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Ye Z, Zhang H, Riggleman RA. Local dynamics and failure of inhomogeneous polymer networks. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:4734-4743. [PMID: 38836817 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00087k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Inhomogeneous crosslinked polymers are powerful platforms for materials design, because they can be synthesized from materials that provide complimentary properties to the resulting gel. For example, a membrane with both glassy and rubbery domains will be mechanically robust while enabling transport. The dynamics, and mechanical and failure properties of rubbery/glassy conetworks are only beginning to be studied, and there is likely to be strong heterogeneities in the dynamics and mechanical response. In this study, we use coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to generate microphase separated rubbery/glassy polymer networks with a bicontinuous morphology via in silico crosslinking. We study the effect of phase boundary on the local mobility gradient, and our simulation results reveal an asymmetric shift in the local mobility gradient across the interface that extends deeper into the phase with a lower Tg when the system temperature is between the glass transition temperatures of the two phases. Moreover, by employing a model that allows bond breaking, we examine the microscopic mechanism for failure in these networks as a function of the molecular weight of polymer strands between crosslinks and the number fraction of the glassy domain. Under uniaxial extension, we find that the stress is initially larger in the glassy domain. As the deformation proceeds, the segmental dynamics of the two phases homogenize, and subsequently bond breaking begins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Robert A Riggleman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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2
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Hwang U, Nam JD. Frequency-Selective Radar-Absorbing Composites Using Hybrid Core-Shell Spheres. ACS NANO 2024; 18:12225-12234. [PMID: 38697128 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Radar-absorbing materials (RAMs) covering the exterior surfaces of installed parts and assembled devices are crucial in absorbing most incident electromagnetic (EM) waves. This absorption minimizes reflected energy, thereby enhancing pilot safety and the stability of operating electronic devices without interference. Particularly, active stealth aircraft require effective protection from near- and far-field EM radiation across a wide spectrum of frequencies from both highly integrated electronic components and advanced enemy radars. Studies of RAMs often prioritize absorption over crucial tunability in frequency selectivity, revealing a research gap. In this study, we propose smart RAMs with frequency-selective absorption capabilities. Our approach involves incorporating two types of core-shell spheres in a polymer matrix, which feature shells of either wave-diffuse reflecting metal or wave-absorbing graphene. The key innovation lies in the ability to tailor absorption frequencies in the X-band range (8.2-12.4 GHz) by adjusting the interstitial spaces between the metallic spheres while the scattered waves are efficiently attenuated by graphene networks in the composites. On a metal substrate, a 2 mm-thick composite with an optimized structural composition and ratio of the two types of spheres exhibits a maximum absorption efficiency of 99.3%, effectively trapping and extinguishing incident waves. Combined with the structural tunability and frequency-selective properties of spherical fillers, our approach provides a scalable and effective method for creating functional isotropic coverings on various metallic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uiseok Hwang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Do Nam
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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3
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Huo H, Zou J, Yang SG, Zhang J, Liu J, Liu Y, Hao Y, Chen H, Li H, Huang C, Ungar G, Liu F, Zhang Z, Zhang Q. Multicompartment Nanoparticles by Crystallization-Driven Self-Assembly of Star Polymers: Combining High Stability and Loading Capacity. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200706. [PMID: 36353903 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein novel multicompartment nanoparticles (MCNs) that combine high stability and cargo loading capacity are developed. The MCNs are fabricated by crystallization-driven self-assembly (CDSA) of a tailor-made 21 arm star polymer, poly(L-lactide)[poly(tert-butyl acrylate)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)]20 [PLLA(PtBA-b-PEG)20 ]. Platelet-like or spherical MCNs containing a crystalline PLLA core and hydrophobic PtBA subdomains are formed and stabilized by PEG. Hydrophobic cargos, such as Nile Red and chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin, can be successfully encapsulated into the collapsed PtBA subdomains with loading capacity two orders of magnitude higher than traditional CDSA nanoparticles. Depolarized fluorescence measurements of the Nile Red loaded MCNs suggest that the free volume of the hydrophobic chains in the nanoparticles may be the key for regulating their drug loading capacity. In vitro study of the MCNs suggests excellent cytocompatibility of the blank nanoparticles as well as a dose-dependent cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of the drug-loaded MCNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohui Huo
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zou
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Gui Yang
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yutong Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, P. R. China
| | - Yanyun Hao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, P. R. China
| | - Hongfei Chen
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, P. R. China
| | - Chaobo Huang
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (NFU-UGent), Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
| | - Goran Ungar
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyue Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, P. R. China
| | - Qilu Zhang
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
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4
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Neuman A, Zhang S, Lee D, Riggleman RA. Increases in Miscibility of a Binary Polymer Blend Confined within a Nanoparticle Packing. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Neuman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
| | - Shannon Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
| | - Robert A. Riggleman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
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5
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Qiang Y, Turner KT, Lee D. Role of Polymer–Nanoparticle Interactions on the Fracture Toughness of Polymer-Infiltrated Nanoparticle Films. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Qiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kevin T. Turner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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6
