1
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Fu Z, Arisnabarreta N, Mali KS, De Feyter S. Deciphering the factors influencing electric field mediated polymerization and depolymerization at the solution-solid interface. Commun Chem 2024; 7:106. [PMID: 38724622 PMCID: PMC11082217 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01187-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Strong and oriented electric fields are known to influence structure as well as reactivity. The strong electric field (EF) between the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and graphite has been used to modulate two-dimensional (2D) polymerization of aryl boronic acids where switching the polarity of the substrate bias enabled reversible transition between self-assembled molecular networks of monomers and crystalline 2D polymer (2DP) domains. Here, we untangle the different factors influencing the EF-mediated (de)polymerization of a boroxine-based 2DP on graphite. The influence of the solvent was systematically studied by varying the nature from polar protic to polar aprotic to non-polar. The effect of monomer concentration was also investigated in detail with a special focus on the time-dependence of the transition. Our experimental observations indicate that while the nucleation of 2DP domains is not initiated by the applied electric field, their depolymerization and subsequent desorption, are a consequence of the change in the polarity of the substrate bias within the area scanned by the STM tip. We conclude that the reversible transition is intimately linked to the bias-induced adsorption and desorption of the monomers, which, in turn, could drive changes in the local concentration of the monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhinan Fu
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Nicolás Arisnabarreta
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Kunal S Mali
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium.
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium.
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2
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Cometto FP, Arisnabarreta N, Vanta R, Jacquelín DK, Vyas V, Lotsch BV, Paredes-Olivera PA, Patrito EM, Lingenfelder M. Rational Design of 2D Supramolecular Networks Switchable by External Electric Fields. ACS NANO 2024; 18:4287-4296. [PMID: 38259041 PMCID: PMC10851663 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The reversible formation of hydrogen bonds is a ubiquitous mechanism for controlling molecular assembly in biological systems. However, achieving predictable reversibility in artificial two-dimensional (2D) materials remains a significant challenge. Here, we use an external electric field (EEF) at the solid/liquid interface to trigger the switching of H-bond-linked 2D networks using a scanning tunneling microscope. Assisted by density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations, we systematically vary the molecule-to-molecule interactions, i.e., the hydrogen-bonding strength, as well as the molecule-to-substrate interactions to analyze the EEF switching effect. By tuning the building block's hydrogen-bonding ability (carboxylic acids vs aldehydes) and substrate nature and charge (graphite, graphene/Cu, graphene/SiO2), we induce or freeze the switching properties and control the final polymorphic output in the 2D network. Our results indicate that the switching ability is not inherent to any particular building block but instead relies on a synergistic combination of the relative adsorbate/adsorbate and absorbate/substrate energetic contributions under surface polarization. Furthermore, we describe the dynamics of the switching mechanism based on the rotation of carboxylic groups and proton exchange, which generate the polarizable species that are influenced by the EEF. This work provides insights into the design and control of reversible molecular assembly in 2D materials, with potential applications in a wide range of fields, including sensors and electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando P. Cometto
- Max
Planck-EPFL Laboratory for Molecular Nanoscience and IPHYS, EPFL, Lausanne, CH 1015, Switzerland
- Instituto
de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba (INFIQC),
CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
- Departamento
de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Arisnabarreta
- Max
Planck-EPFL Laboratory for Molecular Nanoscience and IPHYS, EPFL, Lausanne, CH 1015, Switzerland
- Instituto
de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba (INFIQC),
CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
- Departamento
de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Radovan Vanta
- Max
Planck-EPFL Laboratory for Molecular Nanoscience and IPHYS, EPFL, Lausanne, CH 1015, Switzerland
| | - Daniela K. Jacquelín
- Instituto
de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba (INFIQC),
CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Vijay Vyas
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| | - Bettina V. Lotsch
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Patricia A. Paredes-Olivera
- Departamento
de Química Teórica y Computacional, Facultad de Ciencias
Químicas, Universidad Nacional de
Córdoba (UNC), Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - E. Martín Patrito
- Instituto
de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba (INFIQC),
CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
- Departamento
de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Magalí Lingenfelder
- Max
Planck-EPFL Laboratory for Molecular Nanoscience and IPHYS, EPFL, Lausanne, CH 1015, Switzerland
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3
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Zhang Y, Jiang B. Universal machine learning for the response of atomistic systems to external fields. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6424. [PMID: 37827998 PMCID: PMC10570356 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42148-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Machine learned interatomic interaction potentials have enabled efficient and accurate molecular simulations of closed systems. However, external fields, which can greatly change the chemical structure and/or reactivity, have been seldom included in current machine learning models. This work proposes a universal field-induced recursively embedded atom neural network (FIREANN) model, which integrates a pseudo field vector-dependent feature into atomic descriptors to represent system-field interactions with rigorous rotational equivariance. This "all-in-one" approach correlates various response properties like dipole moment and polarizability with the field-dependent potential energy in a single model, very suitable for spectroscopic and dynamics simulations in molecular and periodic systems in the presence of electric fields. Especially for periodic systems, we find that FIREANN can overcome the intrinsic multiple-value issue of the polarization by training atomic forces only. These results validate the universality and capability of the FIREANN method for efficient first-principles modeling of complicated systems in strong external fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China.
