Taurine-Conjugated Mussel-Inspired Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with an Elongated Shape for Effective Delivery of Doxorubicin into the Tumor Cells

Combination Using Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Magnetic Field for Cancer Therapy

Iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) demonstrate notable benefits in magnetic induction, attributed to their distinctive physical and chemical attributes. Emerging cancer treatment utilizing magnetic fields have also gathered increasing attention in the biomedical field. However, the defects of difficult dispersion and poor biocompatibility of MNPs seriously hinder their application. In order to overcome its inherent defects and maximize the therapeutic potential of MNPs, various functionalized MNPs have been developed, and numerous combined treatment methods based on MNPs have been widely studied. In this review, we compare and analyze the common nanoparticles based on MNPs with different sizes, shapes, and functional modifications. Additionally, we introduced the therapeutic mechanisms of the strategies, such as magnetically controlled targeting, magnetic hyperthermia, and magneto-mechanical effect, which based on the unique magnetic induction capabilities of MNPs. Finally, main challenges of MNPs as smart nanomaterials were also discussed. This review seeks to offer a thorough overview of MNPs in biomedicine and a new sight for their application in tumor treatment.

Low temperature synthesis of franklinite stabilized cefixime as a multifunctional nanoformulation

Cefixime, an antibiotic with low solubility, stability, bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness, needs to be administered in larger doses for effective treatment. This can lead to higher healthcare costs and increased risk of side effects, negatively affecting public health. Herein, we aim to develop a strategy to overcome the aforementioned limitations by stabilizing it using franklinite nanostructures. Franklinite nanostructures (ZnFe2O4) were synthesized via a green method and subsequently used as a support to stabilize cefixime (Cef). The successful formation of ZnFe2O4 nanostructures and subsequent loading of the drug was confirmed using various microscopic and spectroscopic analyses. Solubility measurements and dissolution tests for the franklinite stabilized cefixime (Cef-ZnFe2O4) indicated increased solubility, enhanced in vitro bioavailability and greater absorption under physiological conditions. Hemolytic assay affirmed the safety and efficacy of drug stabilized by franklinite. Biological assessment of Cef-ZnFe2O4 revealed that it has strong antifungal, antioxidant and kinase inhibition potential as compared to its bare counterpart. These findings emphasize the potential of newly designed Cef-ZnFe2O4 as a promising nanoformulation with enhanced solubility, efficacy, safety and biological activities.

Iron oxide nanoparticle-based nanocomposites in biomedical application

Iron-oxide-based biomagnetic nanocomposites, recognized for their significant properties, have been utilized in MRI and cancer treatment for several decades. The expansion of clinical applications is limited by the occurrence of adverse effects. These limitations are largely attributed to suboptimal material design, resulting in agglomeration, reduced magnetic relaxivity, and inadequate functionality. To address these challenges, various synthesis methods and modification strategies have been used to tailor the size, shape, and properties of iron oxide nanoparticle (FeONP)-based nanocomposites. The resulting modified nanocomposites exhibit significant potential for application in diagnostic, therapeutic, and theranostic contexts, including MRI, drug delivery, and anticancer and antimicrobial activity. Yet, their biosafety profile must be rigorously evaluated. Such efforts will facilitate the broader clinical translation of FeONP-based nanocomposites in biomedical applications.

A Review of Advanced Multifunctional Magnetic Nanostructures for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy Integrated into an Artificial Intelligence Approach

The new era of nanomedicine offers significant opportunities for cancer diagnostics and treatment. Magnetic nanoplatforms could be highly effective tools for cancer diagnosis and treatment in the future. Due to their tunable morphologies and superior properties, multifunctional magnetic nanomaterials and their hybrid nanostructures can be designed as specific carriers of drugs, imaging agents, and magnetic theranostics. Multifunctional magnetic nanostructures are promising theranostic agents due to their ability to diagnose and combine therapies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the development of advanced multifunctional magnetic nanostructures combining magnetic and optical properties, providing photoresponsive magnetic platforms for promising medical applications. Moreover, this review discusses various innovative developments using multifunctional magnetic nanostructures, including drug delivery, cancer treatment, tumor-specific ligands that deliver chemotherapeutics or hormonal agents, magnetic resonance imaging, and tissue engineering. Additionally, artificial intelligence (AI) can be used to optimize material properties in cancer diagnosis and treatment, based on predicted interactions with drugs, cell membranes, vasculature, biological fluid, and the immune system to enhance the effectiveness of therapeutic agents. Furthermore, this review provides an overview of AI approaches used to assess the practical utility of multifunctional magnetic nanostructures for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Finally, the review presents the current knowledge and perspectives on hybrid magnetic systems as cancer treatment tools with AI models.