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Chen H, Poitzsch ME. Dynamics of Polymers Flowing through Porous Media: Interplay of Solvent Properties, Flow Rates, and Wetting. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsieh Chen
- Aramco Americas: Aramco Research Center-Boston, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Martin E. Poitzsch
- Aramco Americas: Aramco Research Center-Boston, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
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7
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Venkatesh RB, Lee D. Interfacial Friction Controls the Motion of Confined Polymers in the Pores of Nanoparticle Packings. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Bharath Venkatesh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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8
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Venkatesh RB, Lee D. Conflicting Effects of Extreme Nanoconfinement on the Translational and Segmental Motion of Entangled Polymers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Bharath Venkatesh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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9
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Qiang Y, Pande SS, Lee D, Turner KT. The Interplay of Polymer Bridging and Entanglement in Toughening Polymer-Infiltrated Nanoparticle Films. ACS NANO 2022; 16:6372-6381. [PMID: 35380037 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polymer-nanoparticle composite films (PNCFs) with high loadings of nanoparticles (NPs) (>50 vol %) have applications in multiple areas, and an understanding of their mechanical properties is essential for their broader use. The high-volume fraction and small size of the NPs lead to physical confinement of the polymers that can drastically change the properties of polymers relative to the bulk. We investigate the fracture behavior of a class of highly loaded PNCFs prepared by polymer infiltration into NP packings. These polymer-infiltrated nanoparticle films (PINFs) have applications as multifunctional coatings and membranes and provide a platform to understand the behavior of polymers that are highly confined. Here, the extent of confinement in PINFs is tuned from 0.1 to 44 and the fracture toughness of PINFs is increased by up to a factor of 12 by varying the molecular weight of the polymers over 3 orders of magnitude and using NPs with diameters ranging from 9 to 100 nm. The results show that brittle, low molecular weight (MW) polymers can significantly toughen NP packings, and this toughening effect becomes less pronounced with increasing NP size. In contrast, high MW polymers capable of forming interchain entanglements are more effective in toughening large NP packings. We propose that confinement has competing effects of polymer bridging increasing toughness and chain disentanglement decreasing toughness. These findings provide insight into the fracture behavior of confined polymers and will guide the development of mechanically robust PINFs as well as other highly loaded PNCFs.
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Ren T, Huang R, Gorte RJ, Lee D. Modulating Interactions between Molten Polystyrene and Porous Solids Using Atomic Layer Deposition. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:14520-14526. [PMID: 34865477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and modulating the interactions between molten polymers and porous solids is important for numerous processes and phenomena including catalytic conversion of polymers and fabrication of nanocomposites and nanostructured materials. Although changing the surface composition of pores would enable modulation of interactions between polymers and nanoporous solids, it is challenging to achieve such a control without inducing significant changes to the size and structure of nanopores. In this work, we demonstrate that the interactions between molten polystyrene (PS) and disordered packings of SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) can be modulated by changing the surface composition of the NPs using atomic layer deposition (ALD). A disordered packing of silica NPs is modified with varying surface coverages of TiO2, WO3, and CaCO3, with coverages estimated by the mass gain and the refractive index change of NP packings. Based on the time required to fully infiltrate these ALD-modified NP packings via capillarity, the contact angles for PS on different surfaces prepared via ALD are determined. The contact angle gradually changes from that of pure SiO2 to that of the fully covered surfaces. The contact angles for PS on SiO2, TiO2, WO3, and CaCO3 are found to be 20, 62, 70, and 10°, respectively. Interestingly, the contact angles and interfacial energies between PS and the ALD-modified surfaces do not correlate strongly with the water contact angle of these surfaces; thus, caution must be exercised in predicting how a polymer would wet or interact with porous solids solely based on their hydrophilicity. The method presented in this work can be extended to study the interactions between a wide range of polymers and surfaces in porous media, which will have important implications for designing new catalytic materials for polymer upcycling reactions and novel NP-polymer composite films and membranes with enhanced mechanical and transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Ren
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Renjing Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Raymond J Gorte
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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11
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Sagnelli D, Calabrese M, Kaczmarczyk O, Rippa M, Vestri A, Marchesano V, Kortsen K, Cuzzucoli Crucitti V, Villani F, Loffredo F, Borriello C, Nenna G, Cocca M, Ambrogi V, Matczyszyn K, Simoni F, Petti L. Photo-Responsivity Improvement of Photo-Mobile Polymers Actuators Based on a Novel LCs/Azobenzene Copolymer and ZnO Nanoparticles Network. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11123320. [PMID: 34947671 PMCID: PMC8705796 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of photomobile polymers (PMP) in the conversion of light into mechanical work plays a fundamental role in achieving cutting-edge innovation in the development of novel applications ranging from energy harvesting to sensor approaches. Because of their photochromic properties, azobenzene monomers have been shown to be an efficient material for the preparation of PMPs with appropriate photoresponsivity. Upon integration of the azobenzene molecules as moieties into a polymer, they act as an engine, allowing fast movements of up to 50 Hz. In this work we show a promising approach for integrating ZnO nanoparticles into a liquid crystalline polymer network. The addition of such nanoparticles allows the trapping of incoming light, which acts as diffusive points in the polymer matrix. We characterized the achieved nanocomposite material in terms of thermomechanical and optical properties and finally demonstrated that the doped PMP was better performing that the undoped PMP film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Sagnelli
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems of CNR, 80072 Pozzuoli, Italy; (M.C.); (O.K.); (M.R.); (A.V.); (V.M.); (F.S.)