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4
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Xie R, Zeng X, Jiang ZH, Hu Y, Lee SL. STM Study of the Self-Assembly of Biphenyl-3,3',5,5'-Tetracarboxylic Acid and Its Mixing Behavior with Coronene at the Liquid-Solid Interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:3637-3644. [PMID: 36867761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We report a scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) study of the molecular self-assembly of biphenyl-3,3',5,5'-tetracarboxylic acid (BPTC) at the octanoic acid/graphite interface. STM revealed that the BPTC molecules generated stable bilayers and monolayers under high and low sample concentrations, respectively. Besides hydrogen bonds, the bilayers were stabilized by molecular π-stacking, whereas the monolayers were maintained by solvent co-adsorption. A thermodynamically stable Kagomé structure was obtained upon mixing BPTC with coronene (COR), while kinetic trapping of COR in the co-crystal structure was found by the subsequent deposition of COR onto a preformed BPTC bilayer on the surface. Force field calculation was conducted to compare the binding energies of different phases, which helped to provide plausible explanations for the structural stability formed via kinetic and thermodynamic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongbin Xie
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Xingming Zeng
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Heng Jiang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Shern-Long Lee
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
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5
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Zbonikowski R, Mente P, Bończak B, Paczesny J. Adaptive 2D and Pseudo-2D Systems: Molecular, Polymeric, and Colloidal Building Blocks for Tailored Complexity. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:855. [PMID: 36903733 PMCID: PMC10005801 DOI: 10.3390/nano13050855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional and pseudo-2D systems come in various forms. Membranes separating protocells from the environment were necessary for life to occur. Later, compartmentalization allowed for the development of more complex cellular structures. Nowadays, 2D materials (e.g., graphene, molybdenum disulfide) are revolutionizing the smart materials industry. Surface engineering allows for novel functionalities, as only a limited number of bulk materials have the desired surface properties. This is realized via physical treatment (e.g., plasma treatment, rubbing), chemical modifications, thin film deposition (using both chemical and physical methods), doping and formulation of composites, or coating. However, artificial systems are usually static. Nature creates dynamic and responsive structures, which facilitates the formation of complex systems. The challenge of nanotechnology, physical chemistry, and materials science is to develop artificial adaptive systems. Dynamic 2D and pseudo-2D designs are needed for future developments of life-like materials and networked chemical systems in which the sequences of the stimuli would control the consecutive stages of the given process. This is crucial to achieving versatility, improved performance, energy efficiency, and sustainability. Here, we review the advancements in studies on adaptive, responsive, dynamic, and out-of-equilibrium 2D and pseudo-2D systems composed of molecules, polymers, and nano/microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jan Paczesny
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Sahare S, Ghoderao P, Chan Y, Lee SL. Surface supramolecular assemblies tailored by chemical/physical and synergistic stimuli: a scanning tunneling microscopy study. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:1981-2002. [PMID: 36515142 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05264d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular self-assemblies formed by various non-covalent interactions can produce diverse functional networks on solid surfaces. These networks have recently attracted much interest from both fundamental and application points of view. Unlike covalent organic frameworks (COFs), the properties of the assemblies differ from each other depending on the constituent motifs. These various motifs may find diverse applications such as in crystal engineering, surface modification, and molecular electronics. Significantly, these interactions between/among the molecular tectonics are relatively weak and reversible, which makes them responsive to external stimuli. Moreover, for a liquid-solid-interface environment, the dynamic processes are amenable to in situ observation using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). In the literature, most review articles focus on supramolecular self-assembly interactions. This review summarizes the recent literature in which stimulation sources, including chemical, physical, and their combined stimuli, cooperatively tailor supramolecular assemblies on surfaces. The appropriate design and synthesis of functional molecules that can be integrated on different surfaces permits the use of nanostructured materials and devices for bottom-up nanotechnology. Finally, we discuss synergic effect on materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Sahare
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China.
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Prachi Ghoderao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China.
| | - Yue Chan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China.
| | - Shern-Long Lee
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China.
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7
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Cojal González JD, Iyoda M, Rabe JP. Resonant Electron Tunneling Induces Isomerization of π-Expanded Oligothiophene Macrocycles in a 2D Crystal. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200557. [PMID: 35355440 PMCID: PMC9259718 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Macrocyclic oligothiophenes and their π-expanded derivatives constitute versatile building blocks for the design of (supra)molecularly engineered active interfaces, owing to their structural, chemical, and optoelectronic properties. Here, it is demonstrated how resonant tunneling effect induces single molecular isomerization in a 2D crystal, self-assembled at solid-liquid interfaces under ambient conditions. Monolayers of a series of four π-expanded oligothiophene macrocycles are investigated by means of scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) at the interface between their octanoic acid solutions and the basal plane of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. Current-voltage characteristics confirm the donor-type character of the macrocycles, with the highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) positions consistent with time-dependent density functional theory calculations. Cyclic STS measurements show the redox isomerization from Z,Z-8T6A to its isomer E,E-8T6A occurring in the 2D crystal, due to the formation of a negatively charged species when the tunneling current is in resonance with the LUMO of the macrocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- José D. Cojal González
- Department of Physics and IRIS AdlershofHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinNewtonstr. 15BerlinD‐12489Germany
| | - Masahiko Iyoda
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceTokyo Metropolitan UniversityHachiojiTokyo192‐0397Japan
| | - Jürgen P. Rabe
- Department of Physics and IRIS AdlershofHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinNewtonstr. 15BerlinD‐12489Germany
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8
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Hnid I, Guan L, Chatir E, Cobo S, Lafolet F, Maurel F, Lacroix JC, Sun X. Visualization and Comprehension of Electronic and Topographic Contrasts on Cooperatively Switched Diarylethene-Bridged Ditopic Ligand. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1318. [PMID: 35458026 PMCID: PMC9029802 DOI: 10.3390/nano12081318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Diarylethene is a prototypical molecular switch that can be reversibly photoisomerized between its open and closed forms. Ligands bpy-DAE-bpy, consisting of a phenyl-diarylethene-phenyl (DAE) central core and bipyridine (bpy) terminal substituents, are able to self-organize. They are investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy at the solid-liquid interface. Upon light irradiation, cooperative photochromic switching of the ligands is recognized down to the submolecular level. The closed isomers show different electron density of states (DOS) contrasts, attributed to the HOMO or LUMO molecular orbitals observed. More importantly, the LUMO images show remarkable differences between the open and closed isomers, attributed to combined topographic and electronic contrasts mainly on the DAE moieties. The electronic contrasts from multiple HOMO or LUMO distributions, combined with topographic distortion of the open or closed DAE, are interpreted by density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Hnid
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France; (I.H.); (L.G.); (F.L.); (F.M.)
| | - Lihao Guan
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France; (I.H.); (L.G.); (F.L.); (F.M.)
| | - Elarbi Chatir
- Department of Chemistry, Université Grenoble Alpes, DCM-UMR 5250, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (E.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Saioa Cobo
- Department of Chemistry, Université Grenoble Alpes, DCM-UMR 5250, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (E.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Frédéric Lafolet
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France; (I.H.); (L.G.); (F.L.); (F.M.)
| | - François Maurel
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France; (I.H.); (L.G.); (F.L.); (F.M.)
| | - Jean-Christophe Lacroix
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France; (I.H.); (L.G.); (F.L.); (F.M.)
| | - Xiaonan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France; (I.H.); (L.G.); (F.L.); (F.M.)
