1
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Ding B, Ding Y, Peng J, Romano-deGea J, Frederiksen LEK, Kanda H, Syzgantseva OA, Syzgantseva MA, Audinot JN, Bour J, Zhang S, Wirtz T, Fei Z, Dörflinger P, Shibayama N, Niu Y, Hu S, Zhang S, Tirani FF, Liu Y, Yang GJ, Brooks K, Hu L, Kinge S, Dyakonov V, Zhang X, Dai S, Dyson PJ, Nazeeruddin MK. Dopant-additive synergism enhances perovskite solar modules. Nature 2024; 628:299-305. [PMID: 38438066 PMCID: PMC11006611 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07228-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are among the most promising photovoltaic technologies owing to their exceptional optoelectronic properties1,2. However, the lower efficiency, poor stability and reproducibility issues of large-area PSCs compared with laboratory-scale PSCs are notable drawbacks that hinder their commercialization3. Here we report a synergistic dopant-additive combination strategy using methylammonium chloride (MACl) as the dopant and a Lewis-basic ionic-liquid additive, 1,3-bis(cyanomethyl)imidazolium chloride ([Bcmim]Cl). This strategy effectively inhibits the degradation of the perovskite precursor solution (PPS), suppresses the aggregation of MACl and results in phase-homogeneous and stable perovskite films with high crystallinity and fewer defects. This approach enabled the fabrication of perovskite solar modules (PSMs) that achieved a certified efficiency of 23.30% and ultimately stabilized at 22.97% over a 27.22-cm2 aperture area, marking the highest certified PSM performance. Furthermore, the PSMs showed long-term operational stability, maintaining 94.66% of the initial efficiency after 1,000 h under continuous one-sun illumination at room temperature. The interaction between [Bcmim]Cl and MACl was extensively studied to unravel the mechanism leading to an enhancement of device properties. Our approach holds substantial promise for bridging the benchtop-to-rooftop gap and advancing the production and commercialization of large-area perovskite photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ding
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yong Ding
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Peng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jan Romano-deGea
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lindsey E K Frederiksen
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hiroyuki Kanda
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olga A Syzgantseva
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Jean-Nicolas Audinot
- Advanced Instrumentation for Nano-Analytics (AINA), Materials Research and Technology (MRT) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jerome Bour
- Advanced Instrumentation for Nano-Analytics (AINA), Materials Research and Technology (MRT) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Tom Wirtz
- Advanced Instrumentation for Nano-Analytics (AINA), Materials Research and Technology (MRT) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Zhaofu Fei
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Patrick Dörflinger
- Institute of Physics, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Naoyuki Shibayama
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Toin University of Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yunjuan Niu
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, CAS, Institute of Solid-State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Sixia Hu
- Materials Characterization and Preparation Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Shunlin Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei Tirani
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Guan-Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Keith Brooks
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Linhua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, CAS, Institute of Solid-State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Materials Engineering Division, Toyota Technical Centre, Toyota Motor Europe, Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Vladimir Dyakonov
- Institute of Physics, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Songyuan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Paul J Dyson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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2
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Weerdenburg S, Singh N, van der Laan M, Kinge S, Schall P, Siebbeles LDA. New Theoretical Model to Describe Carrier Multiplication in Semiconductors: Explanation of Disparate Efficiency in MoTe 2 versus PbS and PbSe. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2024; 128:3693-3702. [PMID: 38476826 PMCID: PMC10926152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
We present a theoretical model to compute the efficiency of the generation of two or more electron-hole pairs in a semiconductor by the absorption of one photon via the process of carrier multiplication (CM). The photogeneration quantum yield of electron-hole pairs is calculated from the number of possible CM decay pathways of the electron and the hole. We apply our model to investigate the underlying cause of the high efficiency of CM in bulk 2H-MoTe2, as compared to bulk PbS and PbSe. Electronic band structures were calculated with density functional theory, from which the number of possible CM decay pathways was calculated for all initial electron and hole states that can be produced at a given photon energy. The variation of the number of CM pathways with photon energy reflects the dependence of experimental CM quantum yields on the photon energy and material composition. We quantitatively reproduce experimental CM quantum yields for MoTe2, PbS, and PbSe from the calculated number of CM pathways and one adjustable fit parameter. This parameter is related to the ratio of Coulomb coupling matrix elements and the cooling rate of the electrons and holes. Large variations of this fit parameter result in small changes in the modeled quantum yield for MoTe2, which confirms that its high CM efficiency can be mainly attributed to its extraordinary large number of CM pathways. The methodology of this work can be applied to analyze or predict the CM efficiency of other materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Weerdenburg
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Delft University
of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Nisha Singh
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Delft University
of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Marco van der Laan
- Institute
of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Materials
Research & Development, Toyota Motor
Europe, Zaventem B1930, Belgium
| | - Peter Schall
- Institute
of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Laurens D. A. Siebbeles
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Delft University
of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
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3
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Patil Kunturu P, Lavorenti M, Bera S, Johnson H, Kinge S, van de Sanden MCM, Tsampas MN. Scaling up BiVO 4 Photoanodes on Porous Ti Transport Layers for Solar Hydrogen Production. ChemSusChem 2024; 17:e202300969. [PMID: 37792861 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Commercialization of photoelectrochemical (PEC) water-splitting devices requires the development of large-area, low-cost photoanodes with high efficiency and photostability. Herein, we address these challenges by using scalable fabrication techniques and porous transport layer (PTLs) electrode supports. We demonstrate the deposition of W-doped BiVO4 on Ti PTLs using successive-ionic-layer-adsorption-and-reaction methods followed by boron treatment and chemical bath deposition of NiFeOOH co-catalyst. The use of PTLs that facilitate efficient mass and charge transfer allowed the scaling of the photoanodes (100 cm2 ) while maintaining ~90 % of the performance obtained with 1 cm2 photoanodes for oxygen evolution reaction, that is, 2.10 mA cm-2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE. This is the highest reported performance to date. Integration with a polycrystalline Si PV cell leads to bias-free water splitting with a stable photocurrent of 208 mA for 6 h and 2.2 % solar-to-hydrogen efficiency. Our findings highlight the importance of photoelectrode design towards scalable PEC device development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Patil Kunturu
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER), 5612AJ, Eindhoven (The, Netherlands
| | - Marek Lavorenti
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER), 5612AJ, Eindhoven (The, Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB (The, Netherlands
| | - Susanta Bera
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER), 5612AJ, Eindhoven (The, Netherlands
| | - Hannah Johnson
- Toyota Motor Europe NV/SA, Hoge Wei 33, 1930, Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Toyota Motor Europe NV/SA, Hoge Wei 33, 1930, Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Mauritius C M van de Sanden
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER), 5612AJ, Eindhoven (The, Netherlands
- Eindhoven Institute for Renewable Energy Systems (EIRES), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven (The, Netherlands
| | - Mihalis N Tsampas
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER), 5612AJ, Eindhoven (The, Netherlands
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4
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van der Laan M, Heemskerk E, Kienhuis F, Diepeveen N, Poonia D, Kinge S, Dang MT, Dinh VA, Siebbeles LDA, Isaeva A, van de Groep J, Schall P. Stacking-Order-Dependent Excitonic Properties Reveal Interlayer Interactions in Bulk ReS 2. ACS Photonics 2023; 10:3115-3123. [PMID: 37743944 PMCID: PMC10515696 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Rhenium disulfide, a member of the transition metal dichalcogenide family of semiconducting materials, is unique among 2D van der Waals materials due to its anisotropy and, albeit weak, interlayer interactions, confining excitons within single atomic layers and leading to monolayer-like excitonic properties even in bulk crystals. While recent work has established the existence of two stacking modes in bulk, AA and AB, the influence of the different interlayer coupling on the excitonic properties has been poorly explored. Here, we use polarization-dependent optical measurements to elucidate the nature of excitons in AA and AB-stacked rhenium disulfide to obtain insight into the effect of interlayer interactions. We combine polarization-dependent Raman with low-temperature photoluminescence and reflection spectroscopy to show that, while the similar polarization dependence of both stacking orders indicates similar excitonic alignments within the crystal planes, differences in peak width, position, and degree of anisotropy reveal a different degree of interlayer coupling. DFT calculations confirm the very similar band structure of the two stacking orders while revealing a change of the spin-split states at the top of the valence band to possibly underlie their different exciton binding energies. These results suggest that the excitonic properties are largely determined by in-plane interactions, however, strongly modified by the interlayer coupling. These modifications are stronger than those in other 2D semiconductors, making ReS2 an excellent platform for investigating stacking as a tuning parameter for 2D materials. Furthermore, the optical anisotropy makes this material an interesting candidate for polarization-sensitive applications such as photodetectors and polarimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco van der Laan
- Van
der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Heemskerk
- Van
der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Floris Kienhuis
- Van
der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nella Diepeveen
- Van
der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Deepika Poonia
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
- Materials
Research & Development, Toyota Motor
Europe, B1930 Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Minh Triet Dang
- School
of Education, Can Tho University, 3-2 Road, Can Tho City 900000, Vietnam
| | - Van An Dinh
- Department
of Precision Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Laurens D. A. Siebbeles
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Isaeva
- Van
der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Leibniz
IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstr.
20, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jorik van de Groep
- Van
der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Schall
- Van
der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Liu X, Ding B, Han M, Yang Z, Chen J, Shi P, Xue X, Ghadari R, Zhang X, Wang R, Brooks K, Tao L, Kinge S, Dai S, Sheng J, Dyson P, Nazeeruddin MKK, Ding Y. Extending the π-Conjugated System in Spiro-Type Hole Transport Material Enhances the Efficiency and Stability of Perovskite Solar Modules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202304350. [PMID: 37184396 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Hole transport materials (HTMs) are a key component of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The small molecular 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl)-amine-9,9'-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD, termed "Spiro") is the most successful HTM used in PSCs, but its versatility is imperfect. To improve its performance, we developed a novel spiro-type HTM (termed "DP") by substituting four anisole units on Spiro with 4-methoxybiphenyl moieties. By extending the π-conjugation of Spiro in this way, the HOMO level of the HTM matches well with the perovskite valence band, enhancing hole mobility and increasing the glass transition temperature. DP-based PSC achieves high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 25.24% for small-area (0.06 cm2) devices and 21.86% for modules (designated area of 27.56 cm2), along with the certified efficiency of 21.78% on a designated area of 27.86 cm2. The encapsulated DP-based devices maintain 95.1% of the initial performance under ISOS-L-1 conditions after 2,560 hours and 87% at the ISOS-L-3 conditions over 600 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuepeng Liu
- North China Electric Power University, North China Electric Power University, 102206 Beijing, P. R. China, CHINA
| | - Bin Ding
- EPFL: Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, ISIC, SWITZERLAND
| | - Mingyuan Han
- Northeast Electric Power University, North China Electric Power University, 102206 Beijing, P. R. China, CHINA
| | - Zhenhai Yang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering CAS: Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, 4Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 315201 Ningbo, China., CHINA
| | - Jianlin Chen
- North China Electric Power University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Novel Thin-Film Solar Cells, School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, 102206 Beijing, P. R. China., CHINA
| | - Pengju Shi
- Yunqi Campus: Westlake University, Westlake University, 310024 Hangzhou, China., CHINA
| | - Xiangying Xue
- Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 315201 Ningbo, China, CHINA
| | - Rahim Ghadari
- University of Tabriz, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, 5166616471 Iran., IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
| | - Xianfu Zhang
- North China Electric Power University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Novel Thin-Film Solar Cells, School of New Energy, CHINA
| | - Rui Wang
- Westlake University, School of Engineering, Westlake University, 310024 Hangzhou, China, CHINA
| | - Keith Brooks
- EPFL: Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, ISIC, SWITZERLAND
| | - Li Tao
- Hubei University, School of Microelectronic & Faculty of Physics and Electronic Science, Hubei University, 430062 Wuhan, China., CHINA
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Toyota Motor Europe NV/SA, Toyota Motor Technical Centre, Advanced Technology Div.; Hoge Wei 33, B-1930 Zaventum, Belgium., BELGIUM
| | - Songyuan Dai
- North China Electric Power University - Beijing Campus: North China Electric Power University, North China Electric Power University, 102206 Beijing, P. R. China, CHINA
| | - Jiang Sheng
- Ningbo University, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 315201 Ningbo, China, CHINA
| | - Paul Dyson
- EPFL: Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, SWITZERLAND
| | | | - Yong Ding
- EPFL: Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, ISIC, SWITZERLAND
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6
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Roy A, Ding B, Khalid M, Alzahrani M, Ding Y, Tahir AA, Sundaram S, Kinge S, Asiri AM, Slonopas A, Dyson PJ, Nazeeruddin MK, Mallick TK. Certified high-efficiency "large-area" perovskite solar module for Fresnel lens-based concentrated photovoltaics. iScience 2023; 26:106079. [PMID: 36843846 PMCID: PMC9950384 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The future of energy generation is well in tune with the critical needs of the global economy, leading to more green innovations and emissions-abatement technologies. Introducing concentrated photovoltaics (CPVs) is one of the most promising technologies owing to its high photo-conversion efficiency. Although most researchers use silicon and cadmium telluride for CPV, we investigate the potential in nascent technologies, such as perovskite solar cell (PSC). This work constitutes a preliminary investigation into a "large-area" PSC module under a Fresnel lens (FL) with a "refractive optical concentrator-silicon-on-glass" base to minimize the PV performance and scalability trade-off concerning the PSCs. The FL-PSC system measured the solar current-voltage characteristics in variable lens-to-cell distances and illuminations. The PSC module temperature was systematically studied using the COMSOL transient heat transfer mechanism. The FL-based technique for "large-area" PSC architectures is a promising technology that further facilitates the potential for commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Roy
- Solar Energy Resaerch Group, Environment and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
- Corresponding author
| | - Bin Ding
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Valais Wallis, 1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Maria Khalid
- Solar Energy Resaerch Group, Environment and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Mussad Alzahrani
- Mechanical and Energy Engineering Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yong Ding
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Valais Wallis, 1951 Sion, Switzerland
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, People’s Republic of China
| | - Asif A. Tahir
- Solar Energy Resaerch Group, Environment and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Senthilarasu Sundaram
- Cybersecurity and Systems Engineering, School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Merchiston Campus, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Toyota Motor Europe, Materials Engineering Division, Hoge Wei 33, Zaventem 1820, Belgium
| | - Abdullah M. Asiri
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andre Slonopas
- Johns Hopkins University, Whiting School of Engineering, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Paul J. Dyson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Valais Wallis, 1951 Sion, Switzerland
- Corresponding author
| | - Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Valais Wallis, 1951 Sion, Switzerland
- Corresponding author
| | - Tapas K. Mallick
- Solar Energy Resaerch Group, Environment and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
- Corresponding author
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7
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Tang Y, Poonia D, van der Laan M, Timmerman D, Kinge S, Siebbeles LDA, Schall P. Electronic Coupling of Highly Ordered Perovskite Nanocrystals in Supercrystals. ACS Appl Energy Mater 2022; 5:5415-5422. [PMID: 35647492 PMCID: PMC9131308 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.1c03276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Assembled perovskite nanocrystals (NCs), known as supercrystals (SCs), can have many exotic optical and electronic properties different from the individual NCs due to energy transfer and electronic coupling in the dense superstructures. We investigate the optical properties and ultrafast carrier dynamics of highly ordered SCs and the dispersed NCs by absorption, photoluminescence (PL), and femtosecond transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy to determine the influence of the assembly on the excitonic properties. Next to a red shift of absorption and PL peak with respect to the individual NCs, we identify signatures of the collective band-like states in the SCs. A smaller Stokes shift, decreased biexciton binding energy, and increased carrier cooling rates support the formation of delocalized states as a result of the coupling between the individual NC states. These results open perspectives for assembled perovskite NCs for application in optoelectronic devices, with design opportunities exceeding the level of NCs and bulk materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Tang
- Institute
of Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Deepika Poonia
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Marco van der Laan
- Institute
of Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dolf Timmerman
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Materials
Research & Development, Toyota Motor
Europe, B1930 Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Laurens D. A. Siebbeles
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Schall
- Institute
of Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Liu X, Zhang Y, Chen M, Xiao C, Brooks KG, Xia J, Gao XX, Kanda H, Kinge S, Asiri AM, Luther JM, Feng Y, Dyson PJ, Nazeeruddin MK. Area-Scalable Zn 2SnO 4 Electron Transport Layer for Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Modules. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:23297-23306. [PMID: 35535996 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of a scalable chemical bath deposition (CBD) process facilitates the realization of electron-transporting layers (ETLs) for large-area perovskite solar modules (PSMs). Herein, a method to prepare a uniform and scalable thick Zn2SnO4 ETL by CBD, which yielded high-performance PSMs, is reported. This Zn2SnO4 ETL exhibits excellent electrical properties and enhanced optical transmittance in the visible region. Moreover, the Zn2SnO4 ETL influences the perovskite layer formation, yielding enhanced crystallinity, increased grain size, and a smoother surface, thus facilitating electron extraction and collection from the perovskite to the ETL. Zn2SnO4 thereby yields PSMs with a remarkable photovoltaic performance, low hysteresis index, and high device reproducibility. The champion PSM exhibited a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.59%, being among the highest values published so far. In addition, the CBD Zn2SnO4-based PSMs exhibit high stability, retaining more than 88% of initial efficiency over 1000 h under continuous illumination. This demonstrates that CBD Zn2SnO4 is an appropriate ETL for high-efficiency PSMs and a viable new process for their industrialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Liu
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais Wallis), CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais Wallis), CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Min Chen
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Chuanxiao Xiao
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province 315201, China
- Ningbo New Material Testing and Evaluation Center CO., Ltd, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province 315201, China
| | - Keith Gregory Brooks
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais Wallis), CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Jianxing Xia
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais Wallis), CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Xiao-Xin Gao
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais Wallis), CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Hiroyuki Kanda
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais Wallis), CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Motor Technical Centre, Advanced Technology Div., Hoge Wei 33, B-1930 Zaventum, Belgium
| | - Abdullah M Asiri
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joseph M Luther
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Yaqing Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Paul J Dyson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais Wallis), CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais Wallis), CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
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9