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (G.N.); (L.P.)
| | - Marcella Calabrese
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems of CNR, 80072 Pozzuoli, Italy; (M.C.); (O.K.); (M.R.); (A.V.); (V.M.); (F.S.)
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Olga Kaczmarczyk
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems of CNR, 80072 Pozzuoli, Italy; (M.C.); (O.K.); (M.R.); (A.V.); (V.M.); (F.S.)
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Massimo Rippa
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems of CNR, 80072 Pozzuoli, Italy; (M.C.); (O.K.); (M.R.); (A.V.); (V.M.); (F.S.)
| | - Ambra Vestri
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems of CNR, 80072 Pozzuoli, Italy; (M.C.); (O.K.); (M.R.); (A.V.); (V.M.); (F.S.)
| | - Valentina Marchesano
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems of CNR, 80072 Pozzuoli, Italy; (M.C.); (O.K.); (M.R.); (A.V.); (V.M.); (F.S.)
| | - Kristoffer Kortsen
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
| | - Valentina Cuzzucoli Crucitti
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
| | - Fulvia Villani
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Portici Research Centre, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (F.V.); (F.L.); (C.B.)
| | - Fausta Loffredo
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Portici Research Centre, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (F.V.); (F.L.); (C.B.)
| | - Carmela Borriello
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Portici Research Centre, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (F.V.); (F.L.); (C.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Nenna
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Portici Research Centre, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (F.V.); (F.L.); (C.B.)
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (G.N.); (L.P.)
| | - Mariacristina Cocca
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials of CNR, 80072 Pozzuoli, Italy;
| | - Veronica Ambrogi
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Katarzyna Matczyszyn
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Francesco Simoni
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems of CNR, 80072 Pozzuoli, Italy; (M.C.); (O.K.); (M.R.); (A.V.); (V.M.); (F.S.)
| | - Lucia Petti
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems of CNR, 80072 Pozzuoli, Italy; (M.C.); (O.K.); (M.R.); (A.V.); (V.M.); (F.S.)
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (G.N.); (L.P.)
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12
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Akdoğan E, Şirin HT. Plasma surface modification strategies for the preparation of antibacterial biomaterials: A review of the recent literature. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 131:112474. [PMID: 34857260 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Plasma-based strategies offer several advantages for developing antibacterial biomaterials and can be used directly or combined with other surface modification techniques. Direct plasma strategies can be classified as plasma surface modifications that derive antibacterial property by tailoring surface topography or surface chemistry. Nano patterns induced by plasma modification can exhibit antibacterial property and promote the adhesion and proliferation of mammalian cells, creating antibacterial and biocompatible surfaces. Antibacterial effect by tailoring surface chemistry via plasma can be attained by either creating bacteriostatic surfaces or bactericidal surfaces. Plasma-assisted strategies incorporate plasma processes in combination with other surface modification techniques. Plasma coating can serve as a drug-eluting reservoir and diffusion barrier. The plasma-functionalized surface can serve as a platform for grafting antibacterial agents, and plasma surface activation can improve the adhesion of polymeric layers with antibacterial properties. This article critically reviews plasma-based strategies reported in the recent literature for the development of antibacterial biomaterial surfaces. Studies using both atmospheric and low-pressure plasmas are included in this review. The findings are discussed in terms of the trends in material and precursor selection, modification stability, antibacterial efficacy, the choice of bacterial strains tested, cell culture findings, critical aspects of in vitro performance testing and in vivo experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Akdoğan
- Department of Chemistry, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, 06900 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Hasret Tolga Şirin
- Department of Chemistry, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, 06900 Ankara, Turkey
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13
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Zhao Q, Bennington P, Nealey PF, Patel SN, Evans CM. Ion Specific, Thin Film Confinement Effects on Conductivity in Polymerized Ionic Liquids. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Bennington
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Paul F. Nealey
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Shrayesh N. Patel
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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14
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Zhang W, Starr FW, Douglas JF. Activation free energy gradient controls interfacial mobility gradient in thin polymer films. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:174901. [PMID: 34742183 DOI: 10.1063/5.0064866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We examine the mobility gradient in the interfacial region of substrate-supported polymer films using molecular dynamics simulations and interpret these gradients within the string model of glass-formation. No large gradients in the extent of collective motion exist in these simulated films, and an analysis of the mobility gradient on a layer-by-layer basis indicates that the string model provides a quantitative description of the relaxation time gradient. Consequently, the string model indicates that the interfacial mobility gradient derives mainly from a gradient in the high-temperature activation enthalpy ΔH0 and entropy ΔS0 as a function of depth z, an effect that exists even in the high-temperature Arrhenius relaxation regime far above the glass transition temperature. To gain insight into the interfacial mobility gradient, we examined various material properties suggested previously to influence ΔH0 in condensed materials, including density, potential and cohesive energy density, and a local measure of stiffness or u2(z)-3/2, where u2(z) is the average mean squared particle displacement at a caging time (on the order of a ps). We find that changes in local stiffness best correlate with changes in ΔH0(z) and that ΔS0(z) also contributes significantly to the interfacial mobility gradient, so it must not be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wengang Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Francis W Starr
- Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, USA
| | - Jack F Douglas
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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15
