1
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Jarrold MF. Single-Ion Mass Spectrometry for Heterogeneous and High Molecular Weight Samples. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5749-5758. [PMID: 38394699 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
In charge detection mass spectrometry (CD-MS) the mass of each individual ion is determined from the measurement of its mass to charge ratio (m/z) and charge. Performing this measurement for thousands of ions allows mass distributions to be measured for heterogeneous and high mass samples that cannot be analyzed by conventional mass spectrometry (MS). CD-MS opens the door to accurate mass measurements for samples into the giga-Dalton regime, vastly expanding the reach of MS and allowing mass distributions to be determined for viruses, gene therapies, and vaccines. Following the success of CD-MS, single-ion mass measurements have recently been performed on an Orbitrap. CD-MS and Orbitrap individual ion mass spectrometry (I2MS) are described. Illustrative examples are provided, and the prospects for higher resolution measurements discussed. In the case of CD-MS, computer simulations indicate that much higher resolving powers are within reach. The ability to perform high-resolution CD-MS analysis of heterogeneous samples will be enabling and disruptive in top-down MS as high-resolution m/z and accurate charge measurements will allow very complex m/z spectra to be unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Jarrold
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
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2
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Patil AA, Liu ZX, Chiu YP, Lại TKL, Chou SW, Cheng CY, Su WM, Liao HT, Agcaoili JBA, Peng WP. Development of a linear ion trap mass spectrometer capable of analyzing megadalton MALDI ions. Talanta 2023; 259:124555. [PMID: 37088041 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Detecting megadalton matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) ions in an ion trap mass spectrometer is a technical challenge. In this study, megadalton protein and polymer ions were successfully measured by MALDI linear ion trap mass spectrometer (LIT-MS) for the first time. The LIT-MS is comprised of a Thermo linear ion trap mass analyzer and a highly sensitive charge-sensing particle detector (CSPD). A newly designed radio frequency (rf) scan mode with dipolar resonance ejection techniques is proposed to extend the mass range of LIT-MS up to one million Thomson (Th). We analyze high mass ions with mass-to charge (m/z) ratios ranging from 100 kTh to 1 MTh, including thyroglobulin, alpha-2-macroglobulin, immunoglobulins (e.g., IgG and IgM), and polymer (∼ 940 kTh) ions. Besides, it is also very challenging for ion trap mass spectrometry to detect megadalton ions at low concentrations. By adopting high affinity carboxylated/oxidized detonation nanodiamonds (oxDNDs) to enrich IgM molecules and form antibody-nanodiamond conjugates, we have successfully reached ∼ 5 nM (5 μg/mL) concentration which is better than that by the other techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash A Patil
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan
| | - Zhe-Xuan Liu
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Pang Chiu
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan
| | - Thị Khánh Ly Lại
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Wei Chou
- AcroMass Technologies Inc., Hukou, Hsinchu, 30352, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yen Cheng
- AcroMass Technologies Inc., Hukou, Hsinchu, 30352, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Min Su
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Ting Liao
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan
| | | | - Wen-Ping Peng
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan.
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3
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Mathew A, Keelor JD, Eijkel GB, Anthony IGM, Long J, Prangsma J, Heeren RMA, Ellis SR. Time-Resolved Imaging of High Mass Proteins and Metastable Fragments Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization, Axial Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry, and TPX3CAM. Anal Chem 2022; 95:1470-1479. [PMID: 36574608 PMCID: PMC9850352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The Timepix (TPX) is a position- and time-sensitive pixelated charge detector that can be coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF MS) in combination with microchannel plates (MCPs) for the spatially and temporally resolved detection of biomolecules. Earlier generation TPX detectors used in previous studies were limited by a moderate time resolution (at best 10 ns) and single-stop detection for each pixel that hampered the detection of ions with high mass-to-charge (m/z) values at high pixel occupancies. In this study, we have coupled an MCP-phosphor screen-TPX3CAM detection assembly that contains a silicon-coated TPX3 chip to a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-axial TOF MS. A time resolution of 1.5625 ns, per-pixel multihit functionality, simultaneous measurement of TOF and time-over-threshold (TOT) values, and kHz readout rates of the TPX3 extended the m/z detection range of the TPX detector family. The detection of singly charged intact Immunoglobulin M ions of m/z value approaching 1 × 106 Da has been demonstrated. We also discuss the utilization of additional information on impact coordinates and TOT provided by the TPX3 compared to conventional MS detectors for the enhancement of the quality of the mass spectrum in terms of signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio. We show how the reduced dead time and event-based readout in TPX3 compared to the TPX improves the sensitivity of high m/z detection in both low and high mass measurements (m/z range: 757-970,000 Da). We further exploit the imaging capabilities of the TPX3 detector for the spatial and temporal separation of neutral fragments generated by metastable decay at different locations along the field-free flight region by simultaneous application of deflection and retarding fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjusha Mathew
- Maastricht
MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4i) Institute, Division of Imaging
Mass Spectrometry (IMS), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joel D. Keelor
- Amsterdam
Scientific Instruments (ASI), Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gert B. Eijkel