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Wells RA, Zhang M, Chen TH, Boureau V, Caretti M, Liu Y, Yum JH, Johnson H, Kinge S, Radenovic A, Sivula K. High Performance Semiconducting Nanosheets via a Scalable Powder-Based Electrochemical Exfoliation Technique. ACS Nano 2022; 16:5719-5730. [PMID: 35290010 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The liquid-phase exfoliation of semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) powders into 2D nanosheets represents a promising route toward the scalable production of ultrathin high-performance optoelectronic devices. However, the harsh conditions required negatively affect the semiconducting properties, leading to poor device performance. Herein we demonstrate a gentle exfoliation method employing standard bulk MoS2 powder (pressed into pellets) together with the electrochemical intercalation of a quaternary alkyl ammonium. The resulting nanosheets are produced in high yield (32%) and consist primarily of mono-, bi-, triatomic layers with large lateral dimensions (>1 μm), while retaining the semiconducting polymorph. Exceptional optoelectronic performance of nanosheet thin-films is observed, such as enhanced photoluminescence, charge carrier mobility (up to 0.2 cm2 V-1 s-1 in a multisheet device), and photon-to-current efficiency while maintaining high transparency (>80%). Specifically, as a photoanode for iodide oxidation, an internal quantum efficiency up to 90% (at +0.3 V vs Pt) is achieved (compared to only 12% for MoS2 nanosheets produced via ultrasonication). Further using a combination of fluorescence microscopy and high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), we show that our gently exfoliated nanosheets possess a defect density (2.33 × 1013 cm-2) comparable to monolayer MoS2 prepared by vacuum-based techniques and at least three times less than ultrasonicated MoS2 nanoflakes. Finally, we expand this method toward other TMDs (WS2, WSe2) to demonstrate its versatility toward high-performance and fully scalable van der Waals heterojunction devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah A Wells
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials (LIMNO), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Miao Zhang
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology (LBEN), Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tzu-Heng Chen
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology (LBEN), Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Victor Boureau
- Interdisciplinary Center for Electron Microscopy (CIME), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Marina Caretti
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials (LIMNO), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yongpeng Liu
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials (LIMNO), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jun-Ho Yum
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials (LIMNO), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hannah Johnson
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials (LIMNO), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Advanced Materials Research, Toyota Motor Europe, B-1930 Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Advanced Materials Research, Toyota Motor Europe, B-1930 Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Aleksandra Radenovic
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology (LBEN), Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Sivula
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials (LIMNO), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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Poonia D, Singh N, Schulpen JJPM, van der Laan M, Maiti S, Failla M, Kinge S, Bol AA, Schall P, Siebbeles LDA. Effects of the Structure and Temperature on the Nature of Excitons in the Mo 0.6W 0.4S 2 Alloy. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2022; 126:1931-1938. [PMID: 35145573 PMCID: PMC8819651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c09806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We studied the nature of excitons in the transition metal dichalcogenide alloy Mo0.6W0.4S2 compared to pure MoS2 and WS2 grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD). For this, optical absorption/transmission spectroscopy and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) were used. The effects of temperature on A and B exciton peak energies and line widths in optical transmission spectra were compared between the alloy and pure MoS2 and WS2. On increasing the temperature from 25 to 293 K, the energy of the A and B exciton peaks decreases, while their line width increases due to exciton-phonon interactions. The exciton-phonon interactions in the alloy are closer to those for MoS2 than those for WS2. This suggests that exciton wave functions in the alloy have a larger amplitude on Mo atoms than that on W atoms. The experimental absorption spectra could be reproduced by TDDFT calculations. Interestingly, for the alloy, the Mo and W atoms had to be distributed over all layers. Conversely, we could not reproduce the experimental alloy spectrum by calculations on a structure with alternating layers, in which every other layer contains only Mo atoms and the layers in between also contain W atoms. For the latter atomic arrangement, the TDDFT calculations yielded an additional optical absorption peak that could be due to excitons with some charge transfer character. From these results, we conclude that ALD yields an alloy in which Mo and W atoms are distributed uniformly among all layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Poonia
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Nisha Singh
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jeff J. P. M. Schulpen
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marco van der Laan
- Institute
of Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sourav Maiti
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Michele Failla
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Materials
Research & Development, Toyota Motor
Europe, B1930 Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Ageeth A. Bol
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Schall
- Institute
of Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laurens D. A. Siebbeles
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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11
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van der Laan M, de Weerd C, Poirier L, van de Water O, Poonia D, Gomez L, Kinge S, Siebbeles LDA, Koenderink AF, Gregorkiewicz T, Schall P. Photon Recycling in CsPbBr 3 All-Inorganic Perovskite Nanocrystals. ACS Photonics 2021; 8:3201-3208. [PMID: 34820474 PMCID: PMC8603385 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Photon recycling, the iterative process of re-absorption and re-emission of photons in an absorbing medium, can play an important role in the power-conversion efficiency of photovoltaic cells. To date, several studies have proposed that this process may occur in bulk or thin films of inorganic lead-halide perovskites, but conclusive proof of the occurrence and magnitude of this effect is missing. Here, we provide clear evidence and quantitative estimation of photon recycling in CsPbBr3 nanocrystal suspensions by combining measurements of steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) and PL quantum yield with simulations of photon diffusion through the suspension. The steady-state PL shows clear spectral modifications including red shifts and quantum yield decrease, while the time-resolved measurements show prolonged PL decay and rise times. These effects grow as the nanocrystal concentration and distance traveled through the suspension increase. Monte Carlo simulations of photons diffusing through the medium and exhibiting absorption and re-emission account quantitatively for the observed trends and show that up to five re-emission cycles are involved. We thus identify 4 quantifiable measures, PL red shift, PL QY, PL decay time, and PL rise time that together all point toward repeated, energy-directed radiative transfer between nanocrystals. These results highlight the importance of photon recycling for both optical properties and photovoltaic applications of inorganic perovskite nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco van der Laan
- Institute
of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris de Weerd
- Institute
of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas Poirier
- Institute
of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar van de Water
- Institute
of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Deepika Poonia
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Leyre Gomez
- Institute
of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CSIC, BIST, and CIBERBBN, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
- Materials
Research & Development, Toyota Motor
Europe, B1930 Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Laurens D. A. Siebbeles
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - A. Femius Koenderink
- Institute
of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Gregorkiewicz
- Institute
of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Schall
- Institute
of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Klipfel N, Kanda H, Sutanto AA, Mensi M, Igci C, Leifer K, Brooks K, Kinge S, Roldán-Carmona C, Momblona C, Dyson PJ, Nazeeruddin MK. Mechanistic Insights into the Role of the Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide Ion in Coevaporated p-i-n Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:52450-52460. [PMID: 34704729 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid lead halide perovskites have reached comparable efficiencies to state-of-the-art silicon solar cell technologies. However, a remaining key challenge toward commercialization is the resolution of the perovskite device instability. In this work, we identify for the first time the mobile nature of bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI-), a typical anion extensively employed in p-type dopants for 2,2'7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9'spirofluorene (spiro-OMeTAD). We demonstrate that TFSI- can migrate through the perovskite layer via the grain boundaries and accumulate at the perovskite/electron-transporting layer (ETL) interface. Our findings reveal that the migration of TFSI- enhances the device performance and stability, resulting in highly stable p-i-n cells that retain 90% of their initial performance after 1600 h of continuous testing. Our systematic study, which targeted the effect of the nature of the dopant and its concentration, also shows that TFSI- acts as a dynamic defect-healing agent, which self-passivates the perovskite crystal defects during the migration process and thereby decreases nonradiative recombination pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Klipfel
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais Wallis), Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Hiroyuki Kanda
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais Wallis), Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Albertus Adrian Sutanto
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais Wallis), Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Mounir Mensi
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais Wallis), Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Cansu Igci
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais Wallis), Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Leifer
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais Wallis), Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Box 534, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Keith Brooks
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais Wallis), Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Motor Technical Centre, Advanced Technology Division, Hoge Wei 33, B-1930 Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Cristina Roldán-Carmona
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais Wallis), Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Momblona
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais Wallis), Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Paul J Dyson
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais Wallis), Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais Wallis), Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
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13
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Joseph V, Sutanto AA, Igci C, Syzgantseva OA, Jankauskas V, Rakstys K, Queloz VIE, Kanda H, Huang PY, Ni JS, Kinge S, Chen MC, Nazeeruddin MK. Stable Perovskite Solar Cells Using Molecularly Engineered Functionalized Oligothiophenes as Low-Cost Hole-Transporting Materials. Small 2021; 17:e2100783. [PMID: 34105238 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Triarylamine-substituted bithiophene (BT-4D), terthiophene (TT-4D), and quarterthiophene (QT-4D) small molecules are synthesized and used as low-cost hole-transporting materials (HTMs) for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The optoelectronic, electrochemical, and thermal properties of the compounds are investigated systematically. The BT-4D, TT-4D, and QT-4D compounds exhibit thermal decomposition temperature over 400 °C. The n-i-p configured perovskite solar cells (PSCs) fabricated with BT-4D as HTM show the maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.34% owing to its better hole-extracting properties and film formation compared to TT-4D and QT-4D, which exhibit PCE of 17% and 16%, respectively. Importantly, PSCs using BT-4D demonstrate exceptional stability by retaining 98% of its initial PCE after 1186 h of continuous 1 sun illumination. The remarkable long-term stability and facile synthetic procedure of BT-4D show a great promise for efficient, stable, and low-cost HTMs for PSCs for commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vellaichamy Joseph
