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Singha K, Kumari G, Jagadevan S, Sarkar AN, Pal S. In Situ Synthesis of Exfoliated Ni(OH) 2 Nanosheets and AgNPs-Embedded Functionalized Polyindole-Based Trinary Hybrid Microspheres: A Z-Scheme Photocatalyst for the Sunlight-Driven Degradation of Organic Pollutants with Enhanced Antibacterial Efficacy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:16208-16225. [PMID: 39046098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Advancing a facile one-pot synthetic approach for the fabrication of a hybrid heterojunction photocatalyst remains a significant challenge in research pursuits. Herein, a microsphere-like trinary hybrid nanocomposite has been synthesized (NH/PIn/MAA/Ag). It comprises exfoliated single- and a few-layered Ni(OH)2 (NH nanosheets), mercaptoacetate-functionalized polyindole (PIn/MAA), and Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) through an in situ approach. The formation mechanism is based on the exfoliation of stacked Ni(OH)2 multilayers [i.e., Ni(OH)2 microflowers] and stabilization of NH nanosheets through host-guest formation of PIn/MAA, followed by the adsorption-reduction of Ag+ ions in a one-pot reaction at low temperature. Surface morphological analyses of hybrid nanocomposite microspheres have exhibited that highly dense Ni(OH)2 microflowers have been transformed into low-density layered forms (NH nanosheets) within the polymeric platform (PIn/MAA) with deposited AgNPs. An interfacial heterojunction has been developed between the components in the depletion region, leading to an improvement in photocatalytic efficiency through a synergistic effect over the components for charge separation and transfer through the heterojunction interface via solid-state mediator Ag-based Z-scheme charge transfer dynamics. The superior photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline (98.2%) by trinary hybrid microspheres can be attributed to the deteriorated recombination rate of electron-hole pairs with reduced charge transfer resistance of the heterojunction in the photocatalyst, as obvious from photoluminescence, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, chronoamperometry, and time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) analyses. Moreover, the antibacterial properties of microspheres against Bacillus pumilus (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) bacteria have validated their potential as promising materials for the overall purification of aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Singha
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, Dhanbad 826004, India
| | - Gitanjalee Kumari
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, Dhanbad 826004, India
| | - Sheeja Jagadevan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, Dhanbad 826004, India
| | - Abanindra Nath Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, Dhanbad 826004, India
| | - Sagar Pal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, Dhanbad 826004, India
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Lan PT, Hao NH, Hieu NT, Ha NTT, Brown CT, Cam LM. Graphitic carbon nitride supported silver nanoparticles (AgNPs/g-C 3N 4): synthesis and photocatalytic behavior in the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. RSC Adv 2024; 14:19014-19028. [PMID: 38873553 PMCID: PMC11170562 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02658f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride supported silver nanoparticles (AgNPs/g-C3N4) with 1%, 3%, and 5% AgNPs were successfully synthesized by an "ex situ" method with ultrasound of a mixture of AgNP solution and g-C3N4. The AgNP solution was prepared by chemical reduction with trisodium citrate, and g-C3N4 was synthesized from the urea precursor. The supported nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nitrogen adsorption-desorption (BET), Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) Nyquist plots. The visible light-driven photocurrent measurement was performed by three on-off cycles of intermittent irradiation. The analyses show that AgNPs were evenly dispersed on g-C3N4, and have sizes ranging from 40 to 50 nm. The optical properties of the AgNPs/g-C3N4 material were significantly enhanced due to the plasmonic effect of AgNPs. The photocatalytic activity of catalysts was evaluated by 2,4-D degradation under visible light irradiation (λ > 420 nm). In the reaction conditions: pH 2.2; C o (2,4-D) 40 ppm; a m/v ratio of 0.5 g L-1, AgNPs/g-C3N4 materials exhibit superior photocatalytic activity compared to the pristine g-C3N4. The studies on the influence of free radicals and photogenerated holes, h+, show that ˙OH, O2˙-, and h+ play decisive roles in the photocatalytic activity of AgNPs/g-C3N4. The TOC result indicates the minimal toxicity of the by-products formed during the 2,4-D degradation. In addition, the AgNPs/g-C3N4 catalytic activity under direct sunlight irradiation was similar to that under artificial UV irradiation. Based on these results, a possible mechanism is proposed to explain the enhanced photocatalytic activity and stability of AgNPs/g-C3N4. Theoretical calculations on the interaction between 2,4-D and g-C3N4, Ag/g-C3N4 was also performed. The calculated results show that the adsorption of 2,4-D on Ag-modified g-C3N4 is significantly more effective compared to pristine g-C3N4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phung Thi Lan
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi National University of Education 136 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hoang Hao
- College of Education, Vinh University 182 Le Duan Vinh Nghe An Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Trung Hieu
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi National University of Education 136 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Thu Ha