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9
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Hu Y, Lee SL, Deng W. Odd-Even Effect on Supramolecular Co-Assemblies: Control over the Two-Dimensional Self-Assemblies of a Fluorenone Derivative with Asymmetrically Substituted Alkyl Chains. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:1757-1765. [PMID: 35084866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The precise control of two-dimensional supramolecular co-assemblies presents a research topic related to advance nanotechnology. Here, we report a scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) study of the mixture behavior of three fluorenone derivatives at the liquid-solid interface. The target molecule is F-C12C13 whose structure bears asymmetrical alkyls, whereas the regulating molecules, either F-C12C12 or F-C13C13, are structurally symmetric. By STM imaging of systematic mixtures with various volumes among the sample solutions, we found that the mixing ratio mainly determined the binary outcomes. Compared with F-C12C12, F-C13C13 shows a stronger ability to dominate the patterning, explained by the larger binding and adsorption energies calculated by the force field simulations. Moreover, the odd-even effect exists in the system. Overall, we acquired knowledge about the regulating ability of bi-component supramolecular assembling, especially for structurally asymmetric molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shern-Long Lee
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wenli Deng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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10
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Bofill JM, Quapp W, Albareda G, Moreira IDPR, Ribas-Ariño J. Controlling Chemical Reactivity with Optimally Oriented Electric Fields: A Generalization of the Newton Trajectory Method. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:935-952. [PMID: 35044173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of oriented external electric fields (OEEF) as a tool to accelerate chemical reactions has recently attracted much interest. A new model to calculate the optimal OEEF of the least intensity to induce a barrierless chemical reaction path is presented. A suitable ansatz is provided by defining an effective potential energy surface (PES), which considers the unperturbed or original PES of the molecular reactive system and the action of a constant OEEF on the overall dipole moment of system. Based on a generalization of the Newton Trajectories (NT) method, it is demonstrated that the optimal OEEF can be determined upon locating a special point of the potential energy surface (PES), the so-called "optimal bond-breaking point" (optimal BBP), for which two different algorithms are proposed. At this point, the gradient of the original or unperturbed PES is an eigenvector of zero eigenvalue of the Hessian matrix of the effective PES. A thorough discussion of the geometrical aspects of the optimal BBP and the optimal OEEF is provided using a two-dimensional model, and numerical calculations of the optimal OEEF for a SN2 reaction and the 1,3-dipolar retrocycloaddition of isoxazole to fulminic acid plus acetylene reaction serve as a proof of concept. The knowledge of the orientation of optimal OEEF provides a practical way to reduce the effective barrier of a given chemical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Maria Bofill
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Quapp
- Mathematisches Institut, Universität Leipzig, PF 100920, D-04009 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Guillermo Albareda
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ibério de P R Moreira
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Secció de Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Ribas-Ariño
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Secció de Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Velpula G, Martin C, Daelemans B, Hennrich G, Van der Auweraer M, Mali KS, De Feyter S. "Concentration-in-Control" self-assembly concept at the liquid-solid interface challenged. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13167-13176. [PMID: 34745548 PMCID: PMC8514005 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02950a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-assembled molecular networks (SAMNs) on surfaces evoke a lot of interest, both from a fundamental as well as application point of view. When formed at the liquid–solid interface, precise control over different polymorphs can be achieved by simply adjusting the concentration of molecular building blocks in solution. Significant influence of solute concentration on self-assembly behavior has been observed, whether the self-assembly behavior is controlled by either van der Waals forces or hydrogen bonding interactions. In both cases, high- and low-density supramolecular networks have been observed at high and low solute concentrations, respectively. In contrast to this “concentration-in-control” self-assembly concept here we report an atypical concentration dependent self-assembly behavior at a solution–solid interface. At the interface between heptanoic acid (HA) and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), we show, using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), the formation of a low-density porous network at high solute concentrations, and a high-density compact network at low solute concentrations. This intriguing inverse concentration dependent self-assembly behavior has been attributed to the preaggregation of solute molecules in the heptanoic acid solution as revealed by UV-vis spectroscopy. The observed results have been correlated to the molecular density of self-assembled monolayers attained at the HA/HOPG interface. Surprise! against expectations, increasing (decreasing) the solute concentration leads to the formation of a low-density (high-density) self-assembled molecular network at the liquid–solid interface.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangamallaiah Velpula
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Cristina Martin
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium .,Unidad NanoCRIB, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas Albacete-02071 Spain
| | - Brent Daelemans
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | | | - Mark Van der Auweraer
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Kunal S Mali
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
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12
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Chen L, Dang J, Du J, Wang C, Mo Y. Hydrogen and Halogen Bonding in Homogeneous External Electric Fields: Modulating the Bond Strengths. Chemistry 2021; 27:14042-14050. [PMID: 34319620 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed various fascinating phenomena arising from the interactions of noncovalent bonds with homogeneous external electric fields (EEFs). Here we performed a computational study to interpret the sensitivity of intrinsic bond strengths to EEFs in terms of steric effect and orbital interactions. The block-localized wavefunction (BLW) method, which combines the advantages of both ab initio valence bond (VB) theory and molecular orbital (MO) theory, and the subsequent energy decomposition (BLW-ED) approach were adopted. The sensitivity was monitored and analyzed using the induced energy term, which is the variation in each energy component along the EEF strength. Systems with single or multiple hydrogen (H) or halogen (X) bond(s) were also examined. It was found that the X-bond strength change to EEFs mainly stems from the covalency change, while generally the steric effect rules the response of H-bonds to EEFs. Furthermore, X-bonds are more sensitive to EEFs, with the key difference between H- and X-bonds lying in the charge transfer interaction. Since phenylboronic acid has been experimentally used as a smart linker in EEFs, switchable sensitivity was scrutinized with the example of the phenylboronic acid dimer, which exhibits two conformations with either antiparallel or parallel H-bonds, thereby, opposite or consistent responses to EEFs. Among the studied systems, the quadruple X-bonds in molecular capsules exhibit remarkable sensitivity, with its interaction energy increased by -95.2 kJ mol-1 at the EEF strength 0.005 a.u.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jingshuang Dang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Juan Du
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Changwei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience & Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA
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13
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Chen H, Feng G, Liang Q, Zhang E, Shen Y, Lei S, Hu W. An intermolecular hydrogen bond plays a determining role in product selection of a surface confined Schiff-base reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6495-6498. [PMID: 34100485 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01801a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we illustrate how the cooperation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds and conformation flexibility leads to the formation of diverse complex covalent nanostructures on the surface, while the relative abundance of the final products can be further tuned by adjusting the molar ratio and concentration of monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huamei Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Guangyuan Feng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Qiu Liang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Enbing Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yongtao Shen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Shengbin Lei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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14