Fluorescent Single-Core and Multi-Core Nanoprobes as Cell Trackers and Magnetic Nanoheaters

Iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been widely studied due to their versatility for diagnosis, tracking (magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)) and therapeutic (magnetic hyperthermia and drug delivery) applications. In this work, iron oxide MNPs with different single-core (8–40 nm) and multi-core (140–200 nm) structures were synthesized and functionalized by organic and inorganic coating materials, highlighting their ability as magnetic nanotools to boost cell biotechnological procedures. Single core Fe3O4@PDA, Fe3O4@SiO2-FITC-SiO2 and Fe3O4@SiO2-RITC-SiO2 MNPs were functionalized with fluorescent components with emission at different wavelengths, 424 nm (polydopamine), 515 (fluorescein) and 583 nm (rhodamine), and their ability as transfection and imaging agents was explored with HeLa cells. Moreover, different multi-core iron oxide MNPs (Fe3O4@CS, Fe3O4@SiO2 and Fe3O4@Citrate) coated with organic (citrate and chitosan, CS) and inorganic (silica, SiO2) shells were tested as efficient nanoheaters for magnetic hyperthermia applications for mild thermal heating procedures as an alternative to simple structures based on single-core MNPs. This work highlights the multiple abilities offered by the synergy of the use of external magnetic fields applied on MNPs and their application in different biomedical approaches.

Polydopamine-Coated Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: From Design to Applications

Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have been extensively investigated due to their applications in various fields such as biomedicine, sensing, and environmental remediation. However, they need to be coated with a suitable material in order to make them biocompatible and to add new functionalities on their surface. This review is intended to give a comprehensive overview of recent advantages and applications of iron oxide nanoparticles coated by polydopamine film. The synthesis method of magnetic nanoparticles, their functionalization with bioinspired materials and (in particular) with polydopamine are discussed. Finally, some interesting applications of polydopamine-coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles will be pointed out.

Laser-triggered combination therapy by iron sulfide-doxorubicin@functionalized nanozymes for breast cancer therapy

Background

The use of magnetic nanozymes (NZs) with the ability to synchronize gas therapy through photodynamic and chemotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer has received much attention.

Results

Hence, in this study, we designed a bovine lactoferrin-coated iron sulfide NZs containing doxorubicin (abbreviated as: FeS-Dox@bLf NZs) by wet-chemical synthesis method. Then, the physicochemical characteristics of synthesized NZs were explored by several methods. Also, the level of Fe²⁺, H₂S and Dox releases from FeS-Dox@Lf NZs. Also, the cytotoxic effects of FeS-Dox@Lf NZs were investigated by cellular assays. After intravenous injections of NZs and laser irradiation, significant effects of FeS-Dox@Lf NZs on mice weight and tumor status were observed. Afterwards, not only the distribution of Dox in the body was examined by fluorescent, but also the time of Fe clearance and the amount of Dox and Fe retention in vital tissues were determined. The findings confirm that FeS-Dox@Lf NZs, in addition to targeted drug distribution in tumor tissue, resulted in superior therapeutic performance compared to free Dox due to reduced Dox side effects in vital tissues, and increased level of free radicals in 4T1 cells.

Conclusion

Overall, FeS-Dox@Lf NZs with the ability to synchronize chemotherapy and gas therapy raised hopes for more effective treatment of breast cancer.

Graphic abstract

Attenuation of 7-ketocholesterol- and 7β-hydroxycholesterol-induced oxiapoptophagy by nutrients, synthetic molecules and oils: Potential for the prevention of age-related diseases

Age-related diseases for which there are no effective treatments include cardiovascular diseases; neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease; eye disorders such as cataract and age-related macular degeneration; and, more recently, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-2). These diseases are associated with plasma and/or tissue increases in cholesterol derivatives mainly formed by auto-oxidation: 7-ketocholesterol, also known as 7-oxo-cholesterol, and 7β-hydroxycholesterol. The formation of these oxysterols can be considered as a consequence of mitochondrial and peroxisomal dysfunction, leading to increased in oxidative stress, which is accentuated with age. 7-ketocholesterol and 7β-hydroxycholesterol cause a specific form of cytotoxic activity defined as oxiapoptophagy, including oxidative stress and induction of death by apoptosis associated with autophagic criteria. Oxiaptophagy is associated with organelle dysfunction and in particular with mitochondrial and peroxisomal alterations involved in the induction of cell death and in the rupture of redox balance. As the criteria characterizing 7-ketocholesterol- and 7β-hydroxycholesterol-induced cytotoxicity are often simultaneously observed in major age-related diseases (cardiovascular diseases, age-related macular degeneration, Alzheimer's disease) the involvement of these oxysterols in the pathophysiology of the latter seems increasingly likely. It is therefore important to better understand the signalling pathways associated with the toxicity of 7-ketocholesterol and 7β-hydroxycholesterol in order to identify pharmacological targets, nutrients and synthetic molecules attenuating or inhibiting the cytotoxic activities of these oxysterols. Numerous natural cytoprotective compounds have been identified: vitamins, fatty acids, polyphenols, terpenes, vegetal pigments, antioxidants, mixtures of compounds (oils, plant extracts) and bacterial enzymes. However, few synthetic molecules are able to prevent 7-ketocholesterol- and/or 7β-hydroxycholesterol-induced cytotoxicity: dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor AG126, memantine, simvastatine, Trolox, dimethylsufoxide, mangafodipir and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) inhibitors. The effectiveness of these compounds, several of which are already in use in humans, makes it possible to consider using them for the treatment of certain age-related diseases associated with increased plasma and/or tissue levels of 7-ketocholesterol and/or 7β-hydroxycholesterol.