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi National University of Education 136 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
| | | | - Le Minh Cam
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi National University of Education 136 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
- Thanh Do University QL 32, Kim Chung, Hoai Duc Ha Noi Vietnam
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Arumugam G, Durairaj S, Gonçale JC, Fonseca do Carmo PH, Terra Garcia M, Soares da Silva N, Borges BM, Loures FV, Ghosh D, Vivanco JF, Junqueira JC. Silver Nanoparticle-Embedded Carbon Nitride: Antifungal Activity on Candida albicans and Toxicity toward Animal Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:25727-25739. [PMID: 38742469 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The development of engineered nanomaterials has been considered a promising strategy to control oral infections. In this study, silver-embedded carbon nitrides (Ag@g-CN) were synthesized and tested against Candida albicans, investigating their antifungal action and biocompatibility in animal cells. Ag@g-CN was synthesized by a simple one-pot thermal polymerization technique and characterized by various analytical techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed slight alterations in the crystal structure of g-CN upon the incorporation of Ag. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy confirmed the presence of Ag-N bonds, indicating successful silver incorporation and potential interactions with g-CN's amino groups. UV-vis spectroscopy demonstrated a red shift in the absorption edge of Ag@g-CN compared with g-CN, attributed to the surface plasmon resonance effect of silver nanoparticles. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the 2D layered sheet like morphology of both materials. The Ag 3d peaks found in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the presence of metallic Ag0 nanoparticles in Ag@g-CN. The Ag@g-CN materials exhibited high antifungal activity against reference and oral clinical strains of C. albicans, with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges between 16-256 μg/mL. The mechanism of Ag@g-CN on C. albicans was attributed to the disruption of the membrane integrity and disturbance of the biofilm. In addition, the Ag@g-CN material showed good biocompatibility in the fibroblastic cell line and in Galleria mellonella, with no apparent cytotoxicity observed at a concentration up to 1000 μg/mL. These findings demonstrate the potential of the Ag@g-CN material as an effective and safe antifungal agent for the treatment of oral fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganeshkumar Arumugam
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil
- Department of Materials Physics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMTS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sivaraj Durairaj
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
- Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Viña del Mar 2580335, Chile
| | - Juliana Caparroz Gonçale
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Fonseca do Carmo
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Maíra Terra Garcia
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Newton Soares da Silva
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Bruno Montanari Borges
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo/UNIFESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12231-280, Brazil
| | - Flavio Vieira Loures
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo/UNIFESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12231-280, Brazil
| | - Deepa Ghosh
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Juan F Vivanco
- Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Viña del Mar 2580335, Chile
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil
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Portillo-Cortez K, Caudillo-Flores U, Sánchez-López P, Smolentseva E, Dominguez D, Fuentes-Moyado S. Photocatalytic Activity of Ag Nanoparticles Deposited on Thermoexfoliated g-C 3N 4. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:623. [PMID: 38607157 PMCID: PMC11013134 DOI: 10.3390/nano14070623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The limited access to fresh water and the increased presence of emergent pollutants (EPs) in wastewater has increased the interest in developing strategies for wastewater remediation, including photocatalysis. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a 2D non-metal material with outstanding properties, such as a 2.7 eV bandgap and physicochemical stability, making it a promising photocatalyst. This work reports the process of obtaining high-surface-area (SA) g-C3N4 using the thermal-exfoliation process and the posterior effect of Ag-nanoparticle loading over the exfoliated g-C3N4 surface. The photocatalytic activity of samples was evaluated through methylene blue (MB) degradation under visible-light radiation and correlated to its physical properties obtained by XRD, TEM, BET, and UV-Vis analyses. Moreover, 74% MB degradation was achieved by exfoliated g-C3N4 compared to its bulk counterpart (55%) in 180 min. Moreover, better photocatalytic performances (94% MB remotion) were registered at low Ag loading, with 5 wt.% as the optimal value. Such an improvement is attributed to the synergetic effect produced by a higher SA and the role of Ag nanoparticles in preventing charge-recombination processes. Based on the results, this work provides a simple and efficient methodology to obtain Ag/g-C3N4 photocatalysts with enhanced photocatalytic performance that is adequate for water remediation under sunlight conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uriel Caudillo-Flores
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ensenada CP 22860, Mexico; (K.P.-C.); (P.S.-L.); (E.S.); (D.D.); (S.F.-M.)