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center of New Generation Light Driven Photovoltaic Module, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Albertus Adrian Sutanto
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Sion, CH-1951, Switzerland
| | - Cansu Igci
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Sion, CH-1951, Switzerland
| | - Olga A Syzgantseva
- Laboratory of Quantum Photodynamics, Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Vygintas Jankauskas
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 3, Vilnius, 10257, Lithuania
| | - Kasparas Rakstys
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, 50254, Lithuania
| | - Valentin I E Queloz
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Sion, CH-1951, Switzerland
| | - Hiroyuki Kanda
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Sion, CH-1951, Switzerland
| | - Ping-Yu Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center of New Generation Light Driven Photovoltaic Module, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Shyang Ni
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Photo-Sensitive Material Advanced Research and Technology Center (Photo-SMART), National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 80778, Taiwan
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Motor Technical Centre, Advanced Technology Division, Hoge Wei 33, Zaventem, B-1930, Belgium
| | - Ming-Chou Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center of New Generation Light Driven Photovoltaic Module, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Sion, CH-1951, Switzerland
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14
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Maiti S, Poonia D, Schiettecatte P, Hens Z, Geiregat P, Kinge S, Siebbeles LD. Generating Triplets in Organic Semiconductor Tetracene upon Photoexcitation of Transition Metal Dichalcogenide ReS 2. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:5256-5260. [PMID: 34048249 PMCID: PMC8201445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We studied the dynamics of transfer of photoexcited electronic states in a bilayer of the two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide ReS2 and tetracene, with the aim to produce triplets in the latter. This material combination was used as the band gap of ReS2 (1.5 eV) is slightly larger than the triplet energy of tetracene (1.25 eV). Using time-resolved optical absorption spectroscopy, transfer of photoexcited states from ReS2 to triplet states in tetracene was found to occur within 5 ps with an efficiency near 38%. This result opens up new possibilities for heterostructure design of two-dimensional materials with suitable organics to produce long-lived triplets. Triplets are of interest as sensitizers in a wide variety of applications including optoelectronics, photovoltaics, photocatalysis, and photon upconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Maiti
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Deepika Poonia
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Schiettecatte
- Physics
and Chemistry of Nanostructures, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center
for Nano and Biophotonics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Zeger Hens
- Physics
and Chemistry of Nanostructures, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center
for Nano and Biophotonics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Geiregat
- Physics
and Chemistry of Nanostructures, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center
for Nano and Biophotonics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
- Toyota
Motor Europe, Materials Research & Development, Hoge Wei 33, B-1913 Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Laurens D.A. Siebbeles
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
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15
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Morozan A, Johnson H, Roiron C, Genay G, Aldakov D, Ghedjatti A, Nguyen CT, Tran PD, Kinge S, Artero V. Nonprecious Bimetallic Iron–Molybdenum Sulfide Electrocatalysts for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adina Morozan
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA/IRIG, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Hannah Johnson
- Advanced Technology, Toyota Motor Europe, Hoge Wei 33, Zaventem 1930, Belgium
| | - Camille Roiron
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA/IRIG, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Ghislain Genay
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA/IRIG, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Dmitry Aldakov
- SyMMES, STEP, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA/IRIG, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Ahmed Ghedjatti
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA/IRIG, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Chuc T. Nguyen
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Phong D. Tran
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Advanced Technology, Toyota Motor Europe, Hoge Wei 33, Zaventem 1930, Belgium
| | - Vincent Artero
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA/IRIG, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
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16
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Daiber B, Maiti S, Ferro SM, Bodin J, van den Boom AFJ, Luxembourg SL, Kinge S, Pujari SP, Zuilhof H, Siebbeles LDA, Ehrler B. Change in Tetracene Polymorphism Facilitates Triplet Transfer in Singlet Fission-Sensitized Silicon Solar Cells. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:8703-8709. [PMID: 32959663 PMCID: PMC7569671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Singlet fission in tetracene generates two triplet excitons per absorbed photon. If these triplet excitons can be effectively transferred into silicon (Si), then additional photocurrent can be generated from photons above the bandgap of Si. This could alleviate the thermalization loss and increase the efficiency of conventional Si solar cells. Here, we show that a change in the polymorphism of tetracene deposited on Si due to air exposure facilitates triplet transfer from tetracene into Si. Magnetic field-dependent photocurrent measurements confirm that triplet excitons contribute to the photocurrent. The decay of tetracene delayed photoluminescence was used to determine a transfer efficiency of ∼36% into Si. Our study suggests that control over the morphology of tetracene during the deposition will be of great importance to boost the triplet transfer yield further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Daiber
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sourav Maiti
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia M. Ferro
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Bodin
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alyssa F. J. van den Boom
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan L. Luxembourg
- TNO
Energy Transition − Solar Energy, Westerduinweg 3, 1755 LE Petten, The Netherlands
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Toyota
Motor Europe, Materials Research & Development, Hoge Wei 33, B-1913, Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Sidharam P. Pujari
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- School
of
Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin
University, 92 Weijin
Road, Tianjin, China
| | - Laurens D. A. Siebbeles
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Ehrler
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Xia R, Gao XX, Zhang Y, Drigo N, Queloz VIE, Tirani FF, Scopelliti R, Huang Z, Fang X, Kinge S, Fei Z, Roldán-Carmona C, Nazeeruddin MK, Dyson PJ. An Efficient Approach to Fabricate Air-Stable Perovskite Solar Cells via Addition of a Self-Polymerizing Ionic Liquid. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2003801. [PMID: 32856374 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite the excellent photovoltaic properties achieved by perovskite solar cells at the laboratory scale, hybrid perovskites decompose in the presence of air, especially at high temperatures and in humid environments. Consequently, high-efficiency perovskites are usually prepared in dry/inert environments, which are expensive and less convenient for scale-up purposes. Here, a new approach based on the inclusion of an in situ polymerizable ionic liquid, 1,3-bis(4-vinylbenzyl)imidazolium chloride ([bvbim]Cl), is presented, which allows perovskite films to be manufactured under humid environments, additionally leading to a material with improved quality and long-term stability. The approach, which is transferrable to several perovskite formulations, allows efficiencies as high as 17% for MAPbI3 processed in air % relative humidity (RH) ≥30 (from an initial 15%), and 19.92% for FAMAPbI3 fabricated in %RH ≥50 (from an initial 17%), providing one of the best performances to date under similar conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xia
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Materials, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Gao
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nikita Drigo
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valentin I E Queloz
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei Tirani
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zhangjun Huang
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xiaodong Fang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Materials, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Motor Technical Centre, Advanced Technology Div., Hoge Wei 33, B-1930, Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Zhaofu Fei
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Roldán-Carmona
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul J Dyson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Maiti S, Ferro S, Poonia D, Ehrler B, Kinge S, Siebbeles LDA. Efficient Carrier Multiplication in Low Band Gap Mixed Sn/Pb Halide Perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:6146-6149. [PMID: 32672041 PMCID: PMC7416307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Carrier multiplication (CM) generates multiple electron-hole pairs in a semiconductor from a single absorbed photon with energy exceeding twice the band gap. Thus, CM provides a promising way to circumvent the Shockley-Queisser limit of solar cells. The ideal material for CM should have significant overlap with the solar spectrum and should be able to fully utilize the excess energy above the band gap for additional charge carrier generation. We report efficient CM in mixed Sn/Pb halide perovskites (band gap of 1.28 eV) with onset just above twice the band gap. The CM rate outcompetes the carrier cooling process leading to efficient CM with a quantum yield of 2 for photoexcitation at 2.8 times the band gap. Such efficient CM characteristics add to the many advantageous properties of mixed Sn/Pb metal halide perovskites for photovoltaic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Maiti
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Ferro
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Deepika Poonia
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Ehrler
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
- Materials
Research & Development, Toyota Motor
Europe, Hoge Wei 33, B-1913 Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Laurens D. A. Siebbeles
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
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19
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Huckaba AJ, Garcia‐Benito I, Kanda H, Shibayama N, Oveisi E, Kinge S, Nazeeruddin MK. Inkjet‐Printed TiO
2
/Fullerene Composite Films for Planar Perovskite Solar Cells. Helv Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.202000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aron J. Huckaba
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, EPFL Valais-Wallis Rue de l'industrie 17 CH-1951 Sion Switzerland
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Kentucky Lexington KY 40506 United States
| | - Inés Garcia‐Benito
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, EPFL Valais-Wallis Rue de l'industrie 17 CH-1951 Sion Switzerland
| | - Hiroyuki Kanda
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, EPFL Valais-Wallis Rue de l'industrie 17 CH-1951 Sion Switzerland
| | - Naoyuki Shibayama
- Department of General Systems StudiesGraduate School of Arts and SciencesThe University of Tokyo 3-8-1 Komaba Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8902 Japan
| | - Emad Oveisi
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Electron Microscopy (CIME)EPFL, CH- 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Toyota Motor CorporationToyota Motor Technical CentreAdvanced Technology Div. Hoge Wei 33, B-1930 Zaventum Belgium
| | - Mohammad K. Nazeeruddin
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, EPFL Valais-Wallis Rue de l'industrie 17 CH-1951 Sion Switzerland
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20
