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Klepzig LF, Biesterfeld L, Romain M, Niebur A, Schlosser A, Hübner J, Lauth J. Colloidal 2D PbSe nanoplatelets with efficient emission reaching the telecom O-, E- and S-band. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:590-599. [PMID: 36132696 PMCID: PMC9418099 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00704a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal two-dimensional (2D) lead chalcogenide nanoplatelets (NPLs) represent highly interesting materials for near- and short wave-infrared applications including innovative glass fiber optics exhibiting negligible attenuation. In this work, we demonstrate a direct synthesis route for 2D PbSe NPLs with cubic rock salt crystal structure at low reaction temperatures of 0 °C and room temperature. A lateral size tuning of the PbSe NPLs by controlling the temperature and by adding small amounts of octylamine to the reaction leads to excitonic absorption features in the range of 1.55-1.24 eV (800-1000 nm) and narrow photoluminescence (PL) reaching the telecom O-, E- and S-band (1.38-0.86 eV, 900-1450 nm). The PL quantum yield of the as-synthesized PbSe NPLs is more than doubled by a postsynthetic treatment with CdCl2 (e.g. from 14.7% to 37.4% for NPLs emitting at 980 nm with a FWHM of 214 meV). An analysis of the slightly asymmetric PL line shape of the PbSe NPLs and their characterization by ultrafast transient absorption and time-resolved PL spectroscopy reveal a surface trap related PL contribution which is successfully reduced by the CdCl2 treatment from 40% down to 15%. Our results open up new pathways for a direct synthesis and straightforward incorporation of colloidal PbSe NPLs as efficient infrared emitters at technologically relevant telecom wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars F Klepzig
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover Callinstr. 3A 30167 Hannover Germany
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering - Innovation Across Disciplines) 30167 Hannover Germany
| | - Leon Biesterfeld
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover Callinstr. 3A 30167 Hannover Germany
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering - Innovation Across Disciplines) 30167 Hannover Germany
| | - Michel Romain
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover Callinstr. 3A 30167 Hannover Germany
| | - André Niebur
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover Callinstr. 3A 30167 Hannover Germany
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering - Innovation Across Disciplines) 30167 Hannover Germany
| | - Anja Schlosser
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover Callinstr. 3A 30167 Hannover Germany
- Laboratory of Nano and Quantum Engineering (LNQE), Leibniz Universität Hannover Schneiderberg 39 30167 Hannover Germany
| | - Jens Hübner
- Laboratory of Nano and Quantum Engineering (LNQE), Leibniz Universität Hannover Schneiderberg 39 30167 Hannover Germany
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Leibniz Universität Hannover Appelstraße 2 30167 Hannover Germany
| | - Jannika Lauth
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover Callinstr. 3A 30167 Hannover Germany
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering - Innovation Across Disciplines) 30167 Hannover Germany
- Laboratory of Nano and Quantum Engineering (LNQE), Leibniz Universität Hannover Schneiderberg 39 30167 Hannover Germany
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2
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Marri I, Ossicini S. Multiple exciton generation in isolated and interacting silicon nanocrystals. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:12119-12142. [PMID: 34250528 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr01747k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An important challenge in the field of renewable energy is the development of novel nanostructured solar cell devices which implement low-dimensional materials to overcome the limits of traditional photovoltaic systems. For optimal energy conversion in photovoltaic devices, one important requirement is that the full energy of the solar spectrum is effectively used. In this context, the possibility of exploiting features and functionalities induced by the reduced dimensionality of the nanocrystalline phase, in particular by the quantum confinement of the electronic density, can lead to a better use of the carrier excess energy and thus to an increment of the thermodynamic conversion efficiency of the system. Carrier multiplication, i.e. the generation of multiple electron-hole pairs after absorption of one single high-energy photon (with energy at least twice the energy gap of the system), can be exploited to maximize cell performance, promoting a net reduction of loss mechanisms. Over the past fifteen years, carrier multiplication has been recorded in a large variety of semiconductor nanocrystals and other nanostructures. Owing to the role of silicon in solar cell applications, the mission of this review is to summarize the progress in this fascinating research field considering carrier multiplication in Si-based low-dimensional systems, in particular Si nanocrystals, both from the experimental and theoretical point of view, with special attention given to the results obtained by ab initio calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Marri
- Department of Sciences and Methods for Engineering, University of Modena e Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