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Maguire SM, Bilchak CR, Corsi JS, Welborn SS, Tsaggaris T, Ford J, Detsi E, Fakhraai Z, Composto RJ. Effect of Nanoscale Confinement on Polymer-Infiltrated Scaffold Metal Composites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:44893-44903. [PMID: 34494810 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Most research on polymer composites has focused on adding discrete inorganic nanofillers to a polymer matrix to impart properties not found in polymers alone. However, properties such as ion conductivity and mechanical reinforcement would be greatly improved if the composite exhibited an interconnected network of inorganic and polymer phases. Here, we fabricate bicontinuous polymer-infiltrated scaffold metal (PrISM) composites by infiltrating polymer into nanoporous gold (NPG) films. Polystyrene (PS) and poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP) films are infiltrated into the ∼43 nm diameter NPG pores via capillary forces during thermal annealing above the polymer glass transition temperature (Tg). The infiltration process is characterized in situ using spectroscopic ellipsometry. PS and P2VP, which have different affinities for the metal scaffold, exhibit slower segmental dynamics compared to their bulk counterparts when confined within the nanopores, as measured through Tg. The more attractive P2VP shows a 20 °C increase in Tg relative to its bulk, while PS only shows a 6 °C increase at a comparable molecular weight. The infiltrated polymer, in turn, stabilizes the gold nanopores against temporal coarsening. The broad tunability of these polymer/metal hybrids represents a unique template for designing functional network composite structures with applications ranging from flexible electronics to fuel cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Maguire
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Connor R Bilchak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - John S Corsi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Samuel S Welborn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Theresa Tsaggaris
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jamie Ford
- Nanoscale Characterization Facility, Singh Center for Nanotechnology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Eric Detsi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Zahra Fakhraai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Russell J Composto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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16
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Khan RAA, Qi HK, Huang JH, Luo MB. A simulation study on the effect of nanoparticle size on the glass transition temperature of polymer nanocomposites. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:8095-8104. [PMID: 34525159 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00843a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the size of nanoparticles, σNP, on the glass transition temperature, Tg, of polymer nanocomposites is studied by using molecular dynamics simulations. The variation of Tg with σNP shows two distinct behaviours for polymer nanocomposites at low and high volume fractions of nanoparticles (fNP). At a low fNP, Tg decays almost exponentially with σNP, whereas at a high fNPTg shows a complex behaviour: it initially increases and then decreases with increasing σNP. The decrease in Tg with σNP is due to the significant decrease of adsorbed polymer monomers, while the increase in Tg with σNP is attributed to the slower diffusion of larger nanoparticles. We have also investigated the diffusion and relaxation of polymer chains at a temperature above Tg for both low and high fNPs. The diffusion constant and relaxation time of polymer chains are highly consistent with the behaviour of Tg.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hang-Kai Qi
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Jian-Hua Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Meng-Bo Luo
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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17
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Relaxation behavior of polymer thin films: Effects of free surface, buried interface, and geometrical confinement. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Maguire SM, Boyle MJ, Bilchak CR, Demaree JD, Keller AW, Krook NM, Ohno K, Kagan CR, Murray CB, Rannou P, Composto RJ. Grafted Nanoparticle Surface Wetting during Phase Separation in Polymer Nanocomposite Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:37628-37637. [PMID: 34324291 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wetting of polymer-grafted nanoparticles (NPs) in a polymer nanocomposite (PNC) film is driven by a difference in surface energy between components as well as bulk thermodynamics, namely, the value of the interaction parameter, χ. The interplay between these contributions is investigated in a PNC containing 25 wt % polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-grafted silica NPs (PMMA-NPs) in poly(styrene-ran-acrylonitrile) (SAN) upon annealing above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST, 160 °C). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies show that the areal density of particles increases rapidly and then approaches 80% of that expected for random close-packed hard spheres. A slightly greater areal density is observed at 190 °C compared to 170 °C. The PMMA-NPs are also shown to prevent dewetting of PNC films under conditions where the analogous polymer blend is unstable. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging shows that PMMA-NPs symmetrically wet both interfaces and form columns that span the free surface and substrate interface. Using grazing-incidence Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (GI-RBS), the PMMA-NP surface excess (Z*) initially increases rapidly with time and then approaches a constant value at longer times. Consistent with the areal density, Z* is slightly greater at deeper quench depths, which is attributed to the more unfavorable interactions between the PMMA brush and SAN segments. The Z* values at early times are used to determine the PMMA-NP diffusion coefficients, which are significantly larger than theoretical predictions. These studies provide insights into the interplay between wetting and phase separation in PNCs and can be utilized in nanotechnology applications where surface-dependent properties, such as wettability, durability, and friction, are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Maguire
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Michael J Boyle
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Connor R Bilchak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - John Derek Demaree
- US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Austin W Keller
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Nadia M Krook
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kohji Ohno
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Cherie R Kagan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Christopher B Murray
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Patrice Rannou
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG-SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Russell J Composto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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19