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Grimaldi G, van den Brom MJ, du Fossé I, Crisp RW, Kirkwood N, Gudjonsdottir S, Geuchies JJ, Kinge S, Siebbeles LDA, Houtepen AJ. Engineering the Band Alignment in QD Heterojunction Films via Ligand Exchange. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2019; 123:29599-29608. [PMID: 31867087 PMCID: PMC6913897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b09470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) allow great flexibility in the design of optoelectronic devices, thanks to their size-dependent optical and electronic properties and the possibility to fabricate thin films with solution-based processing. In particular, in QD-based heterojunctions, the band gap of both components can be controlled by varying the size of the QDs. However, control over the band alignment between the two materials is required to tune the dynamics of carrier transfer across a heterostructure. We demonstrate that ligand exchange strategies can be used to control the band alignment of PbSe and CdSe QDs in a mixed QD solid, shifting it from a type-I to a type-II alignment. The change in alignment is observed in both spectroelectrochemical and transient absorption measurements, leading to a change in the energy of the conduction band edges in the two materials and in the direction of electron transfer upon photoexcitation. Our work demonstrates the possibility to tune the band offset of QD heterostructures via control of the chemical species passivating the QD surface, allowing full control over the energetics of the heterostructure without requiring changes in the QD composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Grimaldi
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J. van den Brom
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Indy du Fossé
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ryan W. Crisp
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas Kirkwood
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Solrun Gudjonsdottir
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jaco J. Geuchies
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Toyota
Motor Europe, Materials Research & Development, Hoge Wei 33, B-1930 Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Laurens D. A. Siebbeles
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan J. Houtepen
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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21
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Lauth J, Failla M, Klein E, Klinke C, Kinge S, Siebbeles LDA. Photoexcitation of PbS nanosheets leads to highly mobile charge carriers and stable excitons. Nanoscale 2019; 11:21569-21576. [PMID: 31688863 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr07927k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processable two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors with chemically tunable thickness and associated tunable band gaps are highly promising materials for ultrathin optoelectronics. Here, the properties of free charge carriers and excitons in 2D PbS nanosheets of different thickness are investigated by means of optical pump-terahertz probe spectroscopy. By analyzing the frequency-dependent THz response, a large quantum yield of excitons is found. The scattering time of free charge carriers increases with nanosheet thickness, which is ascribed to reduced effects of surface defects and ligands in thicker nanosheets. The data discussed provide values for the DC mobility in the range 550-1000 cm2 V-1 s-1 for PbS nanosheets with thicknesses ranging from 4 to 16 nm. Results underpin the suitability of colloidal 2D PbS nanosheets for optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannika Lauth
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstr. 3A, D-30167 Hannover, Germany. and Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, NL-2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands and Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering - Innovation Across Disciplines), Hannover, Germany
| | - Michele Failla
- Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, NL-2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Eugen Klein
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, D-20146, Germany
| | - Christian Klinke
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, D-20146, Germany and Chemistry Department, Swansea University, SA2 8PP, UK and Institute of Physics, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Toyota Motor Europe, Materials Research & Development, B-1930 Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Laurens D A Siebbeles
- Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, NL-2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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22
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Zafeiropoulos G, Johnson H, Kinge S, van de Sanden MCM, Tsampas MN. Solar Hydrogen Generation from Ambient Humidity Using Functionalized Porous Photoanodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:41267-41280. [PMID: 31601096 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Solar hydrogen is a promising sustainable energy vector, and steady progress has been made in the development of photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells. Most research in this field has focused on using acidic or alkaline liquid electrolytes for ionic transfer. However, the performance is limited by (i) scattering of light and blocking of catalytic sites by gas bubbles and (ii) mass transport limitations. An attractive alternative to a liquid water feedstock is to use the water vapor present as humidity in ambient air, which has been demonstrated to mitigate the above problems and can expand the geographical range where these devices can be utilized. Here, we show how the functionalization of porous TiO2 and WO3 photoanodes with solid electrolytes-proton conducting Aquivion and Nafion ionomers-enables the capture of water from ambient air and allows subsequent PEC hydrogen production. The optimization strategy of photoanode functionalization was examined through testing the effect of ionomer loading and the ionomer composition. Optimized functionalized photoanodes operating at 60% relative humidity (RH) and Tcell = 30-70 °C were able to recover up to 90% of the performance obtained at 1.23 V versus reverse hydrogen electrode (RHE) when water is introduced in the liquid phase (i.e., conventional PEC operation). Full performance recovery is achieved at a higher applied potential. In addition, long-term experiments have shown remarkable stability at 60% RH for 64 h of cycling (8 h continuous illumination-8 h dark), demonstrating that the concept can be applicable outdoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Zafeiropoulos
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research-DIFFER , 5612AJ Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Hannah Johnson
- Toyota Motor Europe NV/SA , Hoge Wei 33 , 1930 Zaventem , Belgium
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Toyota Motor Europe NV/SA , Hoge Wei 33 , 1930 Zaventem , Belgium
| | - Mauritius C M van de Sanden
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research-DIFFER , 5612AJ Eindhoven , The Netherlands
- Department of Applied Physics , Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Mihalis N Tsampas
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research-DIFFER , 5612AJ Eindhoven , The Netherlands
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23
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Sliz R, Lejay M, Fan JZ, Choi MJ, Kinge S, Hoogland S, Fabritius T, García de Arquer FP, Sargent EH. Stable Colloidal Quantum Dot Inks Enable Inkjet-Printed High-Sensitivity Infrared Photodetectors. ACS Nano 2019; 13:11988-11995. [PMID: 31545597 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b06125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) have recently gained attention as materials for manufacturing optoelectronic devices in view of their tunable light absorption and emission properties and compatibility with low-temperature thin-film manufacture. The realization of CQD inkjet-printed infrared photodetectors has thus far been hindered by incompatibility between the chemical processes that produce state-of-the-art CQD solution-exchanged inks and the requirements of ink formulations for inkjet materials processing. To achieve inkjet-printed CQD solids with a high degree of reproducibility, as well as with the needed morphological and optoelectronic characteristics, we sought to overcome the mismatch among these processing conditions. In this study, we design CQD inks by simultaneous evaluation of requirements regarding ink colloidal stability, jetting conditions, and film morphology for different dots and solvents. The new inks remain colloidally stable, achieved through a design that suppresses the reductant properties of amines on the dots' surface. After drop ejection from the nozzle, the quantum dot material is immobilized on the substrate surface due to the rapid evaporation of the low boiling point amine-based compound. Concurrently, the high boiling point solvent allows for the formation of a thin film of high uniformity, as is required for the fabrication of high-performance IR photodetectors. We fabricate inkjet-printed photodetectors exhibiting the highest specific detectivities reported to date (above 1012 Jones across the IR) in an inkjet-printed quantum dot film. As a patternable CMOS-compatible process, the work offers routes to integrated sensing devices and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Sliz
- Department of Electrical and Computing Engineering , University of Toronto , 10 King's College Road , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3G4 , Canada
- Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Unit , University of Oulu , 90570 Oulu , Finland
| | - Marc Lejay
- Department of Electrical and Computing Engineering , University of Toronto , 10 King's College Road , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3G4 , Canada
| | - James Z Fan
- Department of Electrical and Computing Engineering , University of Toronto , 10 King's College Road , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3G4 , Canada
| | - Min-Jae Choi
- Department of Electrical and Computing Engineering , University of Toronto , 10 King's College Road , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3G4 , Canada
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Advanced Technology Div. , Hoge Wei 33 , Toyota Technical Centre, B-1930 Zaventem , Belgium
| | - Sjoerd Hoogland
- Department of Electrical and Computing Engineering , University of Toronto , 10 King's College Road , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3G4 , Canada
| | - Tapio Fabritius
- Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Unit , University of Oulu , 90570 Oulu , Finland
| | - F Pelayo García de Arquer
- Department of Electrical and Computing Engineering , University of Toronto , 10 King's College Road , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3G4 , Canada
| | - Edward H Sargent
- Department of Electrical and Computing Engineering , University of Toronto , 10 King's College Road , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3G4 , Canada
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24
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Grimaldi G, Geuchies JJ, van der Stam W, du Fossé I, Brynjarsson B, Kirkwood N, Kinge S, Siebbeles LD, Houtepen AJ. Spectroscopic Evidence for the Contribution of Holes to the Bleach of Cd-Chalcogenide Quantum Dots. Nano Lett 2019; 19:3002-3010. [PMID: 30938530 PMCID: PMC6509645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In transient absorption (TA) measurements on Cd-chalcogenide quantum dots (QDs), the presence of a band-edge (BE) bleach signal is commonly attributed entirely to conduction-band electrons in the 1S(e) state, neglecting contributions from BE holes. While this has been the accepted view for more than 20 years, and has often been used to distinguish electron and hole kinetics, the reason for the absence of a hole contribution to the BE-bleach has remained unclear. Here, we show with three independent experiments that holes do in fact have a significant impact on the BE-bleach of well-passivated Cd-chalcogenide QD samples. Transient absorption experiments on high photoluminescence quantum yield CdSe/CdS/ZnS core-shell-shell QDs clearly show an increase of the band-edge bleach as holes cool down to the band edge. The relative contribution of electron-to-hole bleach is 2:1, as predicted by theory. The same measurements on core-only CdSe QDs with a lower quantum yield do not show a contribution of holes to the band-edge bleach. We assign the lack of hole bleach to the presence of ultrafast hole trapping in samples with insufficient passivation of the QD surface. In addition, we show measurements of optical gain in core-shell-shell QD solutions, providing clear evidence of a significant hole contribution to the BE transient absorption signal. Finally, we present spectroelectrochemical measurements on CdTe QDs films, showing the presence of a BE-bleach for both electron and hole injections. The presence of a contribution of holes to the bleach in passivated Cd-chalcogenides QDs bears important implications for quantitative studies on optical gain as well as for TA determinations of carrier dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Grimaldi
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, HAZ Delft 2629, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
| | - Jaco J. Geuchies
