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Kassie BB, Daget TM, Tassew DF. Synthesis, functionalization, and commercial application of cellulose-based nanomaterials. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134990. [PMID: 39181366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
In recent times, cellulose, an abundant and renewable biopolymer, has attracted considerable interest due to its potential applications in nanotechnology. This review explores the latest developments in cellulose-based nanomaterial synthesis, functionalization, and commercial applications. Beginning with an overview of the diverse sources of cellulose and the methods employed for its isolation and purification, the review delves into the various techniques used for the synthesis of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), highlighting their unique properties and potential applications. Furthermore, the functionalization strategies employed to enhance the properties and tailor the functionalities of cellulose-based nanomaterials were discussed. The review also provides insights into the emerging commercial applications of cellulose-based nanomaterials across diverse sectors, including packaging, biomedical engineering, textiles, and environmental remediation. Finally, challenges and prospects for the widespread adoption of cellulose-based nanomaterials are outlined, emphasizing the need for further research and development to unlock their full potential in sustainable and innovative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bantamlak Birlie Kassie
- Textile Faculty, Ethiopian Institute of Textile and Fashion Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, P.O. Box 1037, Ethiopia.
| | - Tekalgn Mamay Daget
- Textile Faculty, Ethiopian Institute of Textile and Fashion Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, P.O. Box 1037, Ethiopia
| | - Dehenenet Flatie Tassew
- Textile Faculty, Ethiopian Institute of Textile and Fashion Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, P.O. Box 1037, Ethiopia
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2
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Farooq A, Khawar MT, Wang Z, Tian M, Mushtaq M. Maximizing Degumming Efficiency for Firmiana simplex Bark Using Deep Eutectic Solvents. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2112. [PMID: 39125139 PMCID: PMC11314601 DOI: 10.3390/polym16152112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Degumming is a critical process in the purification of natural fibers, essential for enhancing their quality and usability across various applications. Traditional degumming methods employed for natural fibers encounter inherent limitations, encompassing prolonged procedures, excessive energy consumption, adverse environmental impact, and subpar efficiency. To address these challenges, a groundbreaking wave of degumming technique has emerged, transcending these constraints and heralding a new era of efficiency, sustainability, and eco-friendly techniques. This study represents the Firmiana simplex bark (FSB) fiber's delignification by using deep eutectic solvents (DESs). The study explores the application of deep eutectic solvents, by synthesizing different types of DES using a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and four representative hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) for FSB fiber degumming. This study investigates the morphologies, chemical compositions, crystallinities, and physical properties of Firmiana simplex bark fibers before and after the treatment. Furthermore, the effects and mechanisms of different DESs on dispersing FSB fibers were examined. The experimental results showed that choline chloride-urea (CU)-based DES initiates the degumming process by effectively disrupting the hydrogen bond interaction within FSB fibers, primarily by outcompeting chloride ions. Following this initial step, the DES acts by deprotonating phenolic hydroxyl groups and cleaving β-O-4 bonds present in diverse lignin units, thereby facilitating the efficient removal of lignin from the fibers. This innovative approach resulted in significantly higher degumming efficiency and ecofriendly as compared to traditional methods. Additionally, the results revealed that CU-based DES exhibits the utmost effectiveness in degumming FSB fibers. The optimal degumming conditions involve a precise processing temperature of 160 °C and a carefully controlled reaction time of 2 h yielding the most favorable outcomes. The present study presents a novel straightforward and environmentally friendly degumming method for Firmiana simplex bark, offering a substantial potential for enhancing the overall quality and usability of the resulting fibers. Our findings open new pathways for sustainable fiber-processing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Farooq
- School of Textile and Garment, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China;
- School of Textile and Garment, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Muhammad Tauseef Khawar
- School of Engineering and Technology, National Textile University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 37610, Pakistan;
| | - Zongqian Wang
- School of Textile and Garment, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Mingwei Tian
- School of Textile and Garment, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China;
| | - Muhammad Mushtaq
- School of Art and Design, National Textile University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 37610, Pakistan;
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3
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Luo L, Yu W, Yi Y, Xing C, Zeng L, Yang Y, Wang H, Tang Z, Tan Z. The influence of residual pectin composition and content on nanocellulose films from ramie fibers: Micro-nano structure and physical properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 247:125812. [PMID: 37453632 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, cellulose nanofibril (CNF) films from ramie fibers were prepared with different pectin compositions and contents, and the influence of residual pectin on the overall performances of CNF films was evaluated. There was no significant effect of the residual pectin composition on the properties of obtained CNF films. However, when the content of residual pectin was increased from 0.45 % to 9.16 %, the surface area and water absorption of CNF films were increased from 0.2223 to 0.3300 m2/g, and from 93.51 % to 122.42 %, respectively. Pectin covers the CNF surface and act as a physical barrier between the cellulose fibrils; thus the nanocellulose films with high pectin content will have a loose and porous structure, resulting in a high surface area and a high water absorption. Besides, with the residual pectin content decreasing from 9.16 % to 0.45 %, the UVA light transmittance and tensile strength of CNF films were increased from 30.6 % to 59.9 %, and from 37.67 to 100.26 MPa, respectively. After removal of amorphous pectins in CNFs, the low pectin containing CNFs are able to pack more compactly to form a strong and thin film. This paper provides guidance for the preparation of CNF films with different performance requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liru Luo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Wang Yu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China.