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Lin EY, Frischknecht AL, Winey KI, Riggleman RA. Effect of surface properties and polymer chain length on polymer adsorption in solution. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:034701. [PMID: 34293881 DOI: 10.1063/5.0052121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In polymer nanoparticle composites (PNCs) with attractive interactions between nanoparticles (NPs) and polymers, a bound layer of the polymer forms on the NP surface, with significant effects on the macroscopic properties of the PNCs. The adsorption and wetting behaviors of polymer solutions in the presence of a solid surface are critical to the fabrication process of PNCs. In this study, we use both classical density functional theory (cDFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study dilute and semi-dilute solutions of short polymer chains near a solid surface. Using cDFT, we calculate the equilibrium properties of polymer solutions near a flat surface while varying the solvent quality, surface-fluid interactions, and the polymer chain lengths to investigate their effects on the polymer adsorption and wetting transitions. Using MD simulations, we simulate polymer solutions near solid surfaces with three different curvatures (a flat surface and NPs with two radii) to study the static conformation of the polymer bound layer near the surface and the dynamic chain adsorption process. We find that the bulk polymer concentration at which the wetting transition in the poor solvent system occurs is not affected by the difference in surface-fluid interactions; however, a threshold value of surface-fluid interaction is needed to observe the wetting transition. We also find that with good solvent, increasing the chain length or the difference in the surface-polymer interaction relative to the surface-solvent interaction increases the surface coverage of polymer segments and independent chains for all surface curvatures. Finally, we demonstrate that the polymer segmental adsorption times are heavily influenced only by the surface-fluid interactions, although polymers desorb more quickly from highly curved surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Y Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Amalie L Frischknecht
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Karen I Winey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Robert A Riggleman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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20
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Lin EY, Frischknecht AL, Riggleman RA. Chain and Segmental Dynamics in Polymer–Nanoparticle Composites with High Nanoparticle Loading. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Y. Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Amalie L. Frischknecht
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Robert A. Riggleman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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21
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Venkatesh RB, Manohar N, Qiang Y, Wang H, Tran HH, Kim BQ, Neuman A, Ren T, Fakhraai Z, Riggleman RA, Stebe KJ, Turner K, Lee D. Polymer-Infiltrated Nanoparticle Films Using Capillarity-Based Techniques: Toward Multifunctional Coatings and Membranes. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2021; 12:411-437. [PMID: 34097843 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-101220-093836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Polymer-infiltrated nanoparticle films (PINFs) are a new class of nanocomposites that offer synergistic properties and functionality derived from unusually high fractions of nanomaterials. Recently, two versatile techniques,capillary rise infiltration (CaRI) and solvent-driven infiltration of polymer (SIP), have been introduced that exploit capillary forces in films of densely packed nanoparticles. In CaRI, a highly loaded PINF is produced by thermally induced wicking of polymer melt into the nanoparticle packing pores. In SIP, exposure of a polymer-nanoparticle bilayer to solvent vapor atmosphere induces capillary condensation of solvent in the pores of nanoparticle packing, leading to infiltration of polymer into the solvent-filled pores. CaRI/SIP PINFs show superior properties compared with polymer nanocomposite films made using traditional methods, including superb mechanical properties, thermal stability, heat transfer, and optical properties. This review discusses fundamental aspects of the infiltration process and highlights potential applications in separations, structural coatings, and polymer upcycling-a process to convert polymer wastes into useful chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bharath Venkatesh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; , , , , , ,
| | - Neha Manohar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; , , , , , ,
| | - Yiwei Qiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
| | - Haonan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; ,
| | - Hong Huy Tran
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; , , , , , , .,Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering, Université Grenoble Alpes), LMGP, 38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Baekmin Q Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; , , , , , , .,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and KAIST Institute for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea;
| | - Anastasia Neuman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; , , , , , ,
| | - Tian Ren
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; , , , , , ,
| | - Zahra Fakhraai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; ,
| | - Robert A Riggleman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; , , , , , ,
| | - Kathleen J Stebe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; , , , , , ,
| | - Kevin Turner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; , , , , , ,
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22
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Khan RAA, Chen X, Qi HK, Huang JH, Luo MB. A novel shift in the glass transition temperature of polymer nanocomposites: a molecular dynamics simulation study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:12216-12225. [PMID: 34009220 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00321f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the loading of nanoparticles on the glass transition temperature, Tg, of polymer nanocomposites is studied by using molecular dynamics simulations. Tg is estimated from the variation of system volume with temperature and the temperature-dependent diffusion of the polymer described by the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann law. The estimated values of Tg from the two methods are consistent with each other. Results show that Tg can be regulated by changing the volume fraction of nanoparticles, fNP. A novel shift in Tg is observed, that is, Tg increases with fNP at fNP < , while it decreases with increasing fNP at fNP > . The basic mechanism behind the novel shift in Tg is the competition between the attraction of nanoparticles towards polymer chains and the fast diffusion of nanoparticles. The increase in Tg at low fNP is due to the attraction of nanoparticles, whereas the decrease in Tg at high fNP is attributed to the fast diffusion of nanoparticles. The diffusion of the polymer above Tg is also investigated. The diffusion of the polymer decreases with increasing fNP below and increases with fNP above , in agreement with the variation of Tg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Azhar Ashraaf Khan
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Xian Chen
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Hang-Kai Qi
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Jian-Hua Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Meng-Bo Luo
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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23