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, HAZ Delft 2629, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
| | - Ward van der Stam
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, HAZ Delft 2629, The Netherlands
| | - Indy du Fossé
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, HAZ Delft 2629, The Netherlands
| | - Baldur Brynjarsson
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, HAZ Delft 2629, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas Kirkwood
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, HAZ Delft 2629, The Netherlands
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Materials
Research & Development, Toyota Motor
Europe, Hoge Wei 33, Zaventem B-1930, Belgium
| | - Laurens D.A. Siebbeles
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, HAZ Delft 2629, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan J. Houtepen
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, HAZ Delft 2629, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
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25
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Spoor FCM, Grimaldi G, Kinge S, Houtepen AJ, Siebbeles LDA. Model To Determine a Distinct Rate Constant for Carrier Multiplication from Experiments. ACS Appl Energy Mater 2019; 2:721-728. [PMID: 30714025 PMCID: PMC6354726 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.8b01779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Carrier multiplication (CM) is the process in which multiple electron-hole pairs are created upon absorption of a single photon in a semiconductor. CM by an initially hot charge carrier occurs in competition with cooling by phonon emission, with the respective rates determining the CM efficiency. Up until now, CM rates have only been calculated theoretically. We show for the first time how to extract a distinct CM rate constant from experimental data of the relaxation time of hot charge carriers and the yield of CM. We illustrate this method for PbSe quantum dots. Additionally, we provide a simplified method using an estimated energy loss rate to estimate the CM rate constant just above the onset of CM, when detailed experimental data of the relaxation time is missing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank C. M. Spoor
- Optoelectronic Materials
Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Gianluca Grimaldi
- Optoelectronic Materials
Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Toyota Motor Europe, Materials Research
& Development, Hoge
Wei 33, B-1930, Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Arjan J. Houtepen
- Optoelectronic Materials
Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
| | - Laurens D. A. Siebbeles
- Optoelectronic Materials
Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
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Crisp RW, Kirkwood N, Grimaldi G, Kinge S, Siebbeles LDA, Houtepen AJ. Highly Photoconductive InP Quantum Dots Films and Solar Cells. ACS Appl Energy Mater 2018; 1:6569-6576. [PMID: 30506040 PMCID: PMC6259048 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.8b01453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
InP and InZnP colloidal quantum dots (QDs) are promising materials for application in light-emitting devices, transistors, photovoltaics, and photocatalytic cells. In addition to possessing an appropriate bandgap, high absorption coefficient, and high bulk carrier mobilities, the intrinsic toxicity of InP and InZnP is much lower than for competing QDs that contain Cd or Pb-providing a potentially safer commercial product. However, compared to other colloidal QDs, InP QDs remain sparsely used in devices and their electronic transport properties are largely unexplored. Here, we use time-resolved microwave conductivity measurements to study charge transport in films of InP and InZnP colloidal quantum dots capped with a variety of short ligands. We find that transport in InP QDs is dominated by trapping effects, which are mitigated in InZnP QDs. We improve charge carrier mobilities with a range of ligand-exchange treatments and for the best treatments reach mobilities and lifetimes on par with those of PbS QD films used in efficient solar cells. To demonstrate the device-grade quality of these films, we construct solar cells based on InP & InZnP QDs with power conversion efficiencies of 0.65 and 1.2%, respectively. This represents a large step forward in developing Cd- and Pb-free next-generation optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W. Crisp
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Delft University
of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft2629 HZ , The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas Kirkwood
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Delft University
of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft2629 HZ , The Netherlands
| | - Gianluca Grimaldi
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Delft University
of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft2629 HZ , The Netherlands
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Toyota
Motor Europe, Materials Research & Development, Hoge Wei 33, Zaventem B-1930, Belgium
| | - Laurens D. A. Siebbeles
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Delft University
of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft2629 HZ , The Netherlands
| | - Arjan J. Houtepen
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Delft University
of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft2629 HZ , The Netherlands
- . Website: www.tudelft.nl/cheme/houtepengroup
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27
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Crisp RW, Grimaldi G, De Trizio L, Evers WH, Kirkwood N, Kinge S, Manna L, Siebbeles LDA, Houtepen AJ. Selective antimony reduction initiating the nucleation and growth of InSb quantum dots. Nanoscale 2018; 10:11110-11116. [PMID: 29872813 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02381f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Indium antimonide (InSb) quantum dots (QDs) have unique and interesting photophysical properties, but widespread experimentation with InSb QDs is lacking due to the difficulty in synthesizing this material. The key experimental challenge in fabricating InSb QDs is preparing a suitable Sb-precursor in the correct oxidation state that reacts with the In-precursor in a controllable manner. Here, we review and discuss the synthetic strategies for making colloidal InSb QDs and present a new reaction scheme yielding small (∼1 nm diameter) InSb QDs. This was accomplished by employing Sb(NMe2)3 as the antimony precursor and by screening different reducing agents that can selectively reduce it to stibine in situ. The released SbH3, subsequently, reacts with In carboxylate to form small InSb clusters. The absorption features are moderately tunable (from 400 nm to 660 nm) by the amount and rate of reductant addition as well as the temperature of injection and subsequent annealing. Optical properties were probed with transient absorption spectroscopy and show complex time and spectral dependencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Crisp
- Optoelectronic Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
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28
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Lauth J, Grimaldi G, Kinge S, Houtepen AJ, Siebbeles LDA, Scheele M. Ultrafast Charge Transfer and Upconversion in Zinc β-Tetraaminophthalocyanine-Functionalized PbS Nanostructures Probed by Transient Absorption Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jannika Lauth
- Chemical Engineering; Delft University of Technology; Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Gianluca Grimaldi
- Chemical Engineering; Delft University of Technology; Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Toyota Motor Europe; Materials Research and Development; Hoge Wei 33 1930 Zaventem Belgium
| | - Arjan J. Houtepen
- Chemical Engineering; Delft University of Technology; Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Laurens D. A. Siebbeles
- Chemical Engineering; Delft University of Technology; Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Marcus Scheele
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry; University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
- Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Sensors & Analytics LISA+; University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 15 72076 Tübingen Germany
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29
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Lauth J, Grimaldi G, Kinge S, Houtepen AJ, Siebbeles LDA, Scheele M. Ultrafast Charge Transfer and Upconversion in Zinc β-Tetraaminophthalocyanine-Functionalized PbS Nanostructures Probed by Transient Absorption Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14061-14065. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jannika Lauth
- Chemical Engineering; Delft University of Technology; Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Gianluca Grimaldi
- Chemical Engineering; Delft University of Technology; Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Toyota Motor Europe; Materials Research and Development; Hoge Wei 33 1930 Zaventem Belgium
| | - Arjan J. Houtepen
- Chemical Engineering; Delft University of Technology; Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Laurens D. A. Siebbeles
- Chemical Engineering; Delft University of Technology; Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Marcus Scheele
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry; University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
- Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Sensors & Analytics LISA+; University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 15 72076 Tübingen Germany
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Abstract
Multinary semiconductor nanoparticles such as CuInS2, AgInS2, and the corresponding alloys with ZnS hold promise for designing future quantum dot light-emitting devices (QLED). The QLED architectures require matching of energy levels between the different electron and hole transport layers. In addition to energy level alignment, conductivity and charge transfer interactions within these layers determine the overall efficiency of QLED. By employing CuInS2-ZnS QDs we succeeded in fabricating red-emitting QLED using two different hole-transporting materials, polyvinylcarbazole and poly(4-butylphenyldiphenylamine). Despite the similarity of the HOMO-LUMO energy levels of these two hole transport materials, the QLED devices exhibit distinctly different voltage dependence. The difference in onset voltage and excited state interactions shows the complexity involved in selecting the hole transport materials for display devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Zaiats
- Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Shingo Ikeda
- Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute , Osaka 536-8553, Japan
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Advanced Technology Division Toyota Motor Europe, Zaventem B-1930, Belgium
| | - Prashant V Kamat
- Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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31
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Kelly AG, Hallam T, Backes C, Harvey A, Esmaeily AS, Godwin I, Coelho J, Nicolosi V, Lauth J, Kulkarni A, Kinge S, Siebbeles LDA, Duesberg GS, Coleman JN. All-printed thin-film transistors from networks of liquid-exfoliated nanosheets. Science 2017; 356:69-73. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aal4062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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32
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Abstract
Macroporous magnesium silicide monoliths were prepared by a two-step magnesiothermic reaction starting from hierarchically structured silica with silicon as an intermediate step.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Hayati-Roodbari
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials
- University of Salzburg
- 5020 Salzburg
- Austria
| | - R. J. F. Berger
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials
- University of Salzburg
- 5020 Salzburg
- Austria
| | - J. Bernardi
- USTEM
- Technische Universität Wien
- 1040 Vienna
- Austria
| | - S. Kinge
- Toyota Motors Company Europe
- 2000 Antwerp
- Belgium
| | - N. Hüsing
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials
- University of Salzburg
- 5020 Salzburg
- Austria
| | - M. S. Elsaesser
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials
- University of Salzburg
- 5020 Salzburg
- Austria
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33
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André A, Theurer C, Lauth J, Maiti S, Hodas M, Samadi Khoshkhoo M, Kinge S, Meixner AJ, Schreiber F, Siebbeles LDA, Braun K, Scheele M. Structure, transport and photoconductance of PbS quantum dot monolayers functionalized with a copper phthalocyanine derivative. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:1700-1703. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07878h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We simultaneously surface-functionalize PbS nanocrystals with Cu 4,4′,4′′,4′′′-tetraaminophthalocyanine and assemble this hybrid material into macroscopic monolayers.