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3
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Rojas-Chávez H, Miralrio A, Cruz-Martínez H, Carbajal-Franco G, Valdés-Madrigal MA. Oriented-Attachment- and Defect-Dependent PbTe Quantum Dots Growth: Shape Transformations Supported by Experimental Insights and DFT Calculations. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:7196-7206. [PMID: 33955752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution transmission electron microscopy results reveal that oriented-attachment- and defect-dependent mechanisms rule the size and shape evolution of the monodispersed PbTe quantum dots (QDs). The former is characterized by the growth of quasi-cubic PbTe QDs, which depends on both the geometric constraints imposed by the {200} facets and the defect-free lattice, while the latter one is a defect-dependent mechanism which gives way to the formation of decahedral PbTe QDs (∼6 nm). Experimentally, formaldehyde is an important parameter for the mechanochemical synthesis of monodispersed PbTe QDs, which has not been studied until now. In a theoretical context, Fukui functions reveal that Pb surface atoms are the most reactive sites toward nucleophilic attacks, and the Lowdin charge analysis shows that formaldehyde molecules tend to donate their electron pairs to Pb atoms. Besides, formaldehyde-molecule-on-PbTe adsorption energies (-4.46 to -21.16 kcal mol-1) agree with ligand-surface polar electrostatic interactions. Based on dispersion-corrected density functional theory calculations, PbTe QDs exhibited decahedral and faceted shapes. According to modified Wulff constructions, the decahedral shape is a result of (111) facets (Δγ = -2.79 meV Å-2), whereas the faceted and rounded shapes are due to the interaction of (100), (110), and (111) facets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Rojas-Chávez
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Tláhuac II, Departamento de Ingenierías, Camino Real 625, Col. Jardines del Llano, San Juan Ixtayopan. Alcaldía Tláhuac, CDMX 13508, Mexico
| | - Alan Miralrio
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, N. L., Mexico
| | - Heriberto Cruz-Martínez
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de Etla, Abasolo S/N, Barrio del Agua Buena, Santiago Suchilquitongo, Oaxaca 68230, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Carbajal-Franco
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Toluca, Division of Graduate Studies and Research, Av. Tecnológico s.n., Metepec 52149, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Manuel A Valdés-Madrigal
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Ciudad Hidalgo, Av. Ing. Carlos Rojas Gutiérrez 2120, Fracc. Valle de la herradura, Ciudad Hidalgo 61100, Michoacán, Mexico
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Melnychuk
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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5
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Zheng W, Bonn M, Wang HI. Photoconductivity Multiplication in Semiconducting Few-Layer MoTe 2. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:5807-5813. [PMID: 32697101 PMCID: PMC7458477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report efficient photoconductivity multiplication in few-layer 2H-MoTe2 as a direct consequence of an efficient steplike carrier multiplication with near unity quantum yield and high carrier mobility (∼45 cm2 V-1 s-1) in MoTe2. This photoconductivity multiplication is quantified using ultrafast, excitation-wavelength-dependent photoconductivity measurements employing contact-free terahertz spectroscopy. We discuss the possible origins of efficient carrier multiplication in MoTe2 to guide future theoretical investigations. The combination of photoconductivity multiplication and the advantageous bandgap renders MoTe2 as a promising candidate for efficient optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Zheng
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hai I. Wang
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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6
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Maiti S, Ferro S, Poonia D, Ehrler B, Kinge S, Siebbeles LDA. Efficient Carrier Multiplication in Low Band Gap Mixed Sn/Pb Halide Perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:6146-6149. [PMID: 32672041 PMCID: PMC7416307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Carrier multiplication (CM) generates multiple electron-hole pairs in a semiconductor from a single absorbed photon with energy exceeding twice the band gap. Thus, CM provides a promising way to circumvent the Shockley-Queisser limit of solar cells. The ideal material for CM should have significant overlap with the solar spectrum and should be able to fully utilize the excess energy above the band gap for additional charge carrier generation. We report efficient CM in mixed Sn/Pb halide perovskites (band gap of 1.28 eV) with onset just above twice the band gap. The CM rate outcompetes the carrier cooling process leading to efficient CM with a quantum yield of 2 for photoexcitation at 2.8 times the band gap. Such efficient CM characteristics add to the many advantageous properties of mixed Sn/Pb metal halide perovskites for photovoltaic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Maiti
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Ferro
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Deepika Poonia
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Ehrler
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