- Maastricht
MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4i) Institute, Division of Imaging
Mass Spectrometry (IMS), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ian G. M. Anthony
- Maastricht
MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4i) Institute, Division of Imaging
Mass Spectrometry (IMS), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jingming Long
- Amsterdam
Scientific Instruments (ASI), Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jord Prangsma
- Amsterdam
Scientific Instruments (ASI), Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron M. A. Heeren
- Maastricht
MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4i) Institute, Division of Imaging
Mass Spectrometry (IMS), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands,
| | - Shane R. Ellis
- Maastricht
MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4i) Institute, Division of Imaging
Mass Spectrometry (IMS), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands,Molecular
Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Wollongong, Australia,
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4
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Miller ZM, Harper CC, Lee H, Bischoff AJ, Francis MB, Schaffer DV, Williams ER. Apodization Specific Fitting for Improved Resolution, Charge Measurement, and Data Analysis Speed in Charge Detection Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:2129-2137. [PMID: 36173188 PMCID: PMC10389282 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Short-time Fourier transforms with short segment lengths are typically used to analyze single ion charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS) data either to overcome effects of frequency shifts that may occur during the trapping period or to more precisely determine the time at which an ion changes mass or charge, or enters an unstable orbit. The short segment lengths can lead to scalloping loss unless a large number of zero-fills are used, making computational time a significant factor in real-time analysis of data. Apodization specific fitting leads to a 9-fold reduction in computation time compared to zero-filling to a similar extent of accuracy. This makes possible real-time data analysis using a standard desktop computer. Rectangular apodization leads to higher resolution than the more commonly used Gaussian or Hann apodization and makes it possible to separate ions with similar frequencies, a significant advantage for experiments in which the masses of many individual ions are measured simultaneously. Equally important is a >20% increase in S/N obtained with rectangular apodization compared to Gaussian or Hann, which directly translates to a corresponding improvement in accuracy of both charge measurements and ion energy measurements that rely on the amplitudes of the fundamental and harmonic frequencies. Combined with computing the fast Fourier transform in a lower-level language, this fitting procedure eliminates computational barriers and should enable real-time processing of CDMS data on a laptop computer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary M. Miller
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-1460, United States
| | - Conner C. Harper
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-1460, United States
| | - Hyuncheol Lee
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-1460, United States
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Amanda J. Bischoff
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-1460, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matthew B. Francis
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-1460, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David V. Schaffer
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-1460, United States
| | - Evan R. Williams
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-1460, United States
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5
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Abstract
Charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS) is a single-particle technique where the masses of individual ions are determined from simultaneous measurement of their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) and charge. Masses are determined for thousands of individual ions, and then the results are binned to give a mass spectrum. Using this approach, accurate mass distributions can be measured for heterogeneous and high-molecular-weight samples that are usually not amenable to analysis by conventional mass spectrometry. Recent applications include heavily glycosylated proteins, protein complexes, protein aggregates such as amyloid fibers, infectious viruses, gene therapies, vaccines, and vesicles such as exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Jarrold
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47404, United States
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6
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Jiang LX, Plath LD, Halim MA, Friedrich S, Bier ME. Anatomy of Protein Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectra by Superconducting Tunnel Junction Mass and Energy Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:5284-5292. [PMID: 35315644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cryogenic superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) detectors have the advantage of single-particle sensitivity, high quantum efficiency, low noise, and the ability to detect the time and relative impact energy of deposited ions. This makes them attractive for use in mass spectrometry (MS) and as a form of energy spectrometry. STJ cryodetectors have been coupled to time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometers equipped with a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) source and to an electrospray ionization (ESI) TOF mass spectrometer. Here, a lab-made linear quadrupole ion trap (LIT) mass spectrometer system was coupled to an ESI source and a 16-channel Nb-STJ array with improved readout electronics. The goal was to investigate fundamentals of ESI-generated protein ions by further exploiting the advantage of resolving these ions in a third dimension of the relative energy deposited into the STJs. The proteins equine cytochrome c, bovine carbonic anhydrase, bovine serum albumin, and murine immunoglobulin G were studied using this ESI-LIT-STJ-MS instrument. Multiply charged monomers, multimers, and fragments from metastable ions were resolved from monomer peaks by differences in ion deposition energy even when these ions have the same mass-to-charge ratio as the corresponding monomer. The determination of a fragment mass from metastable decomposition is accomplished without knowing the charge state of the fragment. The average charge state of the multimers is reduced with each addition of a protein which is presumed to be a direct reflection of the surface area available for charging. Multiply charged in-source fragments have also been observed and distinguished in the mass spectrum of carbonic anhydrase by using the differences in the energy deposited in the STJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xue Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-2683, United States
