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Tan X, Wang Z, Chen H, Peng X, Zhang W, Xiao H, Liu Z, Hu Y, Guo L, Zhang Q. Effects of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Dual-Phase High-Entropy Alloy Fabricated via Laser Beam Power Bed Fusion. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:471. [PMID: 38675282 PMCID: PMC11052300 DOI: 10.3390/mi15040471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
To enhance the applicability of dual-phase high-entropy alloys (HEAs) like Fe32Cr33Ni29Al3Ti3, fabricated via laser beam power bed fusion (LB-PBF), a focus on improving their mechanical properties is essential. As part of this effort, heat treatment was explored. This study compares the microstructure and mechanical properties of the as-printed sample with those cooled in water after undergoing heat treatment at temperatures ranging from 1000 to 1200 °C for 1 h. Both pre- and post-treatment samples reveal a dual-phase microstructure comprising FCC and BCC phases. Although heat treatment led to a reduction in tensile and yield strength, it significantly increased ductility compared to the as-printed sample. This strength-ductility trade-off is related to changes in grain sizes with ultrafine grains enhancing strength and micron grains optimizing ductility, also influencing the content of FCC/BCC phases and dislocation density. In particular, the sample heat-treated at 1000 °C for 1 h and then water-cooled exhibited a better combination of strength and ductility, a yield strength of 790 MPa, and an elongation of 13%. This research offers innovative perspectives on crafting dual-phase HEA of Fe32Cr33Ni29Al3Ti3, allowing for tailorable microstructure and mechanical properties through a synergistic approach involving LB-PBF and heat treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.T.); (Z.L.); (Q.Z.)
- Sino-German Intelligent Manufacturing School, Shenzhen Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518116, China; (H.C.); (X.P.)
- Intelligent Manufacturing and Equipment School, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, China;
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Ultrashort Pulse Laser Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zihong Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China;
| | - Haitao Chen
- Sino-German Intelligent Manufacturing School, Shenzhen Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518116, China; (H.C.); (X.P.)
| | - Xuyun Peng
- Sino-German Intelligent Manufacturing School, Shenzhen Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518116, China; (H.C.); (X.P.)
| | - Wei Zhang
- Intelligent Manufacturing and Equipment School, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, China;
| | - Haibing Xiao
- Intelligent Manufacturing and Equipment School, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, China;
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.T.); (Z.L.); (Q.Z.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Ultrashort Pulse Laser Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yu Hu
- School of Locomotive and Vehicle, Guangzhou Railway Polytechnic, Guangzhou 510430, China;
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Energy Saving and Intelligent Maintenance for Modern Transportations, Guangzhou 510430, China
| | - Liang Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.T.); (Z.L.); (Q.Z.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Ultrashort Pulse Laser Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qingmao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.T.); (Z.L.); (Q.Z.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Ultrashort Pulse Laser Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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2
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Ii S. Quantitative Characterization by Transmission Electron Microscopy and Its Application to Interfacial Phenomena in Crystalline Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:578. [PMID: 38591374 PMCID: PMC10856096 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
This paper reviews quantitative characterization via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and its application to interfacial phenomena based on the results obtained through the studies. Several signals generated by the interaction between the specimen and the electron beam with a probe size of less than 1 nm are utilized for a quantitative analysis, which yields considerable chemical and physical information. This review describes several phenomena near the interfaces, e.g., clear solid-vapor interface (surface) segregation of yttria in the zirconia nanoparticles by an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis, the evaluation of the local magnetic moment at the grain boundary in terms of electron energy loss spectroscopy equipped with TEM, and grain boundary character dependence of the magnetism. The direct measurement of the stress to the dislocation transferred across the grain boundary and the microstructure evolution focused on the grain boundary formation caused by plastic deformation are discussed as examples of material dynamics associated with the grain boundary. Finally, the outlook for future investigations of interface studies, including the recent progress, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichiro Ii
- Research Center for Structural Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
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3
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Liu Q, Nie Y, Shang J, Kou L, Zhan H, Sun Z, Bo A, Gu Y. Exceptional Deformability of Wurtzite Zinc Oxide Nanowires with Growth Axial Stacking Faults. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:4327-4334. [PMID: 33989003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To ensure reliability and facilitate the strain engineering of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires (NWs), it is significant to understand their flexibility thoroughly. In this study, single-crystalline ZnO NWs with rich axial pyramidal I (π1) and prismatic stacking faults (SFs) are synthesized by a metal oxidation method. Bending properties of the as-synthesized ZnO NWs are investigated at the atomic scale using an in situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) technique. It is revealed that the SF-rich structures can foster multiple inelastic deformation mechanisms near room temperature, including active axial SFs' migration, deformation twinning and detwinning process in the NWs with growth π1 SFs, and prevalent nucleation and slip of perfect dislocations with a continuous increased bending strain, leading to tremendous bending strains up to 20% of the NWs. Our results record ultralarge bending deformations and provide insights into the deformation mechanisms of single-crystalline ZnO NWs with rich axial SFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Liu
- School of Mechanical, Medical, and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Yihan Nie
- School of Mechanical, Medical, and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Jing Shang