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Khan SB, Lee SL. Supramolecular Chemistry: Host-Guest Molecular Complexes. Molecules 2021; 26:3995. [PMID: 34208882 PMCID: PMC8271753 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent times, researchers have emphasized practical approaches for capturing coordinated and selective guest entrap. The physisorbed nanoporous supramolecular complexes have been widely used to restrain various guest species on compact supporting surfaces. The host-guest (HG) interactions in two-dimensional (2D) permeable porous linkages are growing expeditiously due to their future applications in biocatalysis, separation technology, or nanoscale patterning. The different crystal-like nanoporous network has been acquired to enclose and trap guest molecules of various dimensions and contours. The host centers have been lumped together via noncovalent interactions (such as hydrogen bonds, van der Waals (vdW) interactions, or coordinate bonds). In this review article, we enlighten and elucidate recent progress in HG chemistry, explored via scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). We summarize the synthesis, design, and characterization of typical HG structural design examined on various substrates, under ambient surroundings at the liquid-solid (LS) interface, or during ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). We emphasize isoreticular complexes, vibrant HG coordination, or hosts functional cavities responsive to the applied stimulus. Finally, we critically discuss the significant challenges in advancing this developing electrochemical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Bashir Khan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shern-Long Lee
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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15
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Hong Y, Wang L, Wang SF, Wang D, Chen T. 2D cocrystal engineering: switching the robust carboxylic acid–pyridine supramolecular heterosynthon via an oriented external electric field. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00239b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The response of 2D cocrystals with the carboxylic acid–pyridine supramolecular heterosynthon to the oriented external electric field is identified on solid surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Hong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hubei University
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Sheng-Fu Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hubei University
- Wuhan
- P. R. China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Ting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
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16
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Li W, Xu S, Chen X, Xu C. Structural transformations of carboxyl acids networks induced by concentration and oriented external electric field. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Liang Q, Yu Y, Feng G, Shen Y, Yang L, Lei S. Two-dimensional co-crystallization of two carboxylic acid derivatives having dissimilar symmetries at the liquid/solid interface. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12182-12185. [PMID: 32914798 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05216g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
By the co-assembly of two carboxylic acids with distinct symmetries and different numbers of carboxyl groups, we obtained two novel cocrystal structures at the n-octanoic acid/HOPG interface, one of which was sustained by unoptimized R22(8) hydrogen bonding. Benefiting from the bias-sensitivity of the BTB (1,3,5-tris(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene) molecule, a structure transition between the cocrystal network and a denser BTB lamella is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Liang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
| | - Yanxia Yu
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China and MOE of the Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, The Key Lab of Low-Carbon Chemistry and Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Guangyuan Feng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
| | - Yongtao Shen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
| | - Ling Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengbin Lei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
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18
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Zeng X, Khan SB, Mahmood A, Lee SL. Nanoscale tailoring of supramolecular crystals via an oriented external electric field. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:15072-15080. [PMID: 32458926 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01946a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The oriented external electric field of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) has recently been adapted for controlling the chemical reaction and supramolecular phase transition at surfaces with molecular precision. However, to date, advance controls using such electric-fields for crystal engineering have not been achieved yet. Here, we present how the directional electric-field of an STM can be utilized to harness supramolecular crystallization on a solid surface. We show that a glass-like random-tiling assembly composed of p-terphenyl-3,5,3',5'-tetracarboxylic acid can transform into close-packed periodic assemblies under positive substrate bias conditions at the liquid/solid interface. Importantly, the nucleation and subsequent crystal growth for such field-induced products can be artificially tailored at the early stage in a real-time fashion. Through this method, we were able to produce a two-dimensional supramolecular single crystal. The as-prepared crystals with apparent brightness are ascribed to a spectroscopic feature linked to the electron density of states, which is thus strongly STM bias dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingming Zeng
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China 518060.
| | - Sadaf Bashir Khan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China 518060. and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Provence, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China 518060
| | - Ayyaz Mahmood
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China 518060. and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Provence, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China 518060
| | - Shern-Long Lee
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China 518060.
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19
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Dutta Dubey K, Stuyver T, Kalita S, Shaik S. Solvent Organization and Rate Regulation of a Menshutkin Reaction by Oriented External Electric Fields are Revealed by Combined MD and QM/MM Calculations. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9955-9965. [PMID: 32369357 PMCID: PMC7304904 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
When and how do external electric fields (EEFs) lead to catalysis in the presence of a (polar or nonpolar) solvent? This is the question that is addressed here using a combination of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical calculations with EEF, and quantum mechanical/(local) electric field calculations. The paper focuses on a model reaction, the Menshutkin reaction between CH3I and pyridine in three solvents of varying polarity. Using MD simulations, we find that the EEF causes the solvent to undergo organization; the solvent molecules gradually align with the applied field as the field strength increases. The collective orientation of the solvent molecules modifies the electrostatic environment around the Menshutkin species and induces a global electric field pointing in the opposite direction of the applied EEF. The combination of these two entangled effects leads to partial or complete screening of the EEF, with the extent of screening being proportional to the polarity/polarizability of the solvent. Nevertheless, we find that catalysis of the Menshutkin reaction inevitably emerges once the EEF exceeds the opposing field of the organizing solvent, i.e., once polarization of the Menshutkin complex is observed to set in. Overall, our analysis provides a lucid and pictorial interpretation of the behavior of solutions in the presence of EEFs and indicates that EEF-mediated catalysis should, in principle, be feasible in bulk setups, especially for nonpolar and mildly polar solvents. By application of the charge-transfer paradigm, it is shown that the emergence of OEEF catalysis in solution can be generalized to other reactions as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshatresh Dutta Dubey
- Department
of Chemistry & Center for Informatics, Shiv Nadar University, NH91 Tehsil Dadri, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Thijs Stuyver
- Institute
of Chemistry, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190400, Israel
- Algemene
Chemie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Surajit Kalita
- Department
of Chemistry & Center for Informatics, Shiv Nadar University, NH91 Tehsil Dadri, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute
of Chemistry, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190400, Israel
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20