- Materials
Research & Development, Toyota Motor
Europe, Hoge Wei 33, B-1913 Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Laurens D. A. Siebbeles
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
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7
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Hemati T, Weng B. Experimental study of the size-dependent photoluminescence emission of CBD-grown PbSe nanocrystals on glass. NANO EXPRESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-959x/ab8bab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this work, we study the size-dependent properties of Photoluminescence (PL) emissions of PbSe Nanocrystals (NCs) grown by Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) method. In previous studies, PL emissions have been tuned by CBD-grown PbSe, and the growth mechanism was dependent on crystalized substrates such as GaAs. In this research, however, PL emissions are controlled over the midinfrared (MIR) range, through PbSe NCs, which are deposited on glass as an amorphous material. This study proposes an alternative approach to control PL emissions, which provides us with more freedom to fabricate low-cost MIR light sources as crucial components in remote sensing and gas analysis. Moreover, in this study, the advantage of the post-thermal method to control the NCs size, compared to the growth temperature, is shown.
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8
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Zhang Y, Wu G, Liu F, Ding C, Zou Z, Shen Q. Photoexcited carrier dynamics in colloidal quantum dot solar cells: insights into individual quantum dots, quantum dot solid films and devices. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:49-84. [PMID: 31825404 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00560a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) record of colloidal quantum dot solar cells (QDSCs) has considerably improved from below 4% to 16.6% in the last few years. However, the record PCE value of QDSCs is still substantially lower than the theoretical efficiency. So far, there have been several reviews on recent and significant achievements in QDSCs, but reviews on photoexcited carrier dynamics in QDSCs are scarce. The photovoltaic performances of QDSCs are still limited by the photovoltage, photocurrent and fill factor that are mainly determined by the photoexcited carrier dynamics, including carrier (or exciton) generation, carrier extraction or transfer, and the carrier recombination process, in the devices. In this review, the photoexcited carrier dynamics in the whole QDSCs, originating from individual quantum dots (QDs) to the entire device as well as the characterization methods used for analyzing the photoexcited carrier dynamics are summarized and discussed. The recent research including photoexcited multiple exciton generation (MEG), hot electron extraction, and carrier transfer between adjacent QDs, as well as carrier injection and recombination at each interface of QDSCs are discussed in detail herein. The influence of photoexcited carrier dynamics on the physiochemical properties of QDs and photovoltaic performances of QDSC devices is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohong Zhang
- Faculty of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan.
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9
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Spoor FCM, Grimaldi G, Kinge S, Houtepen AJ, Siebbeles LDA. Model To Determine a Distinct Rate Constant for Carrier Multiplication from Experiments. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2019; 2:721-728. [PMID: 30714025 PMCID: PMC6354726 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.8b01779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Carrier multiplication (CM) is the process in which multiple electron-hole pairs are created upon absorption of a single photon in a semiconductor. CM by an initially hot charge carrier occurs in competition with cooling by phonon emission, with the respective rates determining the CM efficiency. Up until now, CM rates have only been calculated theoretically. We show for the first time how to extract a distinct CM rate constant from experimental data of the relaxation time of hot charge carriers and the yield of CM. We illustrate this method for PbSe quantum dots. Additionally, we provide a simplified method using an estimated energy loss rate to estimate the CM rate constant just above the onset of CM, when detailed experimental data of the relaxation time is missing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank C. M. Spoor
- Optoelectronic Materials
Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Gianluca Grimaldi
- Optoelectronic Materials
Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Toyota Motor Europe, Materials Research
& Development, Hoge
Wei 33, B-1930, Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Arjan J. Houtepen
- Optoelectronic Materials
Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
| | - Laurens D. A. Siebbeles
- Optoelectronic Materials
Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
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10