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Lauth J, Kinge S, Siebbeles LD. Ultrafast Transient Absorption and Terahertz Spectroscopy as Tools to Probe Photoexcited States and Dynamics in Colloidal 2D Nanostructures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2016-0911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors hold high potential for the implementation of efficient ultrathin electronics (e.g. field-effect transistors, light emitting diodes and solar cell devices). In recent years, colloidal methods to synthesize ultrathin 2D materials have been developed that offer alternatives (like the production of non-layered 2D materials and upscaling) to mechanical exfoliation methods. By focusing on optoelectronic applications, it is important to characterize the nature and dynamics of photoexcited states in these materials. In this paper, we use ultrafast transient absorption (TA) and terahertz (THz) spectroscopy as optimal tools for such a characterization. We choose recently synthesized ultrathin colloidal 2D InSe nanosheets (inorganic layer thickness 0.8–1.7 nm; ≤5 nm including ligands) for discussing TA and THz spectroscopic studies and elucidate their charge carrier dynamics under photoexcitation with TA. THz spectroscopy is then used to extract contactless AC mobilities as high as 20±2 cm2/Vs in single InSe layers. The obtained results underpin the general applicability of TA and THz spectroscopy for characterizing photoexcited states in 2D semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannika Lauth
- Chemical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, NL-2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Toyota Motor Europe, Materials Research and Development, Hoge Wei 33, B-1930, Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Laurens D.A. Siebbeles
- Chemical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, NL-2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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35
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Lauth J, Kulkarni A, Spoor FCM, Renaud N, Grozema FC, Houtepen AJ, Schins JM, Kinge S, Siebbeles LDA. Photogeneration and Mobility of Charge Carriers in Atomically Thin Colloidal InSe Nanosheets Probed by Ultrafast Terahertz Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:4191-4196. [PMID: 27715056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of next generation ultrathin electronics by applying highly promising dimensionality-dependent physical properties of two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors is ever increasing. In this context, the van der Waals layered semiconductor InSe has proven its potential as photodetecting material with high charge carrier mobility. We have determined the photogeneration charge carrier quantum yield and mobility in atomically thin colloidal InSe nanosheets (inorganic layer thickness 0.8-1.7 nm, mono/double-layers, ≤ 5 nm including ligands) by ultrafast transient terahertz (THz) spectroscopy. A near unity quantum yield of free charge carriers is determined for low photoexcitation density. The charge carrier quantum yield decreases at higher excitation density due to recombination of electrons and holes, leading to the formation of neutral excitons. In the THz frequency domain, we probe a charge mobility as high as 20 ± 2 cm2/(V s). The THz mobility is similar to field-effect transistor mobilities extracted from unmodified exfoliated thin InSe devices. The current work provides the first results on charge carrier dynamics in ultrathin colloidal InSe nanosheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannika Lauth
- Chemical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology , Van der Maasweg 9, NL-2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Aditya Kulkarni
- Chemical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology , Van der Maasweg 9, NL-2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Frank C M Spoor
- Chemical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology , Van der Maasweg 9, NL-2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Renaud
- Chemical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology , Van der Maasweg 9, NL-2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ferdinand C Grozema
- Chemical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology , Van der Maasweg 9, NL-2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan J Houtepen
- Chemical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology , Van der Maasweg 9, NL-2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Juleon M Schins
- Chemical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology , Van der Maasweg 9, NL-2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Toyota Motor Europe, Materials Research & Development , Hoge Wei 33, B-1930 Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Laurens D A Siebbeles
- Chemical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology , Van der Maasweg 9, NL-2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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36
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Yang Z, Voznyy O, Liu M, Yuan M, Ip AH, Ahmed OS, Levina L, Kinge S, Hoogland S, Sargent EH. All-Quantum-Dot Infrared Light-Emitting Diodes. ACS Nano 2015; 9:12327-33. [PMID: 26575976 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are promising candidates for infrared electroluminescent devices. To date, CQD-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have employed a CQD emission layer sandwiched between carrier transport layers built using organic materials and inorganic oxides. Herein, we report the infrared LEDs that use quantum-tuned materials for each of the hole-transporting, the electron-transporting, and the light-emitting layers. We successfully tailor the bandgap and band position of each CQD-based component to produce electroluminescent devices that exhibit emission that we tune from 1220 to 1622 nm. Devices emitting at 1350 nm achieve peak external quantum efficiency up to 1.6% with a low turn-on voltage of 1.2 V, surpassing previously reported all-inorganic CQD LEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Yang
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto , 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Oleksandr Voznyy
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto , 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Mengxia Liu
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto , 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Mingjian Yuan
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto , 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Alexander H Ip
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto , 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Osman S Ahmed
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto , 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Larissa Levina
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto , 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Advanced Technology Materials & Research, Research & Development, Toyota Motor Europe , Hoge Wei 33, Toyota Technical Centre, B-1930 Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Sjoerd Hoogland
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto , 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Edward H Sargent
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto , 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
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ten Cate S, Sandeep CSS, Liu Y, Law M, Kinge S, Houtepen AJ, Schins JM, Siebbeles LDA. Generating free charges by carrier multiplication in quantum dots for highly efficient photovoltaics. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:174-81. [PMID: 25607377 DOI: 10.1021/ar500248g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CONSPECTUS: In a conventional photovoltaic device (solar cell or photodiode) photons are absorbed in a bulk semiconductor layer, leading to excitation of an electron from a valence band to a conduction band. Directly after photoexcitation, the hole in the valence band and the electron in the conduction band have excess energy given by the difference between the photon energy and the semiconductor band gap. In a bulk semiconductor, the initially hot charges rapidly lose their excess energy as heat. This heat loss is the main reason that the theoretical efficiency of a conventional solar cell is limited to the Shockley-Queisser limit of ∼33%. The efficiency of a photovoltaic device can be increased if the excess energy is utilized to excite additional electrons across the band gap. A sufficiently hot charge can produce an electron-hole pair by Coulomb scattering on a valence electron. This process of carrier multiplication (CM) leads to formation of two or more electron-hole pairs for the absorption of one photon. In bulk semiconductors such as silicon, the energetic threshold for CM is too high to be of practical use. However, CM in nanometer sized semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) offers prospects for exploitation in photovoltaics. CM leads to formation of two or more electron-hole pairs that are initially in close proximity. For photovoltaic applications, these charges must escape from recombination. This Account outlines our recent progress in the generation of free mobile charges that result from CM in QDs. Studies of charge carrier photogeneration and mobility were carried out using (ultrafast) time-resolved laser techniques with optical or ac conductivity detection. We found that charges can be extracted from photoexcited PbS QDs by bringing them into contact with organic electron and hole accepting materials. However, charge localization on the QD produces a strong Coulomb attraction to its counter charge in the organic material. This limits the production of free charges that can contribute to the photocurrent in a device. We show that free mobile charges can be efficiently produced via CM in solids of strongly coupled PbSe QDs. Strong electronic coupling between the QDs resulted in a charge carrier mobility of the order of 1 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1). This mobility is sufficiently high so that virtually all electron-hole pairs escape from recombination. The impact of temperature on the CM efficiency in PbSe QD solids was also studied. We inferred that temperature has no observable effect on the rate of cooling of hot charges nor on the CM rate. We conclude that exploitation of CM requires that charges have sufficiently high mobility to escape from recombination. The contribution of CM to the efficiency of photovoltaic devices can be further enhanced by an increase of the CM efficiency above the energetic threshold of twice the band gap. For large-scale applications in photovoltaic devices, it is important to develop abundant and nontoxic materials that exhibit efficient CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybren ten Cate
- Optoelectronic Materials Section, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - C. S. Suchand Sandeep
- Optoelectronic Materials Section, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Matt Law
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Toyota Motor Europe, Functional Nanomaterials Lab, Advanced Technology, Hoge Wei 33, B-1930 Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Arjan J. Houtepen
- Optoelectronic Materials Section, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Juleon M. Schins
- Optoelectronic Materials Section, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Laurens D. A. Siebbeles
- Optoelectronic Materials Section, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
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38
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Sandeep CSS, Azpiroz JM, Evers WH, Boehme SC, Moreels I, Kinge S, Siebbeles LDA, Infante I, Houtepen AJ. Epitaxially connected PbSe quantum-dot films: controlled neck formation and optoelectronic properties. ACS Nano 2014; 8:11499-511. [PMID: 25347299 DOI: 10.1021/nn504679k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ligand exchange is a much-used method to increase the conductivity of colloidal quantum-dot films by replacing long insulating ligands on quantum-dot surfaces with shorter ones. Here we show that while some ligands indeed replace the original ones as expected, others may be used to controllably remove the native ligands and induce epitaxial necking of specific crystal facets. In particular, we demonstrate that amines strip lead oleate from the (100) surfaces of PbSe quantum dots. This leads to necking of QDs and results in cubic superlattices of epitaxially connected QDs. The number of amine head-groups as well as the carbon chain length of linear diamines is shown to control the extent of necking. DFT calculations show that removal of Pb(oleate)2 from (100) surfaces is exothermic for all amines, but the driving force increases as monoamines < long diamines < short diamines < tetramines. The neck formation and cubic ordering results in a higher optical absorption cross section and higher charge carrier mobilities, thereby showing that the use of the proper multidentate amine molecules is a powerful tool to create supercrystals of epitaxially connected PbSe QDs with controlled electronic coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Suchand Sandeep
- Optoelectronic Material Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology , Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
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39
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Sandeep CSS, ten Cate S, Schins JM, Savenije TJ, Liu Y, Law M, Kinge S, Houtepen AJ, Siebbeles LDA. High charge-carrier mobility enables exploitation of carrier multiplication in quantum-dot films. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2360. [PMID: 23974282 PMCID: PMC3759061 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Carrier multiplication, the generation of multiple electron–hole pairs by a single photon, is of great interest for solar cells as it may enhance their photocurrent. This process has been shown to occur efficiently in colloidal quantum dots, however, harvesting of the generated multiple charges has proved difficult. Here we show that by tuning the charge-carrier mobility in quantum-dot films, carrier multiplication can be optimized and may show an efficiency as high as in colloidal dispersion. Our results are explained quantitatively by the competition between dissociation of multiple electron–hole pairs and Auger recombination. Above a mobility of ~1 cm2 V−1 s−1, all charges escape Auger recombination and are quantitatively converted to free charges, offering the prospect of cheap quantum-dot solar cells with efficiencies in excess of the Shockley–Queisser limit. In addition, we show that the threshold energy for carrier multiplication is reduced to twice the band gap of the quantum dots. Carrier multiplication effects are of promise for enhancement of solar cells, but have been difficult to exploit in such devices. Here, the authors demonstrate how carrier multiplication in quantum-dot films can be considerably enhanced by appropriate tuning of the charge-carrier mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Suchand Sandeep