| | - Yongjian Yi
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Chen Xing
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Liangbin Zeng
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Yuanru Yang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Hongying Wang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Zhonghai Tang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Zhijian Tan
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
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Mariño MA, Paredes MG, Martinez N, Millan D, Tapia RA, Ruiz D, Isaacs M, Pavez P. A ternary eutectic solvent for cellulose nanocrystal production: exploring the recyclability and pre-pilot scale-up. Front Chem 2023; 11:1233889. [PMID: 37693168 PMCID: PMC10485260 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1233889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DES) formed using choline chloride (ChCl), p-toluenesulfonic acid (pTSA) of stoichiometry ChCl: pTSA (1:1) and (1:2), and its ternary eutectic mixtures with phosphoric acid (PA) 85% as an additive (ChCl: pTSA: PA) were evaluated for cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) isolation. Initially, the hydrolytic efficiency to produce CNC of each DES was compared before and after adding phosphoric acid by Hammett acidity parameters and the Gutmann acceptor number. Moreover, different DES molar ratios and reaction time were studied at 80°C for CNC optimization. The nanomaterial characteristics were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The ternary eutectic mixture ChCl: pTSA: PA molar ratio (1:1:1.35) was chosen as a suitable recyclable ternary system at the laboratory scale. A CNC yield of about 80% was obtained from the hydrolysis of commercial cellulose in five cycles of recovery, but it dropped to 35% in pre-pilot scaling. However, no variation in the average size of the resulting CNC was observed (132 ± 50 nm x 23 ± 4 nm), which presented high thermal stability (Tmax 362°C) and high crystallinity of about 80% after 3 h of reaction time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra A. Mariño
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Maria G. Paredes
- Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Martinez
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, San Joaquín, Chile
| | - Daniela Millan
- Centro Integrativo de Biologia y Quimica Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo A. Tapia
- Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Domingo Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Materiales Electrocerámicos, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Isaacs
- Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Nanotecnología y Materiales Avanzados (CIEN-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Green Ammonia as Energy Vector Avda Vicuña Mackenna, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Pavez
- Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Wang J, Zhang J, Wang S, Liu W, Jing W, Yu H. Isolation and Extraction of Monomers from Insoluble Dietary Fiber. Foods 2023; 12:2473. [PMID: 37444211 DOI: 10.3390/foods12132473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Insoluble dietary fiber is a macromolecular polysaccharide aggregate composed of pectin, glycoproteins, lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. All agricultural by-products contain significant levels of insoluble dietary fiber. With the recognition of the increasing scarcity of non-renewable energy sources, the conversion of single components of dietary fiber into renewable energy sources and their use has become an ongoing concern. The isolation and extraction of single fractions from insoluble dietary fiber is one of the most important recent research directions. The continuous development of technologies for the separation and extraction of single components is aimed at expanding the use of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin for food, industrial, cosmetic, biomedical, and other applications. Here, to expand the use of single components to meet the new needs of future development, separation and extraction methods for single components are summarized, in addition to the prospects of new raw materials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- National Soybean Industry Technology System Processing Laboratory, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jiarui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- National Soybean Industry Technology System Processing Laboratory, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Sainan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- National Soybean Industry Technology System Processing Laboratory, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Wenhao Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- National Soybean Industry Technology System Processing Laboratory, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Wendan Jing