- School of Mechanical, Medical, and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Liangzhi Kou
- School of Mechanical, Medical, and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Haifei Zhan
- School of Mechanical, Medical, and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ziqi Sun
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- Center for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Arixin Bo
- School of Mechanical, Medical, and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Yuantong Gu
- School of Mechanical, Medical, and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- Center for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
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4
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Schrenker N, Xie Z, Schweizer P, Moninger M, Werner F, Karpstein N, Mačković M, Spyropoulos GD, Göbelt M, Christiansen S, Brabec CJ, Bitzek E, Spiecker E. Microscopic Deformation Modes and Impact of Network Anisotropy on the Mechanical and Electrical Performance of Five-fold Twinned Silver Nanowire Electrodes. ACS NANO 2021; 15:362-376. [PMID: 33231422 PMCID: PMC7844834 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanowire (AgNW) networks show excellent optical, electrical, and mechanical properties, which make them ideal candidates for transparent electrodes in flexible and stretchable devices. Various coating strategies and testing setups have been developed to further improve their stretchability and to evaluate their performance. Still, a comprehensive microscopic understanding of the relationship between mechanical and electrical failure is missing. In this work, the fundamental deformation modes of five-fold twinned AgNWs in anisotropic networks are studied by large-scale SEM straining tests that are directly correlated with corresponding changes in the resistance. A pronounced effect of the network anisotropy on the electrical performance is observed, which manifests itself in a one order of magnitude lower increase in resistance for networks strained perpendicular to the preferred wire orientation. Using a scale-bridging microscopy approach spanning from NW networks to single NWs to atomic-scale defects, we were able to identify three fundamental deformation modes of NWs, which together can explain this behavior: (i) correlated tensile fracture of NWs, (ii) kink formation due to compression of NWs in transverse direction, and (iii) NW bending caused by the interaction of NWs in the strained network. A key observation is the extreme deformability of AgNWs in compression. Considering HRTEM and MD simulations, this behavior can be attributed to specific defect processes in the five-fold twinned NW structure leading to the formation of NW kinks with grain boundaries combined with V-shaped surface reconstructions, both counteracting NW fracture. The detailed insights from this microscopic study can further improve fabrication and design strategies for transparent NW network electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine
J. Schrenker
- Institute
of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) and Center for Nanoanalysis
and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Interdisciplinary
Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Cauerstrasse
3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zhuocheng Xie
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Metallurgy and Metal Physics, RWTH Aachen University, Kopernikusstr. 14, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Schweizer
- Institute
of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) and Center for Nanoanalysis
and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Interdisciplinary
Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Cauerstrasse
3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Moninger
- Institute
of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) and Center for Nanoanalysis
and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Interdisciplinary
Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Cauerstrasse
3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix Werner
- Institute
of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) and Center for Nanoanalysis
and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Interdisciplinary
Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Cauerstrasse
3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Karpstein
- Institute
of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) and Center for Nanoanalysis
and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Interdisciplinary
Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Cauerstrasse
3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mirza Mačković
- Institute
of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) and Center for Nanoanalysis
and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Interdisciplinary
Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Cauerstrasse
3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - George D. Spyropoulos
- Institute
of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
and ZAE Bayern: Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research, Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manuela Göbelt
- Max-Planck
Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Silke Christiansen
- Max-Planck
Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph J. Brabec
- Institute
of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
and ZAE Bayern: Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research, Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz
Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI-EerN), Immerwahrstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erik Bitzek
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Institute
of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) and Center for Nanoanalysis
and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Interdisciplinary
Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Cauerstrasse
3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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5
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Gao F, Fan J, Zhang L, Chen B. Unraveling the Origin of Tribomagnetization in Ferromagnetic Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:50176-50186. [PMID: 33105994 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tribomagnetization, a natural phenomenon known for decades, has many engineering applications today. However, its intrinsic origin remains controversial and the mechanistic-based model has not yet been developed to predict the tribomagnetization behavior. In this work, the origin of tribomagnetization is investigated via both the experimental and modeling approaches. For the first time, the expansion of surface plastic deformation to the subsurface layer (i.e., dislocation strain gradient) is characterized in conjunction with the tribological behavior of the interface. By performing the reciprocating sliding experiment in a pin-on-block contact configuration, the tribomagnetization evolution in different wear regimes is followed, the geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) developed in the subsurface are measured, and the formation of characteristic magnetic domains is revealed. A tribomagnetization model is proposed on the basis of the sliding-induced plastic deformation mechanism with GNDs, bringing the missing link with classical tribology and ferromagnetism. The model reveals that the surface plastic strain and width of a wear scar are two crucial factors in determining the surface magnetic field changes. We believe that the tribomagnetization originates from the magnetic distortion accompanied by the progression of GNDs in the subsurface. Our hypothesis is supported by the good agreement between the model prediction and experimental observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gao