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Rolle K, Schilling T, Westermeier F, Das S, Breu J, Fytas G. Large T g Shift in Hybrid Bragg Stacks through Interfacial Slowdown. Macromolecules 2021; 54:2551-2560. [PMID: 33814616 PMCID: PMC8016143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Studies of glass transition under confinement frequently employ supported polymer thin films, which are known to exhibit different transition temperature T g close to and far from the interface. Various techniques can selectively probe interfaces, however, often at the expense of sample designs very specific to a single experiment. Here, we show how to translate results on confined thin film T g to a "nacre-mimetic" clay/polymer Bragg stack, where periodicity allows to limit and tune the number of polymer layers to either one or two. Exceptional lattice coherence multiplies signal manifold, allowing for interface studies with both standard T g and broadband dynamic measurements. For the monolayer, we not only observe a dramatic increase in T g (∼ 100 K) but also use X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) to probe platelet dynamics, originating from interfacial slowdown. This is confirmed from the bilayer, which comprises both "bulk-like" and clay/polymer interface contributions, as manifested in two distinct T g processes. Because the platelet dynamics of monolayers and bilayers are similar, while the segmental dynamics of the latter are found to be much faster, we conclude that XPCS is sensitive to the clay/polymer interface. Thus, large T g shifts can be engineered and studied once lattice spacing approaches interfacial layer dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Rolle
- Max-Planck-Institute
of Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Theresa Schilling
- Department
of Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
| | - Fabian Westermeier
- Deutsches
Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, Hamburg D-22607, Germany
| | - Sudatta Das
- Max-Planck-Institute
of Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Josef Breu
- Department
of Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
| | - George Fytas
- Max-Planck-Institute
of Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
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24
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Wang H, Kearns KL, Zhang A, Arabi Shamsabadi A, Jin Y, Bond A, Hurney SM, Morillo C, Fakhraai Z. Effect of Nanopore Geometry in the Conformation and Vibrational Dynamics of a Highly Confined Molecular Glass. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:1778-1784. [PMID: 33555892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The effect of nanoporous confinement on the glass transition temperature (Tg) strongly depends on the type of porous media. Here, we study the molecular origins of this effect in a molecular glass, N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N'-diphenylbenzidine (TPD), highly confined in concave and convex geometries. When confined in controlled pore glass (CPG) with convex pores, TPD's vibrational spectra remained unchanged and two Tg's were observed, consistent with previous studies. In contrast, when confined in silica nanoparticle packings with concave pores, the vibrational peaks were shifted due to more planar conformations and Tg increased, as the pore size was decreased. The strong Tg increases in concave pores indicate significantly slower relaxation dynamics compared to CPG. Given TPD's weak interaction with silica, these effects are entropic in nature and are due to conformational changes at molecular level. The results highlight the role of intramolecular degrees of freedom in the glass transition, which have not been extensively explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Kenneth L Kearns
- Department of Chemistry, Saginaw Valley State University, University Center, Michigan 48710, United States
| | - Aixi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Ahmad Arabi Shamsabadi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Yi Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Aaron Bond
- Department of Chemistry, Saginaw Valley State University, University Center, Michigan 48710, United States
| | - Steven M Hurney
- Department of Chemistry, Saginaw Valley State University, University Center, Michigan 48710, United States
| | - Carlos Morillo
- JASCO Incorporated, Easton, Maryland 21601, United States
| | - Zahra Fakhraai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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25
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Wei T, Torkelson JM. Molecular Weight Dependence of the Glass Transition Temperature ( Tg)-Confinement Effect in Well-Dispersed Poly(2-vinyl pyridine)–Silica Nanocomposites: Comparison of Interfacial Layer Tg and Matrix Tg. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - John M. Torkelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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26
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27
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Bailey EJ, Winey KI. Dynamics of polymer segments, polymer chains, and nanoparticles in polymer nanocomposite melts: A review. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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28
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Ye X, Tian B, Guo Y, Fan F, Cai A. A novel dry-blending method to reduce the coefficient of thermal expansion of polymer templates for OTFT electrodes. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 11:671-677. [PMID: 32395396 PMCID: PMC7188987 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Among the patterning technologies for organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs), the fabrication of OTFT electrodes using polymer templates has attracted much attention. However, deviations in the electrode alignment occur because the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the polymer template is much higher than the CTE of the dielectric layer. Here, a novel dry-blending method is described in which SiO2 nanoparticles are filled into a grooved silicon template, followed by permeation of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) into the SiO2 nanoparticle gaps. The SiO2 nanoparticles in the groove are extracted by curing and peeling off PDMS to prepare a PDMS/SiO2 composite template with a nanoparticle content of 83.8 wt %. The composite template has a CTE of 96 ppm/°C, which is a reduction by 69.23% compared with the original PDMS template. Finally, we achieved the alignment of OTFT electrodes using the composite template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Ye
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Nano Materials and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
| | - Bo Tian
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Nano Materials and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
| | - Yuxuan Guo
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Nano Materials and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
| | - Fan Fan
- School of Automation, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi’an 710121, China
| | - Anjiang Cai
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Nano Materials and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
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29
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Lin EY, Frischknecht AL, Riggleman RA. Origin of Mechanical Enhancement in Polymer Nanoparticle (NP) Composites with Ultrahigh NP Loading. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Y. Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Amalie L. Frischknecht
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Robert A. Riggleman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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30