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- National Soybean Industry Technology System Processing Laboratory, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Hansong Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- National Soybean Industry Technology System Processing Laboratory, Changchun 130118, China
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Del Mar Contreras-Gámez M, Galán-Martín Á, Seixas N, da Costa Lopes AM, Silvestre A, Castro E. Deep eutectic solvents for improved biomass pretreatment: Current status and future prospective towards sustainable processes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 369:128396. [PMID: 36503832 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pretreatment processes - recognized as critical steps for efficient biomass refining - have received much attention over the last two decades. In this context, deep eutectic solvents (DES) have emerged as a novel alternative to conventional solvents representing a step forward in achieving more sustainable processes with both environmental and economic benefits. This paper presents an updated review of the state-of-the-art of DES-based applications in biorefinery schemes. Besides describing the fundamentals of DES composition, synthesis, and recycling, this study presents a comprehensive review of existing techno-economic and life cycle assessment studies. Challenges, barriers, and perspectives for the scale-up of DES-based processes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Mar Contreras-Gámez
- Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment (CEACTEMA), Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Jaén 23071, Spain
| | - Ángel Galán-Martín
- Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment (CEACTEMA), Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Jaén 23071, Spain
| | - Nalin Seixas
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - André M da Costa Lopes
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal; CECOLAB - Collaborative Laboratory Towards Circular Economy, R. Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Oliveira do Hospital, 3405-155, Portugal
| | - Armando Silvestre
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Eulogio Castro
- Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment (CEACTEMA), Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Jaén 23071, Spain.
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7
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Yu W, Yi Y, Wang H, Yang Y, Xing C, Zeng L, Tang J, Tan Z. Effects of residual pectin composition and content on the properties of cellulose nanofibrils from ramie fibers. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 298:120112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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8
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Formation and structure evolution of starch nanoplatelets by deep eutectic solvent of choline chloride/oxalic acid dihydrate treatment. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 282:119105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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The role of deep eutectic solvents in the production of cellulose nanomaterials from biomass. ACTA CHIMICA SLOVACA 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/acs-2022-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In recent years, the demand for environment-friendly products has been on an increasing trend among researchers and industry for sustainable development. Deep eutectic solvents are green solvents which, due to their properties (biodegradability, recyclability, low cost, availability, easy preparation, low toxicity, chemical and thermal stability), can be used in various fields such as polymer chemistry, which includes nanocellulose isolation and polysaccharides processing. Several studies have illustrated the effectiveness of using deep eutectic solvents instead of the conventional reaction system to produce and disperse nanomaterials. This work summarizes the use of deep eutectic solvents in the isolation of cellulosic nanomaterials from different types of biomass. Deep eutectic solvents demonstrate high effectiveness in swelling lignocellulosic biomass and producing cellulose nanomaterials. Overall, deep eutectics solvents represent an innovative and effective pretreatment process for the fractionation of raw cellulose-containing fibres to promote subsequent isolation of nanomaterials made from cellulose.