Evidence of a non-apoptotic mode of cell death in microglial BV-2 cells exposed to different concentrations of zinc oxide nanoparticles

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) possess huge application potential. However, the toxicity of ZnO NPs is a great cause of concern. Indeed, ZnO NPs have been found to cause neurotoxicity. As microglial dysfunctions have been linked to the neurotoxic potential of NPs, the physico-chemical properties of ZnO NPs were determined and their cytotoxic effects were characterised on murine microglial BV-2 cells. In-house prepared and meticulously characterised ZnO NPs exhibited narrow size distribution with an average size of around 20 nm and a zeta potential at physiological pH around 24 mV. ZnO NPs did not exhibit aggregation in the cell culture medium. When microglial BV-2 cells were exposed for 6 and 24 h to ZnO NPs (5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 μg/mL), several cell damages were observed. Cellular accumulation of NPs in microglial BV-2 cells was associated with cell growth inhibition and cell death induction, measured by the trypan blue exclusion and MTT assays. Mitochondrial dysfunction and lysosomal alteration were associated with increased plasma membrane permeability measured by staining with DiOC₆(3), acridine orange, and propidium iodide, respectively. In addition, an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected after staining with dihydroethidium and dihydrorhodamine 123. No apoptotic features were present: no cells with condensed and/or fragmented nuclei (Hoechst staining) characteristic of apoptotic cells, absence of subG1 cells, absence of caspase-3 cleavage, and PARP fragmentation. With ZnO NPs (80 μg/mL), with the annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) assay, few apoptotic cells (annexin V+/PI- cells) were detected whereas (annexin V+/PI+ cells) evocating necrotic cells were mainly identified. No modification of the cells in the different phases of the cell cycle was found. Altogether, our data show that ZnO NPs induce a non-apoptotic mode of cell death associated with an accumulation of ROS, mitochondrial, and lysosomal dysfunction and plasma membrane damages in microglial BV-2 cells.Graphical abstract.

Bio-Applications of Multifunctional Melanin Nanoparticles: From Nanomedicine to Nanocosmetics

Bioinspired nanomaterials are ideal components for nanomedicine, by virtue of their expected biocompatibility or even complete lack of toxicity. Natural and artificial melanin-based nanoparticles (MNP), including polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA NP), excel for their extraordinary combination of additional optical, electronic, chemical, photophysical, and photochemical properties. Thanks to these features, melanin plays an important multifunctional role in the design of new platforms for nanomedicine where this material works not only as a mechanical support or scaffold, but as an active component for imaging, even multimodal, and simple or synergistic therapy. The number of examples of bio-applications of MNP increased dramatically in the last decade. Here, we review the most recent ones, focusing on the multiplicity of functions that melanin performs in theranostics platforms with increasing complexity. For the sake of clarity, we start analyzing briefly the main properties of melanin and its derivative as well as main natural sources and synthetic methods, moving to imaging application from mono-modal (fluorescence, photoacoustic, and magnetic resonance) to multi-modal, and then to mono-therapy (drug delivery, anti-oxidant, photothermal, and photodynamic), and finally to theranostics and synergistic therapies, including gene- and immuno- in combination to photothermal and photodynamic. Nanomedicine aims not only at the treatment of diseases, but also to their prevention, and melanin in nature performs a protective action, in the form of nanopigment, against UV-Vis radiations and oxidants. With these functions being at the border between nanomedicine and cosmetics nanotechnology, recently examples of applications of artificial MNP in cosmetics are increasing, paving the road to the birth of the new science of nanocosmetics. In the last part of this review, we summarize and discuss these important recent results that establish evidence of the interconnection between nanomedicine and cosmetics nanotechnology.