- Optoelectronic Materials section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628BL Delft, The Netherlands
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40
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Wang H, McNellis ER, Kinge S, Bonn M, Cánovas E. Tuning electron transfer rates through molecular bridges in quantum dot sensitized oxides. Nano Lett 2013; 13:5311-5315. [PMID: 24093529 DOI: 10.1021/nl402820v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced electron transfer processes from semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) molecularly bridged to a mesoporous oxide phase are quantitatively surveyed using optical pump-terahertz probe spectroscopy. We control electron transfer rates in donor-bridge-acceptor systems by tuning the electronic coupling strength through the use of n-methylene (SH-[CH2]n-COOH) and n-phenylene (SH-[C6H4](n)-COOH) molecular bridges. Our results show that electron transfer occurs as a nonresonant quantum tunneling process with characteristic decay rates of β(n) = 0.94 ± 0.08 and β(n) = 1.25 per methylene and phenylene group, respectively, in quantitative agreement with reported conductance measurements through single molecules and self-assembled monolayers. For a given QD donor-oxide acceptor separation distance, the aromatic n-phenylene based bridges allow faster electron transfer processes when compared with n-methylene based ones. Implications of these results for QD sensitized solar cell design are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Ten Cate S, Liu Y, Suchand Sandeep CS, Kinge S, Houtepen AJ, Savenije TJ, Schins JM, Law M, Siebbeles LDA. Activating Carrier Multiplication in PbSe Quantum Dot Solids by Infilling with Atomic Layer Deposition. J Phys Chem Lett 2013; 4:1766-1770. [PMID: 26283107 DOI: 10.1021/jz4007492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Carrier multiplication-the generation of multiple electron-hole pairs by a single photon-is currently of great interest for the development of highly efficient photovoltaics. We study the effects of infilling PbSe quantum-dot solids with metal oxides by atomic layer deposition on carrier multiplication. Using time-resolved microwave conductivity measurements, we find, for the first time, that carrier multiplication occurs in 1,2-ethanedithiol-linked PbSe quantum-dot solids infilled with Al2O3 or Al2O3/ZnO, while it is negligible or absent in noninfilled films. The carrier-multiplication efficiency of the infilled quantum-dot solids is close to that of solution-dispersed PbSe quantum dots, and not significantly limited by Auger recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybren Ten Cate
- †Optoelectronic Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Yao Liu
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - C S Suchand Sandeep
- †Optoelectronic Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Arjan J Houtepen
- †Optoelectronic Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Tom J Savenije
- †Optoelectronic Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Juleon M Schins
- †Optoelectronic Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Matt Law
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Laurens D A Siebbeles
- †Optoelectronic Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
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Gao Y, Aerts M, Sandeep CSS, Talgorn E, Savenije TJ, Kinge S, Siebbeles LDA, Houtepen AJ. Photoconductivity of PbSe quantum-dot solids: dependence on ligand anchor group and length. ACS Nano 2012; 6:9606-14. [PMID: 23078408 DOI: 10.1021/nn3029716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of quantum dots is an essential step toward many of their potential applications. To form conductive solids from colloidal quantum dots, ligand exchange is required. Here we study the influence of ligand replacement on the photoconductivity of PbSe quantum-dot solids, using the time-resolved microwave conductivity technique. Bifunctional replacing ligands with amine, thiol, or carboxylic acid anchor groups of various lengths are used to assemble quantum solids via a layer-by-layer dip-coating method. We find that when the ligand lengths are the same, the charge carrier mobility is higher in quantum-dot solids with amine ligands, while in quantum-dot solids with thiol ligands the charge carrier lifetime is longer. If the anchor group is the same, the charge carrier mobility is ligand length dependent. The results show that the diffusion length of charge carriers can reach several hundred nanometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunan Gao
- Optoelectronic Material Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL, Delft, The Netherlands
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Cánovas E, Moll P, Jensen SA, Gao Y, Houtepen AJ, Siebbeles LDA, Kinge S, Bonn M. Size-dependent electron transfer from PbSe quantum dots to SnO2 monitored by picosecond Terahertz spectroscopy. Nano Lett 2011; 11:5234-5239. [PMID: 22040524 DOI: 10.1021/nl202550v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report the direct and unambiguous determination of electron transfer rates and efficiencies from PbSe quantum dots (QDs) to mesoporous SnO2 films. We monitor the time-dependent electron density within the oxide with picosecond time resolution using Terahertz spectroscopy, following optical excitation of the QDs using a femtosecond laser pulse. QD-oxide electron transfer occurs with efficiencies of ∼2% in our samples under 800 nm pumping with a marked dependence on QD size, ranging from ∼100 ps injection times for the smallest, ∼2 nm diameter QDs, to ∼1 ns time scale for ∼7 nm QDs. The size-dependent electron transfer rates are modeled within the framework of Marcus theory and the implications of the results for device design are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Cánovas
- FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Aerts M, Suchand Sandeep CS, Gao Y, Savenije TJ, Schins JM, Houtepen AJ, Kinge S, Siebbeles LDA. Free charges produced by carrier multiplication in strongly coupled PbSe quantum dot films. Nano Lett 2011; 11:4485-9. [PMID: 21939229 DOI: 10.1021/nl202915p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We show that in films of strongly coupled PbSe quantum dots multiple electron-hole pairs can be efficiently produced by absorption of a single photon (carrier multiplication). Moreover, in these films carrier multiplication leads to the generation of free, highly mobile charge carriers rather than excitons. Using the time-resolved microwave conductivity technique, we observed the production of more than three electron-hole pairs upon absorption of a single highly energetic photon (5.7E(g)). Free charge carriers produced via carrier multiplication are readily available for use in optoelectronic devices even without employing any complex donor/acceptor architecture or electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Aerts
- Optoeletronic Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology , Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Controlled assembly of ferromagnetic nanoparticles on surfaces is of crucial importance for a range of spintronic and data storage applications. Here, we present a novel method for assembling monolayers of ferromagnetic FePt nanoparticles on silicon oxide substrates using "click chemistry". Reaction of alkyne-functionalized FePt nanoparticles with azide-terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), on silicon oxide, leads to the irreversible attachment of magnetic nanoparticles to the surface via triazole linkers. Based on this covalent interaction, well-packed monolayers of FePt nanoparticles were prepared and nanoparticle patterns are generated on surfaces via microcontact printing (μCP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Kinge
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Gang T, Yildirim O, Kinge S, Duan X, Reinhoudt DN, Blank DHA, Rijnders G, van der Wiel WG, Huskens J. Nano-patterned monolayer and multilayer structures of FePtAu nanoparticles on aluminum oxide prepared by nanoimprint lithography and nanomolding in capillaries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm11559f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Yildirim O, Gang T, Kinge S, Reinhoudt DN, Blank DH, van der Wiel WG, Rijnders G, Huskens J. Monolayer-directed assembly and magnetic properties of FePt nanoparticles on patterned aluminum oxide. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:1162-79. [PMID: 20480007 PMCID: PMC2869229 DOI: 10.3390/iijms11031162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
FePt nanoparticles (NPs) were assembled on aluminum oxide substrates, and their ferromagnetic properties were studied before and after thermal annealing. For the first time, phosph(on)ates were used as an adsorbate to form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on alumina to direct the assembly of NPs onto the surface. The Al2O3 substrates were functionalized with aminobutylphosphonic acid (ABP) or phosphonoundecanoic acid (PNDA) SAMs or with poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) as a reference. FePt NPs assembled on all of these monolayers, but much less on unmodified Al2O3, which shows that ligand exchange at the NPs is the most likely mechanism of attachment. Proper modification of the Al2O3 surface and controlling the immersion time of the modified Al2O3 substrates into the FePt NP solution resulted in FePt NPs assembly with controlled NP density. Alumina substrates were patterned by microcontact printing using aminobutylphosphonic acid as the ink, allowing local NP assembly. Thermal annealing under reducing conditions (96%N2/4%H2) led to a phase change of the FePt NPs from the disordered FCC phase to the ordered FCT phase. This resulted in ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature. Such a process can potentially be applied in the fabrication of spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oktay Yildirim
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Inorganic Materials Science, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Tian Gang
- NanoElectronics Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sachin Kinge
- NanoElectronics Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Supramolecular Chemistry & Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - David N. Reinhoudt
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Supramolecular Chemistry & Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Dave H.A. Blank
- Inorganic Materials Science, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfred G. van der Wiel
- NanoElectronics Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails:
(W.G.W.);
(G. R.);
(J.H.); Tel.: +31-53-4892873 (W.G.W.); +31-53-4892618 (G.R.); +31-53-4892995 (J.H.); Fax: +31-53-4893343 (W.G.W.); +31-53-4893595 (G.R.); +31-53-4894645 (J.H.)
| | - Guus Rijnders
- Inorganic Materials Science, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails:
(W.G.W.);
(G. R.);
(J.H.); Tel.: +31-53-4892873 (W.G.W.); +31-53-4892618 (G.R.); +31-53-4892995 (J.H.); Fax: +31-53-4893343 (W.G.W.); +31-53-4893595 (G.R.); +31-53-4894645 (J.H.)
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails:
(W.G.W.);
(G. R.);
(J.H.); Tel.: +31-53-4892873 (W.G.W.); +31-53-4892618 (G.R.); +31-53-4892995 (J.H.); Fax: +31-53-4893343 (W.G.W.); +31-53-4893595 (G.R.); +31-53-4894645 (J.H.)
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Kinge S, Gang T, Naber WJM, Boschker H, Rijnders G, Reinhoudt DN, van der Wiel WG. Low-temperature solution synthesis of chemically functional ferromagnetic FePtAu nanoparticles. Nano Lett 2009; 9:3220-3224. [PMID: 19691342 DOI: 10.1021/nl901465s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles are of great scientific and technological interest. The application of ferromagnetic nanoparticles for high-density data storage has great potential, but energy efficient synthesis of uniform, isolated, and patternable nanoparticles that remain ferromagnetic at room temperature is not trivial. Here, we present a low-temperature solution synthesis method for FePtAu nanoparticles that addresses all those issues and therefore can be regarded as an important step toward applications. We show that the onset of the chemically ordered face-centered tetragonal (L1(0)) phase is obtained for thermal annealing temperatures as low as 150 degrees C. Large uniaxial magnetic anisotropy (10(7) erg/cm(3)) and a high long-range order parameter have been obtained. Our low-temperature solution annealing leaves the organic ligands intact, so that the possibility for postanneal monolayer formation and chemically assisted patterning on a surface is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Kinge
- Strategic Research Orientation NanoElectronics, Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, and Inorganic Materials Science Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Kinge
- a Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology , MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente , PO Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - M. Péter
- a Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology , MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente , PO Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - M. Crego-calama
- a Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology , MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente , PO Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - D. N. Reinhoudt
- a Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology , MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente , PO Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Nanoparticles are the focus of much attention due to their astonishing properties and numerous possibilities for applications in nanotechnology. For realising versatile functions, assembly of nanoparticles in regular patterns on surfaces and at interfaces is required. Assembling nanoparticles generates new nanostructures, which have unforeseen collective, intrinsic physical properties. These properties can be exploited for multipurpose applications in nanoelectronics, spintronics, sensors, etc. This review surveys different techniques, currently employed and being developed, for assembling nanoparticles in to ordered nanostructures. In this endeavour, the principles and methods involved in the development of assemblies are discussed. Subsequently, different possibilities of nanoparticle-based nanostructures, obtained in multi-dimensions, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Kinge
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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