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Ashokkumar V, Venkatkarthick R, Jayashree S, Chuetor S, Dharmaraj S, Kumar G, Chen WH, Ngamcharussrivichai C. Recent advances in lignocellulosic biomass for biofuels and value-added bioproducts - A critical review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126195. [PMID: 34710596 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is a highly renewable, economical, and carbon-neutral feedstock containing sugar-rich moieties that can be processed to produce second-generation biofuels and bio-sourced compounds. However, due to their heterogeneous multi-scale structure, the lignocellulosic materials have major limitations to valorization and exhibit recalcitrance to saccharification or hydrolysis by enzymes. In this context, this review focuses on the latest methods available and state-of-the-art technologies in the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass, which aids the disintegration of the complex materials into monomeric units. In addition, this review deals with the genetic engineering techniques to develop advanced strategies for fermentation processes or microbial cell factories to generate desired products in native or modified hosts. Further, it also intends to bridge the gap in developing various economically feasible lignocellulosic products and chemicals using biorefining technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veeramuthu Ashokkumar
- Center of Excellence in Catalysis for Bioenergy and Renewable Chemicals (CBRC), Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathum Wan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | | | - Shanmugam Jayashree
- Department of Biotechnology, Stella Maris College (Autonomous), Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600086, India
| | - Santi Chuetor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Selvakumar Dharmaraj
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Academy of Maritime Education and Training [AMET] (Deemed to be University), Chennai 603112, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Box 8600 Forus, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan
| | - Chawalit Ngamcharussrivichai
- Center of Excellence in Catalysis for Bioenergy and Renewable Chemicals (CBRC), Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathum Wan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology (PETROMAT), Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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11
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Zhang Y, Ying L, Wang Z, Wang Y, Xu Q, Li C. Unexpected hydrophobic to hydrophilic transition of PET fabric treated in a deep eutectic solvent of choline chloride and oxalic acid. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Facile Preparation and Characteristic Analysis of Sulfated Cellulose Nanofibril via the Pretreatment of Sulfamic Acid-Glycerol Based Deep Eutectic Solvents. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11112778. [PMID: 34835547 PMCID: PMC8623615 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of sulfamic acid and glycerol allowed for the sustainable preparation of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) with simultaneous sulfation. The reaction time and the levels of sulfamic acid demonstrated that fibers could be swelled and sulfated simultaneously by a sulfamic acid-glycerol-based DES and swelling also promoted sulfation with a high degree of substitution (0.12). The DES-pretreated fibers were further nanofibrillated by a grinder producing CNF with diameters from 10 nm to 25 nm. The crystallinity ranged from 53–62%, and CNF maintained the original crystal structure. DES pretreatment facilitated cellulose nano-fibrillation and reduced the energy consumption with a maximum reduction of 35%. The films prepared from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and CNF showed good UV resistance ability and mechanical properties. This facile and efficient method provided a more sustainable strategy for the swelling, functionalization and nano-fibrillation of cellulose, expanding its application to UV-blocking materials and related fields.
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Rana AK, Frollini E, Thakur VK. Cellulose nanocrystals: Pretreatments, preparation strategies, and surface functionalization. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:1554-1581. [PMID: 34029581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have attracted great interest from researchers from academic and industrial areas because of their interesting structural features and unique physicochemical properties, such as magnificent mechanical strength, high surface area, and many hydroxyl groups for chemical modification, low density, and biodegradability. CNCs are an outstanding contender for applications in assorted fields comprehensive of, e.g., biomedical, electronic gadgets, water purifications, nanocomposites, membranes. Additionally, a persistent progression is going on in the extraction and surface modification of cellulose nanocrystals to fulfill the expanding need of producers to fabricate cellulose nanocrystals-based materials. In this review, the foundation of nanocellulose that emerged from lignocellulosic biomass and recent development in extraction/preparation of cellulose nanocrystals and different types of cellulose nanocrystal surface modification techniques are summed up. The different sorts of cellulose modification reactions that have been discussed are acetylation, oxidations, esterifications, etherifications, ion-pair formation, hydrogen bonding, silanization, nucleophilic substitution reactions, and so forth. The mechanisms of surface functionalization reactions are also introduced and considered concerning the impact on the reactions. Moreover, the primary association of cellulose and different forms of nanocellulose has likewise been examined for beginners in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabete Frollini
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, Macromolecular Materials and Lignocellulosic Fibers Group, Center for Science and Technology of BioResources, University of São Paulo, C.P. 780, São Carlos, SP CEP 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India.