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Sowlati-Hashjin S, Karttunen M, Matta CF. Manipulation of Diatomic Molecules with Oriented External Electric Fields: Linear Correlations in Atomic Properties Lead to Nonlinear Molecular Responses. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:4720-4731. [PMID: 32337997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c02569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oriented external electric fields (OEEFs) have been shown to have great potential in being able to provide unprecedented control of chemical reactions, catalysis, and selectivity with applications ranging from H2 storage to molecular machines. We report a theoretical study of the atomic origins of molecular changes because of OEEFs since understanding the characteristics of OEEF-induced couplings between atomic and molecular properties is an important step toward comprehensive understanding of the effects of strong external fields on the molecular structure, stability, and reactivity. We focus on the atomic and molecular (bond) properties of a set of homo- (H2, N2, O2, F2, and Cl2) and heterodiatomic (HF, HCl, CO, and NO) molecules under intense external electric fields in the context of quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM). It is shown that the atomic properties (atomic charges, energies, and localization indices) correlate linearly with the field strengths, but molecular properties (bond length, electron density at the bond critical point, and electron delocalization index) exhibit nonlinear responses to the imposed fields. In particular, the changes in the electron density distribution alter the shapes and locations of the zero-flux surfaces, atomic volumes, atomic electron population, and localization/delocalization indices. The topography and topology of the molecular electrostatic potential undergo dramatic changes. External fields also perturb the covalent-polar-ionic characteristic of the studied chemical bonds, hallmarking the impact of electric fields on the stability and reactivity of chemical compounds. The findings are well-rationalized within the framework of the QTAIM and form a coherent conceptual understanding of these effects in prototypical diatomic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Sowlati-Hashjin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.,The Centre of Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3C3, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Physics, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3M 2J6, Canada
| | - Mikko Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.,The Centre of Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.,Department of Applied Mathematics, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Chérif F Matta
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3C3, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Physics, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3M 2J6, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H,4J3, Canada
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21
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Deng C, Liu Z, Ma C, Zhang H, Chi L. Dynamic Supramolecular Template: Multiple Stimuli-Controlled Size Adjustment of Porous Networks. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:5510-5516. [PMID: 32356994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dynamically switchable porous networks offer exciting potential in functionalizing surfaces. The structure and morphology of the networks can be controlled by applying external stimuli. Here, a dynamic supramolecular template assembled by 1,3,5-tris(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene (BTB) is successfully achieved at the liquid-solid interface by applying two external stimuli simultaneously. Upon varying the concentration of BTB solution together with switching the polarity of the sample bias, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) undergo phase transitions twice: an immediate transition from a compact structure to a macroporous (honeycomb) structure as a response to the change in the electric field and a fast-changing transition from the macroporous to a microporous (oblique) structure. With saturated BTB solution, however, the initial compact structure can only transform into the oblique structure after switching the polarity of the sample bias without the appearance of a honeycomb structure. The different phase transitions suggest that the dynamic supramolecular template can only survive at a specific concentration range and is obtainable by performing multiple stimuli simultaneously. Interestingly, introducing a guest molecule to the system can adjust the phase transition process and effectively stabilize the honeycomb structure of BTB. The flexibility associated with the porous networks renders it a dynamic supramolecular template for guest binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfang Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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22
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Peng X, Zhao F, Peng Y, Li J, Zeng Q. Dynamic surface-assisted assembly behaviours mediated by external stimuli. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:54-63. [PMID: 31712788 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01847f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular self-assembly behaviors on solid substrates have been widely investigated in the last few decades. Owing to the complexity of interfacial assembly systems, the precise regulation of supramolecular nanostructures is still challenging and waits to be solved. The supramolecular nanostructures are governed by non-covalent bonds, so they can be disrupted and influenced by an external environment. In this review, the dynamic supramolecular nanostructures that are mediated by external stimuli containing guest species, light irradiation, temperature and electric field are discussed in detail. The research studies mentioned in this article are all accomplished by STM, and the effects of these external stimuli on the assembled nanostructures have been elucidated exhaustively here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing 100190, China. and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectonics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fengying Zhao
- Jiangxi College of Applied Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China. and Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geo Materials of Ministry of Education, P. R. China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yang Peng
- Jiangxi College of Applied Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China. and Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geo Materials of Ministry of Education, P. R. China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jing Li
- Jiangxi College of Applied Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China. and Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geo Materials of Ministry of Education, P. R. China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qingdao Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing 100190, China. and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectonics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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23
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Interfacial nanoarchitectonics for molecular manipulation and molecular machine operation. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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24
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Li SY, Yang XQ, Chen T, Wang D, Zhu GS, Wan LJ. 2D Co-crystallization of molecular homologues promoted by size complementarity of the alkyl chains at the liquid/solid interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:17846-17851. [PMID: 31378794 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03863a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Co-crystallization of organic molecules is an important strategy for the fabrication of molecular materials. In this contribution, we investigated the mixing behavior of 5-(benzyloxy)-isophthalic acid homologues (BIC-Cn, n = 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14) at the liquid/solid interface using a scanning tunneling microscope. Deposition of the single component of BIC-Cn always results in typical honeycomb networks, whereas co-deposition of two BIC-Cn homologues leads to hybrid double-walled honeycomb networks or phase separation depending on the difference in the length of their alkyl chains. 2D co-crystallization can only be realized for BIC-C6/BIC-C10 or BIC-C8/BIC-C12 which have a four-methyl unit difference in their alkyl chains. The size complementarity of the alkyl chains in the two components suggests that it is responsible for the 2D co-crystallization, though hydrogen bonding contributes a lot both to the pristine honeycomb network and to the hybrid co-crystal. This result is of importance for understanding the role of van der Waals interaction and its interplay with hydrogen bonding in 2D co-crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Science of the Ministry of Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China
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25
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Stuyver T, Danovich D, Joy J, Shaik S. External electric field effects on chemical structure and reactivity. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Stuyver
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University Jerusalem Israel
- Algemene Chemie Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - David Danovich
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University Jerusalem Israel
| | - Jyothish Joy
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University Jerusalem Israel
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University Jerusalem Israel
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26
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Cai ZF, Zhan G, Daukiya L, Eyley S, Thielemans W, Severin K, De Feyter S. Electric-Field-Mediated Reversible Transformation between Supramolecular Networks and Covalent Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:11404-11408. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Feng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gaolei Zhan
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lakshya Daukiya
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Samuel Eyley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Renewable Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Campus Kortrijk, KU Leuven, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Wim Thielemans
