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Yang X, Li C, Li P, Fu Q. Ratiometric optical probes for biosensing. Theranostics 2023; 13:2632-2656. [PMID: 37215562 PMCID: PMC10196834 DOI: 10.7150/thno.82323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Biosensing by optical probes is bringing about a revolution in our understanding of physiological and pathological states. Conventional optical probes for biosensing are prone to inaccurate detection results due to various analyte-independent factors that can lead to fluctuations in the absolute signal intensity. Ratiometric optical probes provide built-in self-calibration signal correction for more sensitive and reliable detection. Probes specifically developed for ratiometric optical detection have been shown to significantly improve the sensitivity and accuracy of biosensing. In this review, we focus on the advancements and sensing mechanism of ratiometric optical probes including photoacoustic (PA) probes, fluorescence (FL) probes, bioluminescence (BL) probes, chemiluminescence (CL) probes and afterglow probes. The versatile design strategies of these ratiometric optical probes are discussed along with a broad range of applications for biosensing such as sensing of pH, enzymes, reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), glutathione (GSH), metal ions, gas molecules and hypoxia factors, as well as the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based ratiometric probes for immunoassay biosensing. Finally, challenges and perspectives are discussed.
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Afshari MJ, Cheng X, Duan G, Duan R, Wu S, Zeng J, Gu Z, Gao M. Vision for Ratiometric Nanoprobes: In Vivo Noninvasive Visualization and Readout of Physiological Hallmarks. ACS NANO 2023; 17:7109-7134. [PMID: 37036400 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lesion areas are distinguished from normal tissues surrounding them by distinct physiological characteristics. These features serve as biological hallmarks with which targeted biomedical imaging of the lesion sites can be achieved. Although tremendous efforts have been devoted to providing smart imaging probes with the capability of visualizing the physiological hallmarks at the molecular level, the majority of them are merely able to derive anatomical information from the tissues of interest, and thus are not suitable for taking part in in vivo quantification of the biomarkers. Recent advances in chemical construction of advanced ratiometric nanoprobes (RNPs) have enabled a horizon for quantitatively monitoring the biological abnormalities in vivo. In contrast to the conventional probes whose dependency of output on single-signal profiles restricts them from taking part in quantitative practices, RNPs are designed to provide information in two channels, affording a self-calibration opportunity to exclude the analyte-independent factors from the outputs and address the issue. Most of the conventional RNPs have encountered several challenges regarding the reliability and sufficiency of the obtained data for high-performance imaging. In this Review, we have summarized the recent progresses in developing highly advanced RNPs with the capabilities of deriving maximized information from the lesion areas of interest as well as adapting themselves to the complex biological systems in order to minimize microenvironmental-induced falsified signals. To provide a better outlook on the current advanced RNPs, nanoprobes based on optical, photoacoustic, and magnetic resonance imaging modalities for visualizing a wide range of analytes such as pH, reactive species, and different derivations of amino acids have been included. Furthermore, the physicochemical properties of the RNPs, the major constituents of the nanosystems and the analyte recognition mechanisms have been introduced. Moreover, the alterations in the values of the ratiometric signal in response to the analyte of interest as well as the time at which the highest value is achieved, have been included for most of RNPs discussed in this Review. Finally, the challenges as well as future perspectives in the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Afshari
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaju Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangxin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixue Duan
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuwang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi Gu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Mingyuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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