS substrate. The surface morphologies and profiles of ASS ablated by a 20× microscope objective Bessel beam are described, indicating that the nanoripples on the micropore were formed by the SPP interference and the SPP scattering in a particular direction. Further, the maximum average transmittance of ASS increased by 9.7% and 12.3% in the wavelength ranges of 5~12 μm and 8~12 μm, respectively. Finally, the antireflective mechanism of the hybrid micro/nanostructure is explored using the novel electromagnetic field model based on the FDTD method, and we attribute the stable antireflective performance of ASS in broadband to the interface effective dielectric effect and LLFE.
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Saifullah MSM, Asbahi M, Neo DCJ, Mahfoud Z, Tan HR, Ha ST, Dwivedi N, Dutta T, Bin Dolmanan S, Aabdin Z, Bosman M, Ganesan R, Tripathy S, Hasko DG, Valiyaveettil S. Patterning at the Resolution Limit of Commercial Electron Beam Lithography. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:7432-7440. [PMID: 36069429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
It has been long known that low molecular weight resists can achieve a very high resolution, theoretically close to the probe diameter of the electron beam lithography (EBL) system. Despite technological improvements in EBL systems, the advances in resists have lagged behind. Here we demonstrate that a low-molecular-mass single-source precursor resist (based on cadmium(II) ethylxanthate complexed with pyridine) is capable of a achieving resolution (4 nm) that closely matches the measured probe diameter (∼3.8 nm). Energetic electrons enable the top-down radiolysis of the resist, while they provide the energy to construct the functional material from the bottom-up─unit cell by unit cell. Since this occurs only within the volume of resist exposed to primary electrons, the minimum size of the patterned features is close to the beam diameter. We speculate that angstrom-scale patterning of functional materials is possible with single-source precursor resists using an aberration-corrected electron beam writer with a spot size of ∼1 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S M Saifullah
- Laboratory for Micro and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Asbahi
- Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (IMEC), Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Darren C J Neo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zackaria Mahfoud
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hui Ru Tan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Son Tung Ha
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Neeraj Dwivedi
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Bhopal 462 026, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tanmay Dutta
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Surani Bin Dolmanan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zainul Aabdin
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Michel Bosman
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ramakrishnan Ganesan
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Hyderabad 500 078, Telangana, India
| | - Sudhiranjan Tripathy
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - David G Hasko
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Suresh Valiyaveettil
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
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7
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Tang Z, Wu J, Yu X, Hong R, Zu X, Lin X, Luo H, Lin W, Yi G. Fabrication of Au Nanoparticle Arrays on Flexible Substrate for Tunable Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:9281-9288. [PMID: 33587614 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, Au nanoparticle (AuNP) arrays on shape memory polyurethane (SMPU) substrates serve as flexible materials for tunable localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). AuNP arrays prepared by diblock copolymer self-assembly are transferred from rigid silicon wafers onto flexible SMPU substrates with ultrasonic treatment rather than peeling off directly. The resultant AuNP array SMPU films have excellent mechanical properties and stable thermodynamic properties. The LSPR arising from AuNP arrays is increased by negative bending on SMPU substrates, whereas the LSPR is decreased by positive bending. Besides, upon uniaxial tension, the vertical LSPR is increased first then decreased, whereas the parallel LSPR is similar, resulting in the overall LSPR of AuNP arrays being increased first and then decreased with the mechanical uniaxial tension of SMPU. Moreover, the resultant AuNP array SMPU films exhibit excellent flexibility, stability, and homogeneity in practical surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) application. This approach of incorporating AuNP arrays on SMPU substrates for tuning plasmonic properties have great potential applications in SERS, fluorescence enhancement, and newly optoelectronic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilun Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jianyu Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Rui Hong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xihong Zu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Hongsheng Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Guobin Yi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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Tin-based organic sulfides with highly reversibility of conversion reaction synthesized at room temperature as anode for lithium storage. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Recatala-Gomez J, Ng HK, Kumar P, Suwardi A, Zheng M, Asbahi M, Tripathy S, Nandhakumar I, Saifullah MSM, Hippalgaonkar K. Thermoelectric Properties of Substoichiometric Electron Beam Patterned Bismuth Sulfide. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:33647-33655. [PMID: 32633934 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Direct patterning of thermoelectric metal chalcogenides can be challenging and is normally constrained to certain geometries and sizes. Here we report the synthesis, characterization, and direct writing of sub-10 nm wide bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) using a single-source, spin-coatable, and electron-beam-sensitive bismuth(III) ethylxanthate precursor. In order to increase the intrinsically low carrier concentration of pristine Bi2S3, we developed a self-doping methodology in which sulfur vacancies are manipulated by tuning the temperature during vacuum annealing, to produce an electron-rich thermoelectric material. We report a room-temperature electrical conductivity of 6 S m-1 and a Seebeck coefficient of -21.41 μV K-1 for a directly patterned, substoichiometric Bi2S3 thin film. We expect that our demonstration of directly writable thermoelectric films, with further optimization of structure and morphology, can be useful for on-chip applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Recatala-Gomez
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Hong Kuan Ng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ady Suwardi
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Minrui Zheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Republic of Singapore
| | - Mohamed Asbahi
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sudhiranjan Tripathy
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Iris Nandhakumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad S M Saifullah
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kedar Hippalgaonkar
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N4.1, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore
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Saifullah MSM, Asbahi M, Binti-Kamran Kiyani M, Liow SS, Bin Dolmanan S, Yong AM, Ong EAH, Ibn Saifullah A, Tan HR, Dwivedi N, Dutta T, Ganesan R, Valiyaveettil S, Chong KSL, Tripathy S. Room-Temperature Patterning of Nanoscale MoS 2 under an Electron Beam. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:16772-16781. [PMID: 32175725 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is traditionally grown at a high temperature and subsequently patterned to study its electronic properties or make devices. This method imposes severe limitations on the shape and size of MoS2 crystals that can be patterned precisely at required positions. Here, we describe a method of direct nanoscale patterning of MoS2 at room temperature by exposing a molybdenum thiocubane single-source precursor to a beam of electrons. Molybdenum thiocubanes with various alkylxanthate moieties [Mo4S4(ROCS2)6, where R = alkyl] were prepared using a "self-assembly" approach. Micro-Raman and micro-FTIR spectroscopic studies suggest that exposure to a relatively smaller dose of electrons results in the breakdown of xanthate moieties, leading to the formation of MoS2. High-resolution transmission electron micrographs suggest that the growth of MoS2 most likely happens along (100) planes. An electron-beam-induced chemical transformation of a molybdenum thiocubane resist was exploited to fabricate sub-10 nm MoS2 lines and dense dots as small as 13 nm with a pitch of 33 nm. Since this technique does not require the liftoff and etching steps, patterning of MoS2 with interesting shapes, sizes, and thicknesses potentially leading to tunable band gap is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S M Saifullah
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Mohamed Asbahi
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Maryam Binti-Kamran Kiyani
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sing Shy Liow
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Surani Bin Dolmanan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Anna Marie Yong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Esther A H Ong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Asadullah Ibn Saifullah
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Hui Ru Tan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Neeraj Dwivedi
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Habibganj Naka, Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal 462 026, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Tanmay Dutta
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 117576, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ramakrishnan Ganesan
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani-Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Hyderabad 500 078, Telangana, India
| | - Suresh Valiyaveettil
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Karen S L Chong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sudhiranjan Tripathy
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
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Zhao ZJ, Hwang S, Bok M, Kang H, Jeon S, Park SH, Jeong JH. Nanopattern-Embedded Micropillar Structures for Security Identification. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:30401-30410. [PMID: 31353886 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b07308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel method was developed for fabricating nanopatterns embedded on micropillar-structured surfaces using nanowelding technology for security identification. Commonly used substrates, that is, polyethylene films, glass wafers, Si wafers, and curved surfaces, were employed and their characteristics were evaluated. Cr was deposited onto the selected substrate to strengthen the adhesion force, and an adhesive layer of ultra-thin metal was deposited on top of the Cr layer. Lastly, nanopatterns were embedded on the substrates by nanowelding. The morphologies, cross sections, and three-dimensional (3D) images of the fabricated nanostructures were evaluated, and their crystalline structures and compositions were analyzed. Using the same method, nanopatterns embedded on micropillar-structured surfaces were fabricated for the first time as security patterns to improve security identification. The fabricated security patterns were characterized in three stages. First, micropillar structures and structural color were simply observed via optical microscopy to achieve a preliminary judgment. The appearance of structural color was due to the nanostructures fabricated on the micropillar surface. Next, the designed nanopatterns on the micropillar-structured surfaces were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Lastly, the changes in the spectral peaks were precisely observed using a spectrometer to achieve an enhanced security pattern. The fabricated security patterns can be suitable for valuable products, such as branded wines, watches, and bags. In addition, the proposed method offers a simple approach for transferring metal nanopatterns to common substrates. Moreover, the fabricated security patterns can have potential applications in semiconductor electrodes, transparent electrodes, and security identification codes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Zhao
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology , Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials , Daejeon 305-343 , South Korea
| | - SoonHyoung Hwang
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology , Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials , Daejeon 305-343 , South Korea
| | - Moonjeong Bok
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology , Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials , Daejeon 305-343 , South Korea
| | - Hyeokjung Kang
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology , Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials , Daejeon 305-343 , South Korea
| | - Sohee Jeon
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology , Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials , Daejeon 305-343 , South Korea
| | - Sang-Hu Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering , Pusan National University , Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil , Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Jeong
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology , Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials , Daejeon 305-343 , South Korea
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Chandrasekaran S, Yao L, Deng L, Bowen C, Zhang Y, Chen S, Lin Z, Peng F, Zhang P. Recent advances in metal sulfides: from controlled fabrication to electrocatalytic, photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical water splitting and beyond. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:4178-4280. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00664d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 540] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review describes an in-depth overview and knowledge on the variety of synthetic strategies for forming metal sulfides and their potential use to achieve effective hydrogen generation and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lei Yao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials
- Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
| | - Libo Deng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
- China
| | - Chris Bowen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Bath
- Bath
- UK
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Bath
- Bath
- UK
| | - Sanming Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
- China
| | - Zhiqun Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Feng Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Guangzhou University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Peixin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
- China
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Jung M, Fan Z, Shvets G. Midinfrared Plasmonic Valleytronics in Metagate-Tuned Graphene. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:086807. [PMID: 30192584 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.086807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A valley plasmonic crystal for graphene surface plasmons is proposed. We demonstrate that a designer metagate, placed within a few nanometers of graphene, can be used to impose a periodic Fermi energy landscape on graphene. For specific metagate geometries and bias voltages, the combined metagate-graphene structure is shown to produce complete propagation band gaps for the plasmons, and to impart them with nontrivial valley-linked topological properties. Sharply curved domain walls between differently patterned metagates are shown to guide highly localized plasmons without any reflections owing to suppressed intervalley scattering. Our approach paves the way for nonmagnetic and dynamically reconfigurable topological nanophotonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwoo Jung
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Fan
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Gennady Shvets
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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