- China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Fuxue Road 18, Changping, Beijing 102249, P. R. China
- School of Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K
| | - J Fan
- China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Fuxue Road 18, Changping, Beijing 102249, P. R. China
| | - L Zhang
- China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Fuxue Road 18, Changping, Beijing 102249, P. R. China
| | - B Chen
- School of Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K
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6
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Hlongwa NW, Ikpo CO, Ndipingwi MM, Nolly C, Raleie N, Dywili N, Iwuoha EI. Graphene‐functionalised Olivine Lithium Manganese Phosphate Derivatives for High Performance Lithium‐ion Capacitors. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ntuthuko W. Hlongwa
- SensorLab (University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories), Chemical Sciences Building Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535 Cape Town South Africa
| | - Chinwe O. Ikpo
- SensorLab (University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories), Chemical Sciences Building Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535 Cape Town South Africa
| | - Miranda M. Ndipingwi
- SensorLab (University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories), Chemical Sciences Building Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535 Cape Town South Africa
| | - Christopher Nolly
- SensorLab (University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories), Chemical Sciences Building Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535 Cape Town South Africa
| | - Naledi Raleie
- SensorLab (University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories), Chemical Sciences Building Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535 Cape Town South Africa
| | - Nomxolisi Dywili
- SensorLab (University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories), Chemical Sciences Building Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535 Cape Town South Africa
| | - Emmanuel I. Iwuoha
- SensorLab (University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories), Chemical Sciences Building Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535 Cape Town South Africa
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7
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Mohammed AA, Haris SM, Al Azzawi W. Estimation of the ultimate tensile strength and yield strength for the pure metals and alloys by using the acoustic wave properties. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12676. [PMID: 32728209 PMCID: PMC7391784 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the acoustic impedance property has been employed to predict the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield strength (YS) of pure metals and alloys. Novel algorithms were developed, depending on three experimentally measured parameters, and programmed in a MATLAB code. The measured parameters are longitudinal wave velocity of the metal, density, and crystal structure. 19-samples were considered in the study and divided into 3-groups according to their crystal structure; 7-FCC, 6-BCC, and 6-HCB. X-ray diffraction was used to examine the crystal structure of each sample of each group, while longitudinal wave velocity and metals' density were measured experimentally. A comparison between mechanical properties predicted by the model and the ASTM standards was done to investigate the validity of the model. Furthermore, predicted stress-strain curves were compared with corresponding curves in the pieces literature as an additional validation check. The results revealed the excellence of the model with 85-99% prediction accuracy. The study also proved that if metals are grouped according to their crystal structure, a relation between UTS, YS, and modulus of elasticity (E) properties and wave pressure transmission coefficient (Tr) could be formulated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sallehuddin Mohamed Haris
- Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & the Built Environment, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wessam Al Azzawi
- Department of Materials Engineering College of Engineering, University of Diyala, Baquba, Diyala, Iraq
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8
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In situ atomic-scale observation of grain size and twin thickness effect limit in twin-structural nanocrystalline platinum. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1167. [PMID: 32127536 PMCID: PMC7054541 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14876-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Twin-thickness-controlled plastic deformation mechanisms are well understood for submicron-sized twin-structural polycrystalline metals. However, for twin-structural nanocrystalline metals where both the grain size and twin thickness reach the nanometre scale, how these metals accommodate plastic deformation remains unclear. Here, we report an integrated grain size and twin thickness effect on the deformation mode of twin-structural nanocrystalline platinum. Above a ∼10 nm grain size, there is a critical value of twin thickness at which the full dislocation intersecting with the twin plane switches to a deformation mode that results in a partial dislocation parallel to the twin planes. This critical twin thickness value varies from ∼6 to 10 nm and is grain size-dependent. For grain sizes between ∼10 to 6 nm, only partial dislocation parallel to twin planes is observed. When the grain size falls below 6 nm, the plasticity switches to grain boundary-mediated plasticity, in contrast with previous studies, suggesting that the plasticity in twin-structural nanocrystalline metals is governed by partial dislocation activities. The deformation mechanisms of micron-sized twinned metals are well-understood, but it is not so for twinned nanocrystalline metals. Here, the authors use high resolution microscopy to image the deformation of nanocrystalline twinned platinum and show that grain boundary behaviors dominate plasticity below 6 nm.