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Renewable Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Campus Kortrijk, KU Leuven, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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27
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Li SY, Yang XQ, Chen T, Wang D, Wang SF, Wan LJ. Tri-Stable Structural Switching in 2D Molecular Assembly at the Liquid/Solid Interface Triggered by External Electric Field. ACS NANO 2019; 13:6751-6759. [PMID: 31188581 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A tri-stable structural switching between different polymorphisms is presented in the 2D molecular assembly of a 5-(benzyloxy)isophthalic acid derivative (BIC-C12) at the liquid/solid interface. The assembled structure of BIC-C12 is sensitive to the applied voltage between the STM tip and the sample surface. A compact lamellar structure is exclusively observed at positive sample bias, while a porous honeycomb structure or a quadrangular structure is preferred at negative sample bias. Selective switching between the lamellar structure and the honeycomb structure or the quadrangular structure is realized by controlling the polarity and magnitude of the sample bias. The transition between the honeycomb structure and the quadrangular structure is, however, absent in the assembly. This tri-stable structural switching is closely related to the molecular concentration in the liquid phase. This result provides insights into the effect of external electric field on molecular assembly and benefits the design and construction of switchable molecular architectures on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Chemistry , Northeast Normal University , Changchun 130024 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Qing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
- Hubei University , Wuhan 400062 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Fu Wang
- Hubei University , Wuhan 400062 , People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jun Wan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
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28
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Mahmood A, Saeed M, Chan Y, Saleemi AS, Guo J, Lee SL. Synergic Effect: Temperature-Assisted Electric-Field-Induced Supramolecular Phase Transitions at the Liquid/Solid Interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:8031-8037. [PMID: 31120252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Using trimesic acid (TMA) as a model system by means of scanning tunneling microscope (STM) equipped with a temperature controller, here, we report a temperature-assisted method to cooperatively control electric-field-induced supramolecular phase transitions at the liquid/solid interface. Octanoic acid is used as a solvent due to its good solubility for TMA and its less complicated pattern formed under negative STM bias (e.g., only chicken-wire polymorphs existing). At positive substrate bias, STM revealed that TMA assembly based on temperature modulations underwent phase transitions from a porous (22 °C) to a flower (45 °C) and further to a zigzag (68 °C) structure. The transitions are ascribed to the partial deprotonation of the carboxyl groups of TMA. Both the temperature and electrical polarity of the substrate are crucial, i.e., the transitions only take place at positive substrate bias and elevated temperatures. Molecular mechanics simulations were carried out to calculate the temperature and electric field dependence of the adsorption enthalpy and free energy of the chicken-wire assembly of TMA on the two layers of graphene surface. The calculated decrease in adsorption enthalpy with the increase of temperature and electric field values that causes the TMA chicken-wire assembly to be less stable is proposed to promote the occurrence of the phase transition observed by STM. This study paves the way toward program-controlled supramolecular phase switching via the synergic effect of electrical and thermal stimuli.
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29
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Stuyver T, Danovich D, De Proft F, Shaik S. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions: Mechanistic Landscape, Electrostatic and Electric-Field Control of Reaction Rates, and Mechanistic Crossovers. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:9719-9730. [PMID: 31140274 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the rich mechanistic landscape of the iconic electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) reaction class, in the gas phase, in solvents, and under stimulation by oriented external electric fields. The study uses DFT calculations, complemented by a qualitative valence bond (VB) perspective. We construct a comprehensive and unifying framework that elucidates the many surprising mechanistic features, uncovered in recent years, of this class of reactions. For example, one of the puzzling issues which have attracted significant interest recently is the finding of a variety of concerted mechanisms that do not involve the formation of σ-complex intermediates, in apparent contradiction to the generally accepted textbook mechanism. Our VB modeling elucidates the existence of both the concerted and stepwise mechanisms and uncovers the root causes and necessary conditions for the appearance of these intermediates. Furthermore, our VB analysis offers insight into the potential applications of external electric fields as smart, green, and selective catalysts, which can control at will reaction rates, as well as mechanistic crossovers, for this class of reactions. Finally, we highlight how understanding of the electric fields effect on the EAS reaction could lead to the formulation of guiding principles for the design of improved heterogeneous catalysts. Overall, our analysis underscores the powerful synergy offered by combining molecular orbital and VB theory to tackle interesting and challenging mechanistic questions in chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Stuyver
- Department of Organic Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Centre for Computational Quantum Chemistry , The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel.,Algemene Chemie , Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2 , 1050 Brussels , Belgium
| | - David Danovich
- Department of Organic Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Centre for Computational Quantum Chemistry , The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel
| | - Frank De Proft
- Algemene Chemie , Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2 , 1050 Brussels , Belgium
| | - Sason Shaik
- Department of Organic Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Centre for Computational Quantum Chemistry , The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel
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30
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Huan J, Zhang X, Zeng Q. Two-dimensional supramolecular crystal engineering: chirality manipulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:11537-11553. [PMID: 31115407 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02207d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two dimensional (2D) supramolecular crystal engineering, one of the most important strategies towards nanotechnology, is both a science and an industry. In the present review, the recent advances in 2D supramolecular crystal engineering through chirality manipulation on solid surfaces are summarized, with the aid of the scanning tunneling microscopy technique. On-surface chirality manipulation includes surface confined structural chirality formation, chirality transformation, chirality separation as well as chirality elimination, by using component exchange and different external stimuli. Under this principle, host-guest supramolecular interactions, solvent induction, temperature regulation and STM-tip driven orientation control and reorientation effects under equilibrium or out-of-equilibrium conditions, towards the generation of the best-adapted chiral or achiral 2D nanostructures, are mainly described and highlighted. Future challenges and opportunities in this exciting area are also then discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwen Huan
- Business School of Hohai University, #8 West Focheng Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, P. R. China
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31
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Phan TH, Van Gorp H, Li Z, Trung Huynh TM, Fujita Y, Verstraete L, Eyley S, Thielemans W, Uji-I H, Hirsch BE, Mertens SFL, Greenwood J, Ivasenko O, De Feyter S. Graphite and Graphene Fairy Circles: A Bottom-Up Approach for the Formation of Nanocorrals. ACS NANO 2019; 13:5559-5571. [PMID: 31013051 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A convenient covalent functionalization approach and nanopatterning method of graphite and graphene is developed. In contrast to expectations, electrochemically activated dediazotization of a mixture of two aryl diazonium compounds in aqueous media leads to a spatially inhomogeneous functionalization of graphitic surfaces, creating covalently modified surfaces with quasi-uniform spaced islands of pristine graphite or graphene, coined nanocorrals. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry approaches are compared. The average diameter (45-130 nm) and surface density (20-125 corrals/μm2) of these nanocorrals are tunable. These chemically modified nanostructured graphitic (CMNG) surfaces are characterized by atomic force microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Mechanisms leading to the formation of these CMNG surfaces are discussed. The potential of these surfaces to investigate supramolecular self-assembly and on-surface reactions under nanoconfinement conditions is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Hai Phan
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
- Department of Physics , Quy Nhon University , 170 An Duong Vuong , Quy Nhon , Vietnam