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Kroupa DM, Pach GF, Vörös M, Giberti F, Chernomordik BD, Crisp RW, Nozik AJ, Johnson JC, Singh R, Klimov VI, Galli G, Beard MC. Enhanced Multiple Exciton Generation in PbS|CdS Janus-like Heterostructured Nanocrystals. ACS NANO 2018; 12:10084-10094. [PMID: 30216045 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b04850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Generating multiple excitons by a single high-energy photon is a promising third-generation solar energy conversion strategy. We demonstrate that multiple exciton generation (MEG) in PbS|CdS Janus-like heteronanostructures is enhanced over that of single-component and core/shell nanocrystal architectures, with an onset close to two times the PbS band gap. We attribute the enhanced MEG to the asymmetric nature of the heteronanostructure that results in an increase in the effective Coulomb interaction that drives MEG and a reduction of the competing hot exciton cooling rate. Slowed cooling occurs through effective trapping of hot-holes by a manifold of valence band interfacial states having both PbS and CdS character, as evidenced by photoluminescence studies and ab initio calculations. Using transient photocurrent spectroscopy, we find that the MEG characteristics of the individual nanostructures are maintained in conductive arrays and demonstrate that these quasi-spherical PbS|CdS nanocrystals can be incorporated as the main absorber layer in functional solid-state solar cell architectures. Finally, based upon our analysis, we provide design rules for the next generation of engineered nanocrystals to further improve the MEG characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Kroupa
- Chemistry & Nanoscience Center , National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Gregory F Pach
- Chemistry & Nanoscience Center , National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | - Márton Vörös
- Materials Science Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
- Institute for Molecular Engineering , University of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
| | - Federico Giberti
- Institute for Molecular Engineering , University of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
| | - Boris D Chernomordik
- Chemistry & Nanoscience Center , National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | - Ryan W Crisp
- Chemistry & Nanoscience Center , National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
- Department of Physics , Colorado School of Mines , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | - Arthur J Nozik
- Chemistry & Nanoscience Center , National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Justin C Johnson
- Chemistry & Nanoscience Center , National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | - Rohan Singh
- Chemistry Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Victor I Klimov
- Chemistry Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Giulia Galli
- Materials Science Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
- Institute for Molecular Engineering , University of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , University of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
| | - Matthew C Beard
- Chemistry & Nanoscience Center , National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
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11
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Abstract
From a niche field over 30 years ago, quantum dots (QDs) have developed into viable materials for many commercial optoelectronic devices. We discuss the advancements in Pb-based QD solar cells (QDSCs) from a viewpoint of the pathways an excited state can take when relaxing back to the ground state. Systematically understanding the fundamental processes occurring in QDs has led to improvements in solar cell efficiency from ~3% to over 13% in 8 years. We compile data from ~200 articles reporting functioning QDSCs to give an overview of the current limitations in the technology. We find that the open circuit voltage limits the device efficiency and propose some strategies for overcoming this limitation.
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12
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Crisp RW, Grimaldi G, De Trizio L, Evers WH, Kirkwood N, Kinge S, Manna L, Siebbeles LDA, Houtepen AJ. Selective antimony reduction initiating the nucleation and growth of InSb quantum dots. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:11110-11116. [PMID: 29872813 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02381f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Indium antimonide (InSb) quantum dots (QDs) have unique and interesting photophysical properties, but widespread experimentation with InSb QDs is lacking due to the difficulty in synthesizing this material. The key experimental challenge in fabricating InSb QDs is preparing a suitable Sb-precursor in the correct oxidation state that reacts with the In-precursor in a controllable manner. Here, we review and discuss the synthetic strategies for making colloidal InSb QDs and present a new reaction scheme yielding small (∼1 nm diameter) InSb QDs. This was accomplished by employing Sb(NMe2)3 as the antimony precursor and by screening different reducing agents that can selectively reduce it to stibine in situ. The released SbH3, subsequently, reacts with In carboxylate to form small InSb clusters. The absorption features are moderately tunable (from 400 nm to 660 nm) by the amount and rate of reductant addition as well as the temperature of injection and subsequent annealing. Optical properties were probed with transient absorption spectroscopy and show complex time and spectral dependencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Crisp
- Optoelectronic Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
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