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9
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Zheng H, Cao F, Zhao L, Jiang R, Zhao P, Zhang Y, Wei Y, Meng S, Li K, Jia S, Li L, Wang J. Atomistic and dynamic structural characterizations in low-dimensional materials: recent applications of in situ transmission electron microscopy. Microscopy (Oxf) 2019; 68:423-433. [PMID: 31746339 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfz038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ transmission electron microscopy has achieved remarkable advances for atomic-scale dynamic analysis in low-dimensional materials and become an indispensable tool in view of linking a material's microstructure to its properties and performance. Here, accompanied with some cutting-edge researches worldwide, we briefly review our recent progress in dynamic atomistic characterization of low-dimensional materials under external mechanical stress, thermal excitations and electrical field. The electron beam irradiation effects in metals and metal oxides are also discussed. We conclude by discussing the likely future developments in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zheng
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy, MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures, and Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Fan Cao
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy, MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures, and Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.,Hubei Key Lab of Ferro- and Piezo-electric Materials and Devices, Faculty of Physics & Electronic Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Ligong Zhao
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy, MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures, and Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Renhui Jiang
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy, MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures, and Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Peili Zhao
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy, MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures, and Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy, MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures, and Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yanjie Wei
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy, MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures, and Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shuang Meng
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy, MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures, and Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Kaixuan Li
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy, MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures, and Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shuangfeng Jia
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy, MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures, and Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Luying Li
- Center for Nanoscale Characterization and Devices, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy, MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures, and Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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10
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Sun Z, Huang C, Guo J, Dong JT, Klie RF, Lauhon LJ, Seidman DN. Strain-Energy Release in Bent Semiconductor Nanowires Occurring by Polygonization or Nanocrack Formation. ACS NANO 2019; 13:3730-3738. [PMID: 30807693 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Strain engineering of semiconductors is used to modulate carrier mobility, tune the energy bandgap, and drive growth of self-assembled nanostructures. Understanding strain-energy relaxation mechanisms including phase transformations, dislocation nucleation and migration, and fracturing is essential to both exploit this degree of freedom and avoid degradation of carrier lifetime and mobility, particularly in prestrained electronic devices and flexible electronics that undergo large changes in strain during operation. Raman spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and electron diffraction are utilized to identify strain-energy release mechanisms of bent diamond-cubic silicon (Si) and zinc-blende GaAs nanowires, which were elastically strained to >6% at room temperature and then annealed at an elevated temperature to activate relaxation mechanisms. High-temperature annealing of bent Si-nanowires leads to the nucleation, glide, and climb of dislocations, which align themselves to form grain boundaries, thereby reducing the strain energy. Herein, Si nanowires are reported to undergo polygonization, which is the formation of polygonal-shaped grains separated by grain boundaries consisting of aligned edge dislocations. Furthermore, strain is shown to drive dopant diffusion. In contrast to the behavior of Si, GaAs nanowires release strain energy by forming nanocracks in regions of tensile strain due to the weakening of As-bonds. These insights into the relaxation behavior of highly strained crystals can inform the design of nanoelectronic devices and provide guidance on mitigating degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Northwestern University , 2220 Campus Drive , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3108 , United States
| | - Chunyi Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Northwestern University , 2220 Campus Drive , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3108 , United States
| | - Jinglong Guo
- Department of Physics , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
| | - Jason T Dong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Northwestern University , 2220 Campus Drive , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3108 , United States
| | - Robert F Klie
- Department of Physics , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
| | - Lincoln J Lauhon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Northwestern University , 2220 Campus Drive , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3108 , United States
| | - David N Seidman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Northwestern University , 2220 Campus Drive , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3108 , United States