| | - Hans Van Gorp
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Thi Mien Trung Huynh
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
- Department of Chemistry , Quy Nhon University , 170 An Duong Vuong , Quy Nhon , Vietnam
| | - Yasuhiko Fujita
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Lander Verstraete
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Samuel Eyley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Renewable Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Campus Kortrijk , KU Leuven , Etienne Sabbelaan 53 , 8500 Kortrijk , Belgium
| | - Wim Thielemans
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Renewable Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Campus Kortrijk , KU Leuven , Etienne Sabbelaan 53 , 8500 Kortrijk , Belgium
| | - Hiroshi Uji-I
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Brandon E Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Stijn F L Mertens
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
- Department of Chemistry , Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YB , United Kingdom
| | - John Greenwood
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Oleksandr Ivasenko
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
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32
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Wang C, Danovich D, Chen H, Shaik S. Oriented External Electric Fields: Tweezers and Catalysts for Reactivity in Halogen-Bond Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:7122-7136. [PMID: 30945542 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This theoretical study establishes ways of controlling and enabling an uncommon chemical reaction, the displacement reaction, B:---(X-Y) → (B-X)+ + :Y-, which is nascent from a B:---(X-Y) halogen bond (XB) by nucleophilic attack of the base, B:, on the halogen, X. In most of the 14 cases examined, these reactions possess high barriers either in the gas phase (where the X-Y bond dissociates to radicals) or in solvents such as CH2Cl2 and CH3CN (which lead to endothermic processes). Thus, generally, the XB species are trapped in deep minima, and their reactions are not allowed without catalysis. However, when an oriented-external electric field (OEEF) is directed along the B---X---Y reaction axis, the field acts as electric tweezers that orient the XB along the field's axis, and intensely catalyze the process, by tens of kcal/mol, thus rendering the reaction allowed. Flipping the OEEF along the reaction axis inhibits the reaction and weakens the interaction of the XB. Furthermore, at a critical OEEF, each XB undergoes spontaneous and barrier-free reaction. As such, OEEF achieves quite tight control of the structure and reactivity of XB species. Valence bond modeling is used to elucidate the means whereby OEEFs exert their control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Institute of Chemistry , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 9190407 , Israel.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - David Danovich
- Institute of Chemistry , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 9190407 , Israel
| | - Hui Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 9190407 , Israel
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33
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Zhu X, Zhang S, Xiao H, Li C, Huang W, Fang Q, Li X, Zhang M, Cheng F, Tu B, Geng Y, Song J, Zeng Q. Bilayer Adsorption of Porphyrin Molecules Substituted with Carboxylic Acid atop the NN4A Network Revealed by STM and DFT. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:4428-4434. [PMID: 30852903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bottom-up technology is a bridge connecting a two-dimensional (2D) monolayer structure with a three-dimensional (3D) bulk structure. From 2D to 3D, it helps us to understand the driving force of an organization process to control the molecular arrangement in the 3D phase. Here, we aimed at the fabrication of multilayer nanostructures on solid substrates. Bis(3,5-diacidic)diazobenzene (NN4A) was chosen as one molecule because of its photosensitive azo group and carboxylic group possessing hydrogen bonding effect, while porphyrin molecules composed of different numbers and positions of carboxylic acid groups were used as the other component. It was found that the porphyrin molecules could adopt different adsorption configurations because of the influence of carboxylic groups, leading to different subsequent coassemblies on the solid surface. The NN4A/porphyrin systems underwent structural transformation when NN4A molecules were adsorbed on the highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surface with predeposited porphyrin. This work displayed an efficient method on the construction of multilayer nanostructures in the molecular surface engineering and provided a new way to construct 3D structures based on the molecular design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Siqi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Hongjun Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Assembly Organic Functional Molecules , Hunan Normal University , Changsha 410081 , China
| | - Weiming Huang
- Key Laboratory of Assembly Organic Functional Molecules , Hunan Normal University , Changsha 410081 , China
| | - Qiaojun Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Xiaokang Li
- Key Laboratory of Organo Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Gannan Normal University , Ganzhou 34100 , China
| | - Min Zhang
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Environment and Civil Engineering , Dongguan University of Technology , Dongguan 523808 , P. R. China
| | - Faliang Cheng
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Environment and Civil Engineering , Dongguan University of Technology , Dongguan 523808 , P. R. China
| | - Bin Tu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Yanfang Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Jianxin Song
- Key Laboratory of Assembly Organic Functional Molecules , Hunan Normal University , Changsha 410081 , China
| | - Qingdao Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100190 , China
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Environment and Civil Engineering , Dongguan University of Technology , Dongguan 523808 , P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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34
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Zhu X, Geng Y, Zhu X, Duan P, Li F, Zeng Q, Qi J. Dependence of the photo-response behavior of self-assembled 2D Azo-derivatives on the functional groups on a solid surface. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj00291j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here, by means of scanning tunneling microscopy, we found that 2D self-assembled monolayers of four azobenzene derivatives exhibited different isomerization behaviors when taken from dark to irradiation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology
| | - Yanfang Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST)
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Xuefeng Zhu
- Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Urumqi 830011
| | - Pengfei Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST)
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Feng Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Qingdao Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST)
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Junjie Qi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
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35
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Li J, Tu B, Li X, Ma C, Chen C, Duan W, Xiao X, Zeng Q. Self-assembled flower structures formed by C3-symmetric aromatic carboxylic acids with meta-carboxyl groups. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:11599-11602. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05872a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
H6BTE self-assembled into flower-like structures with two types of cavities at the HA/HOPG interface, and the guest molecule COR was only trapped in the A-type cavities at low and high concentrations of COR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST)
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Bin Tu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST)
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Xiaokang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST)
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Chunyu Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST)
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Chen Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST)
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Wubiao Duan
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Beijing Jiaotong University
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Xunwen Xiao
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Ningbo University of Technology
- Ningbo 315211
- China
| | - Qingdao Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST)
- Beijing 100190
- China
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36
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Verstraete L, Smart J, Hirsch BE, De Feyter S. Unidirectional supramolecular self-assembly inside nanocorrals via in situ STM nanoshaving. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:27482-27489. [PMID: 30358776 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05316b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly of an alkylated diacetylene derivative is spatially confined via in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) nanoshaving inside covalently modified highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (CM-HOPG). In contrast to unconstrained self-assembly that occurs randomly along three thermodynamically equivalent surface lattice directions, spatially confined assemblies are shown to form along chosen substrate orientations. Experimental statistics suggest two mechanisms for breaking the rotational degeneracy of the surface. First, the assembly orientation is biased via lateral confinement inside nanocorrals that do not match the substrate symmetry. Second, an interaction between the assembling molecules and the STM tip during nanoshaving guides 2D crystal nucleation and growth. The results presented here open new possibilities to regulate and orient self-assembled architectures via in situ nanomechanical manipulation techniques and provide mechanistic insights into the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lander Verstraete