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Tran HH, Venkatesh RB, Kim Y, Lee D, Riassetto D. Multifunctional composite films with vertically aligned ZnO nanowires by leaching-enabled capillary rise infiltration. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:22099-22107. [PMID: 31720653 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr07183k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanocomposite films (NCFs) with vertically aligned nanowires (NWs) provide several useful properties owing to their unique morphology. One of the key challenges in producing such an NCF is retaining the vertical alignment of NWs during NCF fabrication. Although current methods such as layer-by-layer assembly and solution-based processes with field-induced alignment of NWs have been successfully demonstrated, these approaches require multiple steps thus are time-consuming, and only suitable for lab-scale production, consequently limiting their widespread applicability. Herein, we describe a new method for fabricating an NCF with vertically aligned ZnO NWs by inducing leaching-enabled capillary rise infiltration (LeCaRI) of uncross-linked and mobile oligomer chains from a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) slab into the space between the vertically aligned ZnO NWs. PDMS-infiltrated ZnO NW NCFs have a suite of useful properties including superhydrophobicity, self-cleaning, solvent resistance, and anti-icing properties as well as high transparency and anti-reflection properties. The NCF can easily recover its superhydrophobicity after it has been compromised through repeated plasma treatments or even exposure to intense UV irradiation. Moreover, our approach represents a straightforward, efficient, and potentially scalable strategy to produce multifunctional NCFs with vertically aligned NW arrays which could be easily extended to other types of materials and NW arrangements toward a wide range of properties and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Huy Tran
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LMGP, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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31
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Wang H, Qiang Y, Shamsabadi AA, Mazumder P, Turner KT, Lee D, Fakhraai Z. Thermal Degradation of Polystyrene under Extreme Nanoconfinement. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:1413-1418. [PMID: 35651194 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Extreme nanoconfinement has been shown to significantly affect the properties of materials. Here we demonstrate that extreme nanoconfinement can significantly improve the thermal stability of polystyrene (PS) and reduce its flammability. Capillary rise infiltration (CaRI) is used to infiltrate PS into films of randomly packed silica nanoparticles (NPs) to produce highly confined states. We demonstrate that as the NP size is decreased, increasing the degree of confinement, the isothermal degradation time is dramatically increased, by up to a factor of 30 at 543 K for PS confined in ∼3 nm pores. The activation energy of PS degradation is also increased, by 50 kJ/mol in the most confined state (∼3 nm pores). We demonstrate that the degradation proceeds through the film surface and from the center of large holes toward NP surfaces, indirect evidence that the process is diffusion limited. The surface-driven process dramatically reduces char formation even in large NP packings that show no significant changes in their dynamics and glass transition temperature (Tg) compared to the bulk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yiwei Qiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ahmad Arabi Shamsabadi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Prantik Mazumder
- Corning Research and Development Corporation, Corning, New York 14830, United States
| | - Kevin T. Turner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Zahra Fakhraai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Robles-Hernández B, Monnier X, Pomposo JA, Gonzalez-Burgos M, Cangialosi D, Alegría A. Glassy Dynamics of an All-Polymer Nanocomposite Based on Polystyrene Single-Chain Nanoparticles. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Robles-Hernández
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apartado 1072, 20080 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Xavier Monnier
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jose A. Pomposo
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apartado 1072, 20080 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE-Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Marina Gonzalez-Burgos
- Centro de Física de Materiales, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Daniele Cangialosi
- Centro de Física de Materiales, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Angel Alegría
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apartado 1072, 20080 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
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Zuo B, Wang F, Hao Z, He H, Zhang S, Priestley RD, Wang X. Influence of the Interfacial Effect on Polymer Thin-Film Dynamics Scaled by the Distance of Chain Mobility Suppression by the Substrate. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Zuo
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Fengliang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhiwei Hao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Haolin He
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Shasha Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Rodney D. Priestley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Xinping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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Biodegradable waterborne polyurethane grafted with gelatin hydrolysate via solvent-free copolymerization for potential porous scaffold material. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 92:79-89. [PMID: 30660031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
One potential porous scaffold material based on polyester waterborne polyurethane (PEUR) grafted with modified gelatin hydrolysate (GH) has been investigated in this research. First, the GH was modified with a silane coupling agent (KH550), and then the modified GH was mixed with pre-polymer emulsion of PEUR to obtain the PEUR grafted GH emulsion (PEUR-g-GH). The synthesized PEUR-g-GH emulsions were characterized by stability analysis and viscosity test. Moreover, the film-forming property of PEUR-g-GH has also been studied, and the PEUR-g-GH films were characterized regarding the water resistance, solvent resistance, mechanical properties, FTIR, AFM, SEM, DMA, TGA and contact angle testing. Finally, the bioactivity and biodegradation were investigated by soaking PEUR-g-GH scaffolds in simulated body fluid (SBF). The results indicated that the PEUR-g-GH emulsion has good stability, water resisting (the contact angle was over 90o), the PEUR-g-GH showed excellent film-forming, high storage modulus, good structural homogeneity and thermal stability (the temperature of maximum weight loss was over 350 °C). The freeze-dried sample showed porous structure, and the mutual crosslinking of layers can contribute to a good bearing capacity for scaffold. The SBF biodegradability revealed that the biodegradation rate and degree of films gradually increased with the content of GH increased. In addition, the cells on the material were markedly enhanced, and most of cells have proliferated and formed vesicles, which shown a good biocompatibility.