- Center for Atom-Probe Tomography (NUCAPT) , Northwestern University , 2220 Campus Drive , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3108 , United States
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11
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Kong D, Xin T, Sun S, Lu Y, Shu X, Long H, Chen Y, Teng J, Zhang Z, Wang L, Han X. Surface Energy Driven Liquid-Drop-Like Pseudoelastic Behaviors and In Situ Atomistic Mechanisms of Small-Sized Face-Centered-Cubic Metals. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:292-298. [PMID: 30543297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The elastic strain of conventional metals is usually below ∼1%. As the metals' sizes decrease to approximate a few nanometers, their elastic strains can approach ∼8%, and they usually exhibit pseudoelastic strain that can be as large as ∼35%. Previous studies suggested that the pseudoelastic behaviors of nanocrystals were attributed to distinctive mechanisms, including the release of stored elastic energies, the temperature-enhanced surface diffusion, etc. However, the atomistic mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, through large numbers of in situ atomic-scale tensile-fracture experiments, we report liquid-drop-like pseudoelastic behaviors of face-centered-cubic fractured single-crystalline nanowires with diameters varying from 0.5 to 2.2 nm. The ultralarge liquid-drop-like pseudoelastic strain ranged from 31.4% to 81.0% after the nanowire fracture was observed. The in situ atomic-scale investigations revealed that the atomistic mechanisms resulted from surface energy driven plastic deformation including surface diffusion mixed with shear plastic deformation as well as the release of true elastic energy. As the nanowires' diameters decrease below a critical value, the surface pressure can approach the ideal strength of metals. This ultralarge surface pressure drives atoms to diffuse mixed with dislocation nucleation/propagation, which ultimately leads to the fractured nanowires exhibiting liquid-drop-like pseudoelastic phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deli Kong
- Institute of Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Materials , Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100124 , China
| | - Tianjiao Xin
- Institute of Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Materials , Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100124 , China
| | - Shiduo Sun
- Institute of Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Materials , Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100124 , China
| | - Yan Lu
- Institute of Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Materials , Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100124 , China
| | - Xinyu Shu
- Institute of Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Materials , Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100124 , China
| | - Haibo Long
- Institute of Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Materials , Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100124 , China
| | - Yanhui Chen
- Institute of Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Materials , Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100124 , China
| | - Jiao Teng
- Department of Material Physics and Chemistry , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Ze Zhang
- Department of Materials Science , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310008 , China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Institute of Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Materials , Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100124 , China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Institute of Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Materials , Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100124 , China
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12
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Wang L, Teng J, Wu Y, Sha X, Xiang S, Mao S, Yu G, Zhang Z, Zou J, Han X. In situ atomic scale mechanisms of strain-induced twin boundary shear to high angle grain boundary in nanocrystalline Pt. Ultramicroscopy 2018; 195:69-73. [PMID: 30195095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Twin boundary can both strengthen and soften nanocrystalline metals and has been an important path for improving the strength and ductility of nano materials. Here, using in-lab developed double-tilt tensile stage in the transmission electron microscope, the atomic scale twin boundary shearing process was in situ observed in a twin-structured nanocrystalline Pt. It was revealed that the twin boundary shear was resulted from partial dislocation emissions on the intersected {111} planes, which accommodate as large as 47% shear strain. It is uncovered that the partial dislocations nucleated and glided on the two intersecting {111} slip planes lead to a transition of the original <110> symmetric tilt ∑3/(111) coherent twin boundary into a <110> symmetric tilt ∑9/(114) high angle grain boundary. These results provide insight of twin boundary strengthening mechanisms for accommodating plasticity strains in nanocrystalline metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Material, Institute of Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Jiao Teng
- Department of Material Physics and Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Department of Material Physics and Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xuechao Sha
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Material, Institute of Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Sisi Xiang
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Material, Institute of Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Shengcheng Mao
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Material, Institute of Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Guanghua Yu
- Department of Material Physics and Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Jin Zou
- Materials Engineering and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Material, Institute of Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
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