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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37
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Wang Z, Danovich D, Ramanan R, Shaik S. Oriented-External Electric Fields Create Absolute Enantioselectivity in Diels–Alder Reactions: Importance of the Molecular Dipole Moment. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:13350-13359. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanfeng Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - David Danovich
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Rajeev Ramanan
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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38
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Shi H, Lu X, Liu Y, Song J, Deng K, Zeng Q, Wang C. Nanotribological Study of Supramolecular Template Networks Induced by Hydrogen Bonds and van der Waals Forces. ACS NANO 2018; 12:8781-8790. [PMID: 30059613 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b05045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanotribology has been given increasing attention by researchers in pursuing the nature of friction. In the present work, an approach that combines the supramolecular assembly and nanotribology is introduced. Herein, the nanotribological study was carried out on seven supramolecular template networks [namely, hydrogen bond induced tricarboxylic acids and van der Waals force induced hexaphenylbenzene (HPB) derivatives]. The template networks, as well as the host-guest assemblies of template molecules induced by different forces, were constructed on the highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface and explicitly characterized using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Meanwhile, the nanotribological properties of the template networks were measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Together with the theoretical calculation using the density functional theory (DFT) method, it was revealed that the friction coefficients were positively correlated with the interaction strength. The frictional energy dissipation mainly derives from both the intermolecular interaction energy and the interaction energy between molecules and the substrate. The efforts not only help us gain insight into the competitive mechanisms of hydrogen bond and van der Waals force in supramolecular assembly but also shed light on the origin of friction and the relationship between the assembly structures and the nanotribological properties at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Xinchun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Yuhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Jian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Ke Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Qingdao Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Chen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100190 , China
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39
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Goronzy DP, Ebrahimi M, Rosei F, Fang Y, De Feyter S, Tait SL, Wang C, Beton PH, Wee ATS, Weiss PS, Perepichka DF. Supramolecular Assemblies on Surfaces: Nanopatterning, Functionality, and Reactivity. ACS NANO 2018; 12:7445-7481. [PMID: 30010321 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how molecules interact to form large-scale hierarchical structures on surfaces holds promise for building designer nanoscale constructs with defined chemical and physical properties. Here, we describe early advances in this field and highlight upcoming opportunities and challenges. Both direct intermolecular interactions and those that are mediated by coordinated metal centers or substrates are discussed. These interactions can be additive, but they can also interfere with each other, leading to new assemblies in which electrical potentials vary at distances much larger than those of typical chemical interactions. Earlier spectroscopic and surface measurements have provided partial information on such interfacial effects. In the interim, scanning probe microscopies have assumed defining roles in the field of molecular organization on surfaces, delivering deeper understanding of interactions, structures, and local potentials. Self-assembly is a key strategy to form extended structures on surfaces, advancing nanolithography into the chemical dimension and providing simultaneous control at multiple scales. In parallel, the emergence of graphene and the resulting impetus to explore 2D materials have broadened the field, as surface-confined reactions of molecular building blocks provide access to such materials as 2D polymers and graphene nanoribbons. In this Review, we describe recent advances and point out promising directions that will lead to even greater and more robust capabilities to exploit designer surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Goronzy
- California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Maryam Ebrahimi
- INRS Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications , 1650 Boul. Lionel Boulet , Varennes , Quebec J3X 1S2 , Canada
| | - Federico Rosei
- INRS Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications , 1650 Boul. Lionel Boulet , Varennes , Quebec J3X 1S2 , Canada
- Institute for Fundamental and Frontier Science , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054 , P.R. China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal H3A 0B8 , Canada
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , Leuven 3001 , Belgium
| | - Steven L Tait
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Chen Wang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Peter H Beton
- School of Physics & Astronomy , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | - Andrew T S Wee
- Department of Physics , National University of Singapore , 117542 Singapore
| | - Paul S Weiss
- California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Dmitrii F Perepichka
- California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal H3A 0B8 , Canada
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40
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Shaik S, Ramanan R, Danovich D, Mandal D. Structure and reactivity/selectivity control by oriented-external electric fields. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5125-5145. [PMID: 29979456 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00354h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This is a tutorial on use of external-electric-fields (EEFs) as effectors of chemical change. The tutorial instructs readers how to conceptualize and design electric-field effects on bonds, structures, and reactions. Most effects can be comprehended as the field-induced stabilization of ionic structures. Thus, orienting the field along the "bond axis" will facilitate bond breaking. Similarly, orienting the field along the "reaction axis", the direction in which "electron pairs transform" from reactants- to products-like, will catalyse the reaction. Flipping the field's orientation along the reaction-axis will cause inhibition. Orienting the field off-reaction-axis will control stereo-selectivity and remove forbidden-orbital mixing. Two-directional fields may control both reactivity and selectivity. Increasing the field strength for concerted reactions (e.g., Diels-Alder's) will cause mechanistic-switchover to stepwise mechanisms with ionic intermediates. Examples of bond breaking and control of reactivity/selectivity and mechanisms are presented and analysed from the "ionic perspective". The tutorial projects the unity of EEF effects, "giving insight and numbers".
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Affiliation(s)
- Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel.
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41
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Kim S, Castillo HD, Lee M, Mortensen RD, Tait SL, Lee D. From Foldable Open Chains to Shape-Persistent Macrocycles: Synthesis, Impact on 2D Ordering, and Stimulated Self-Assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soobin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Henry D. Castillo
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Milim Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Riley D. Mortensen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Steven L. Tait
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Dongwhan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
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42
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Yan L, Kuang G, Lin N. Phase separation and selective guest–host binding in multi-component supramolecular self-assembly on Au(111). Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:10570-10573. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04491k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We find a phase separation and selective guest–host inclusion in the self-assembly of trimesic acid, benzenetribenzoic acid and coronene on Au(111).
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghao Yan
- Department of Physics
- The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
- China
| | - Guowen Kuang
- Department of Physics
- The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
- China
| | - Nian Lin
- Department of Physics
- The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
- China
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