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14
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Wu XQ, Liu PD, Liu Q, Xu SY, Zhang YC, Xu WR, Liu GD. Production of cellulose nanofibrils and films from elephant grass using deep eutectic solvents and a solid acid catalyst. RSC Adv 2021; 11:14071-14078. [PMID: 35423938 PMCID: PMC8697674 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02259h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A new strategy was developed to produce cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and films from raw elephant grass using deep eutectic solvents and a recyclable spent coffee-derived solid acid (SC-SO3H) catalyst with assistance of ultrasonic disintegration and a suction filtration film forming method. The effects of a solid acid and reused solid acid were comprehensively studied by comparing with catalyst-free conditions and using sulfuric acid as the catalyst. The CNF fibers obtained from this novel SC-SO3H catalyst method showed the longest fiber length. The corresponding films achieved the strongest tensile strength of 79.8 MPa and the elongation at break of 13.6%, and best thermostability. In addition, the performance of CNFs and films prepared by the fourth recovered SC-SO3H-4 catalyst was close to that obtained with the first use. The SC-SO3H could be reused by a simple decantation method, meaning this novel method has the potential for green and sustainable preparation of CNFs and films. A new strategy was developed to produce cellulose nanofibrils and films from elephant grass using deep eutectic solvents and a recyclable solid acid catalyst with assistance of ultrasonic disintegration and a suction filtration film forming method.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Que Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Resource Utilization and Environmental Protection, School of Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University Haikou 570228 PR China
| | - Pan-Dao Liu
- Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences Haikou 571101 PR China
| | - Qun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Resource Utilization and Environmental Protection, School of Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University Haikou 570228 PR China
| | - Shu-Ying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Resource Utilization and Environmental Protection, School of Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University Haikou 570228 PR China
| | - Yu-Cang Zhang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University Xiamen 361021 PR China
| | - Wen-Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Resource Utilization and Environmental Protection, School of Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University Haikou 570228 PR China
| | - Guo-Dao Liu
- Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences Haikou 571101 PR China
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Cheng Z, Li J, Wang B, Zeng J, Xu J, Gao W, Zhu S, Hu F, Dong J, Chen K. Scalable and Robust Bacterial Cellulose Carbon Aerogels as Reusable Absorbents for High-Efficiency Oil/Water Separation. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:7483-7491. [PMID: 35019490 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Efficient selective separation of oils or organic pollutants from water is important for ecological, environmental conservation and sustainable development. Various absorption methods have emerged; the majority of them still suffer from defects including low removal efficiency, a complicated preparation process, and high cost. Herein, we present a highly porous and mechanical resilient bacterial cellulose (BC) carbon aerogel directly from BC hydrogel via facile directional freeze-drying and high-temperature carbonization. The resultant BC carbon aerogel showed excellent mechanical compressibility (maximal height compression ∼99.5%) and elastic recovery due to the porous structure. Taking advantages of the high thermal stability and superhydrophobicity, the BC carbon aerogel was directly used as a versatile adsorbent for oil/water separation. The result demonstrated that the BC carbon aerogel showed super oil/water separation selectivity with the oil absorption capacity as high as 132-274 g g-1. More importantly, the BC carbon aerogel adsorbent can be reused by a simple absorption/combustion method and still keep high-efficiency oil absorption capacity and excellent superhydrophobicity after 20 absorption/combustion cycles, displaying recyclability and robust stability. In sum, the BC carbon aerogel introduced here is easy to fabricate, ecofriendly, highly scalable, low cost, mechanically robust, and reusable; all of these features make it highly attractive for oil/water separation application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Plant Fiber Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jinpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Plant Fiber Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Plant Fiber Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jinsong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Plant Fiber Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Plant Fiber Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wenhua Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Plant Fiber Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shiyun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Plant Fiber Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Fugang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Plant Fiber Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiran Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Plant Fiber Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kefu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Plant Fiber Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Teo HL, Wahab RA. Towards an eco-friendly deconstruction of agro-industrial biomass and preparation of renewable cellulose nanomaterials: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:1414-1430. [PMID: 32791266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is an array of methodologies to prepare nanocellulose (NC) and its fibrillated form (CNF) with enhanced physicochemical characteristics. However, acids, bases or organosolv treatments on biomass are far from green, and seriously threaten the environment. Current approach to produce NC/CNF from biomass should be revised and embrace the concept of sustainability and green chemistry. Although hydrothermal process, high-pressure homogenization, ball milling technique, deep eutectic solvent treatment, enzymatic hydrolysis etc., are the current techniques for producing NC, the route designs remain imperfect. Herein, this review highlights the latest methodologies in the pre-processing and isolating of NC/CNF from lignocellulose biomass, by largely focusing on related papers published in the past two years till date. This article also explores the latest advancements in environmentally friendly NC extraction techniques that cooperatively use ball milling and enzymatic hydrolytic routes as an eco-efficient way to produce NC/CNF, alongside the potential applications of the nano-sized celluloses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwee Li Teo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Enzyme Technology and Green Synthesis Group, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Roswanira Abdul Wahab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Enzyme Technology and Green Synthesis Group, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
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