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Lewis EA, Stafford CM, Vogt BD. Effect of Adjacent Hydrophilic Polymer Thin Films on Physical Aging and Residual Stress in Thin Films of Poly(butylnorbornene- ran-hydroxyhexafluoroisopropyl norbornene). JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE. PART B, POLYMER PHYSICS 2019; 57:10.1002/polb.24855. [PMID: 32165786 PMCID: PMC7067284 DOI: 10.1002/polb.24855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The properties of thin supported polymer films can be dramatically impacted by the substrate upon which it resides. A simple way to alter the properties of the substrate (chemistry, rigidity, dynamics) is by coating it with an immiscible polymer. Here we describe how ultrathin (ca. 2 nm) hydrophilic polymer layers of poly(acrylic acid), PAA, and poly(styrenesulfonate), PSS, impact the aging behavior and the residual stress in thin films of poly(butylnorbornene-ran-hydroxyhexafluoroisopropyl norbornene), BuNB-r-HFANB. The aging rate decreases as the film thickness (h) is decreased, but the extent of this change depends on the adjacent layer. Even for the thickest films (h>500 nm), there is a decrease in the aging rate at 100 °C when BuNB-r-HFANB is in contact with PSS. In an effort to understand the origins of these differences in the aging behavior, the elastic modulus and residual stress (σR) in the films were determined by wrinkling as a function of aging time. The change in the elastic modulus during aging does not appear to be directly correlated with the densification or expansion of the films, but the aging rates appear to roughly scale as hσR 1/3. These results illustrate that the physical aging of thin polymer films can be altered by adjacent polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Lewis
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325 USA
| | - Christopher M Stafford
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
| | - Bryan D Vogt
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325 USA
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Jiang Y, Hor JL, Lee D, Turner KT. Toughening Nanoparticle Films via Polymer Infiltration and Confinement. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:44011-44017. [PMID: 30520630 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b15027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Disordered nanoparticle films have significant technological applications as coatings and membranes. Unfortunately, their use to date has been limited by poor mechanical properties, notably low fracture toughness, which often results in brittle failure and cracking. We demonstrate that the fracture toughness of TiO2 nanoparticle films can be increased by nearly an order of magnitude through infiltration of polystyrene into the film. The fracture properties of films with various polymer volume fractions were characterized via nanoindentation pillar-splitting tests. Significant toughening is observed even at low volume fractions of polymer, which allows the nanoparticle packing to be toughened while retaining porosity. Moreover, higher-molecular-weight polymers lead to greater toughening at low polymer volume fractions. The toughness enhancement observed in polymer-infiltrated nanoparticle films may be attributed to multiple factors, including an increase in the area and strength of interparticle contacts, deflection and blunting of cracks during failure, and confinement-induced polymer bridging of nanoparticles. Our findings demonstrate that polymer infiltration is a highly effective route for reinforcing nanoparticle packings while retaining porosity.
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Christie D, Register RA, Priestley RD. Role of Chain Connectivity across an Interface on the Dynamics of a Nanostructured Block Copolymer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:247801. [PMID: 30608727 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.247801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence labeling enables component- and location-specific measurements of the glass transition temperature (T_{g}) in complex polymer systems. Here we characterize the T_{g} of fluorescently labeled poly(methyl methacrylate) homopolymers (PMMA-py) blended at low concentrations into an unlabeled lamellar poly(n-butyl methacrylate-b-methyl methacrylate) diblock copolymer (PBMA-PMMA). In this system, the PMMA-py homopolymer is sequestered within the PMMA domains of the diblock copolymer and subject to soft confinement by the domains of the lower-T_{g} PBMA block, which lowers the homopolymer T_{g} by ∼5 K beyond the contribution of segmental mixing. In contrast to the PMMA block in the diblock copolymer, the PMMA-py homopolymer is not covalently bound to the interdomain interface. A comparison of T_{g} for the homopolymers in the blends to T_{g} for diblock copolymers with equivalent labeled segment density profiles reveals that the homopolymer's T_{g} is consistently ∼10 K higher than for diblock segments at the same location within the domain structure, highlighting the dominant contribution of a covalent bond across the interface to the perturbation of the chain dynamics in the block copolymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane Christie
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Richard A Register
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Rodney D Priestley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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Cencha LG, Urteaga R, Berli CLA. Interferometric Technique To Determine the Dynamics of Polymeric Fluids under Strong Confinement. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa G. Cencha
- IFIS-Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET, Güemes 3450, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Raul Urteaga
- IFIS-Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET, Güemes 3450, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Claudio L. A. Berli
- INTEC, Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET, Predio CCT CONICET Santa Fe, RN 168, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
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Hor JL, Wang H, Fakhraai Z, Lee D. Effect of Physical Nanoconfinement on the Viscosity of Unentangled Polymers during Capillary Rise Infiltration. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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