| | - Logan D Plath
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-2683, United States
| | - Mohammad A Halim
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-2683, United States
| | - Stephan Friedrich
- Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Mark E Bier
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-2683, United States
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7
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Plath LD, Abroshan H, Zeng C, Kim HJ, Jin R, Bier ME. Mass Spectrometry of Au 10(4- tert-butylbenzenethiolate) 10 Nanoclusters Using Superconducting Tunnel Junction Cryodetection Reveals Distinct Metastable Fragmentation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:521-529. [PMID: 35147432 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cryodetection mass spectrometry (MS) was used to study the Au10(TBBT)10 (TBBT = 4-tert-butylbenzenethiolate) catenane nanocluster. The matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) process generates distinct fragments that can be arranged into two distinct regimes: (i) in-source fragmentation, which occurs rapidly in a relatively short (<170 ns) time frame, and (ii) metastable fragmentation, which occurs postacceleration during a time-of-flight (TOF) mass analysis over a longer time frame (>170 ns-250 μs). Using MALDI-TOF MS with superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) cryodetection, distinct metastable nanocluster fragments were resolved at lower energies deposited into the detector. The results also demonstrated that STJ cryodetection MS can be used to acquire multiple (>10), simultaneous tandem mass spectra in a single experiment. Simulated fragmentation of the Au10 nanocluster using ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) revealed the different fragmentation processes and confirmed the MS results. Using both the empirical MS data and AIMD calculations, fragmentation pathways are proposed for Au10(TBBT)10, which terminate with two small, stable ringed species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan D Plath
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Center for Molecular Analysis, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hadi Abroshan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Chenjie Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hyung J Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rongchao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Mark E Bier
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Center for Molecular Analysis, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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8
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Brais CJ, Ibañez JO, Schwartz AJ, Ray SJ. RECENT ADVANCES IN INSTRUMENTAL APPROACHES TO TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:647-669. [PMID: 32779281 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) is one of the simplest and most powerful approaches for mass spectrometry. Realization of the advantages inherent in TOFMS requires innovation in the theory and practice of the technique. Instrumental developments, in turn, create new capabilities that enable applications in chemical measurement. This review focuses on the recent advances in TOFMS instrumentation. New strategies for ion acceleration, multiplexed detection, miniaturized TOFMS instruments, approaches to extend the length of ion flight, and novel ion detection technologies are reviewed. Techniques that change the basic paradigm of TOFMS by measuring m/z based on ion flight distance are considered, as are applications at the frontiers of instrumental performance. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Brais
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14260, USA
| | | | | | - Steven J Ray
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14260, USA
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9
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Huang X, Liu H, Lu D, Lin Y, Liu J, Liu Q, Nie Z, Jiang G. Mass spectrometry for multi-dimensional characterization of natural and synthetic materials at the nanoscale. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5243-5280. [PMID: 33656017 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00714e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of materials at the nanoscale plays a crucial role in in-depth understanding the nature and processes of the substances. Mass spectrometry (MS) has characterization capabilities for nanomaterials (NMs) and nanostructures by offering reliable multi-dimensional information consisting of accurate mass, isotopic, and molecular structural information. In the last decade, MS has emerged as a powerful nano-characterization technique. This review comprehensively summarizes the capabilities of MS in various aspects of nano-characterization that greatly enrich the toolbox of nano research. Compared with other characterization techniques, MS has unique capabilities for real-time monitoring and tracking reaction intermediates and by-products. Moreover, MS has shown application potential in some novel aspects, such as MS imaging of the biodistribution and fate of NMs in animals and humans, stable isotopic tracing of NMs, and risk assessment of NMs, which deserve update and integration into the current knowledge framework of nano-characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Dawei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Yue Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Jingfu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China and Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Zongxiu Nie
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias
P. Wörner
- Biomolecular
Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular
Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584
CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands
Proteomics Center, Padualaan
8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tatiana M. Shamorkina
- Biomolecular
Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular
Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584
CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands
Proteomics Center, Padualaan
8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Snijder
- Biomolecular
Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular
Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584
CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands
Proteomics Center, Padualaan
8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J. R. Heck
- Biomolecular
Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular
Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584
CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands
Proteomics Center, Padualaan
8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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11
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Harper CC, Williams ER. Enhanced Multiplexing in Fourier Transform Charge Detection Mass Spectrometry by Decoupling Ion Frequency from Mass to Charge Ratio. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2637-2645. [PMID: 31720975 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02330-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Weighing single ions with charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS) makes it possible to obtain the masses of molecules of essentially unlimited size even in highly heterogeneous samples, but producing a mass histogram that is representative of all of the components in a mixture requires substantial measurement time. Multiple ions can be trapped to reduce analysis time but ion signals can overlap. To determine the maximum gains in analysis speed possible with current instrumentation with multiple ion trapping, simulations calculating the frequency and overlap rate of ions with different mass, charge, and energy ranges were performed. For an analyte with a broad mass distribution, such as long chain polyethylene glycol (PEG, 8 MDa), gains in analysis speed of up to 160 times that of prior CDMS experiments are possible. For signals from homogeneous samples, ions with the same m/z have frequencies that overlap and interfere, reducing the effectiveness of multiplexing in experiments where ions have the same energy per charge. We show that by maximizing the decoupling of ion m/z from frequency using a broad range of ion energies, the rate of signal overlap is significantly reduced making it possible to trap more ions. Under optimum decoupling conditions, a measurement speed nearly 50 times greater than that of prior CDMS experiments is possible for RuBisCO (517 kDa). The reduction in overlap due to decoupling also results in more accurate quantitation in samples that contain multiple analytes with different concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conner C Harper
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA
| | - Evan R Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460, USA.
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12
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Harper CC, Elliott AG, Oltrogge LM, Savage DF, Williams ER. Multiplexed Charge Detection Mass Spectrometry for High-Throughput Single Ion Analysis of Large Molecules. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7458-7465. [PMID: 31082222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Applications of charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS) for measuring the masses of large molecules, macromolecular complexes, and synthetic polymers that are too large or heterogeneous for conventional mass spectrometry measurements are made possible by weighing individual ions in order to avoid interferences between ions. Here, a new multiplexing method that makes it possible to measure the masses of many ions simultaneously in CDMS is demonstrated. Ions with a broad range of kinetic energies are trapped. The energy of each ion is obtained from the ratio of the intensity of the fundamental to the second harmonic frequencies of the periodic trapping motion making it possible to measure both the m/ z and charge of each ion. Because ions with the exact same m/ z but with different energies appear at different frequencies, the probability of ion-ion interference is significantly reduced. We show that the measured mass of a protein complex consisting of 16 protomers, RuBisCO (517 kDa), is not affected by the number of trapped ions with up to 21 ions trapped simultaneously in these experiments. Ion-ion interactions do not affect the ion trapping lifetime up to 1 s, and there is no influence of the number of ions on the measured charge-state distribution of bovine serum albumin (66.5 kDa), indicating that ion-ion interactions do not adversely affect any of these measurements. Over an order of magnitude gain in measurement speed over single ion analysis is demonstrated, and significant additional gains are expected with this multi-ion measurement method.
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13
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Liang SY, Patil AA, Han CH, Chou SW, Chang W, Soo PC, Chang HC, Peng WP. Ionization of Submicrometer-Sized Particles by Laser-Induced Radiofrequency Plasma for Mass Spectrometric Analysis. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13236-13242. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Yu Liang
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, Taiwan 97401
| | - Avinash A. Patil
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, Taiwan 97401
| | - Chou-Hsun Han
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, Taiwan 97401
| | - Szu-Wei Chou
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, Taiwan 97401
- AcroMass Technologies Inc., Hukou, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30352
| | - Wen Chang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 11529
| | - Po-Chi Soo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan 97004
| | - Huan-Cheng Chang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 10617
| | - Wen-Ping Peng
- Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, Taiwan 97401
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