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Khan AA, Khan A, Khan S, Shah N, Khan A, Nawaz F, Khalid A, Jan A, Al-Harrasi A. Preparation and characterization of sulphur and zinc oxide Co-doped graphitic carbon nitride for photo-assisted removal of Safranin-O dye. RSC Adv 2024; 14:8871-8884. [PMID: 38495991 PMCID: PMC10941262 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07247a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been significant interest in photocatalytic reactions involving graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) due to its sp2-hybridized carbon and nitrogen content and it is an ideal candidate for blending with other materials to enhance performance. Here, we have synthesized and analyzed both doped and undoped g-C3N4 nanoparticles. Specifically, we co-doped sulfur (S) into g-C3N4, integrated it with ZnO particles, and investigated the photocatalytic potential of these nanocomposites to remove Safranin-O dye. The initial step involved the preparation of pure g-C3N4 through calcination of urea. Subsequently, S-g-C3N4 was synthesized by calcining a mixture of urea and thiourea with a 3 : 1 ratio. Finally, the ZnO-S-g-C3N4 composite was synthesized using the liquid exfoliation technique, with distilled water serving as the exfoliating solvent. These samples were characterized by advanced techniques, including UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), to assess their crystallinity, morphology, optical properties, and phase purity. Subsequently, these nanocomposites were employed in catalytic and photocatalytic processes to remove the Safranin-O dye (SO). The results highlighted the formation of Z-scheme junction responsible for ZnO-S-g-C3N4's significant performance improvement. The comparison of results demonstrated that S-g-C3N4 and ZnO-S-g-C3N4 composites revealed an effective removal of Safranin-O dye in the presence of UV-light as compared to pure g-C3N4, as it was attributed to the phenomenon of improved separation of photogenerated charge carriers as a result of heterojunction formation between S-g-C3N4 and ZnO interfaces. In addition to improving photocatalytic performance, this study presents a facile route for producing ZnO-S-g-C3N4 composite with superior adsorption capabilities and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azmat Ali Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan 23200 KP Pakistan +92-937-542188 +92-3408467885
| | - Abbas Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan 23200 KP Pakistan +92-937-542188 +92-3408467885
| | - Sumayya Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan 23200 KP Pakistan +92-937-542188 +92-3408467885
| | - Nasrullah Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan 23200 KP Pakistan +92-937-542188 +92-3408467885
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa PO Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz Nizwa Oman
| | - Faheem Nawaz
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Informatics, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS) Quetta Pakistan
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University PO Box: 114 Jazan 45142 Saudi Arabia
| | - Afnan Jan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University Makkah Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa PO Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz Nizwa Oman
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Pandey S, Kim S, Kim YS, Kumar D, Kang M. Fabrication of next-generation multifunctional LBG-s-AgNPs@ g-C 3N 4 NS hybrid nanostructures for environmental applications. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 240:117540. [PMID: 37925126 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxic industrial wastes and microbial pathogens in water pose a continuous threat to aquatic life as well as alarming situations for humans. Developing advanced materials with an environmentally friendly approach is always preferable for heterogeneous visible light photocatalysis. As a green reducing tool, LBG-s-AgNPs@ g-C3N4 NS hybrid nanostructures were anchored onto graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) using an environmentally friendly approach of anchoring/decorating AgNPs onto g-C3N4. With the help of advanced techniques, the fabricated hybrid nanostructures were characterized. Using a sheet like matrix of g-C3N4, nanosized and well-defined uniform AgNPs displayed good antibacterial activity as well as superior photodegradation of hazardous dyes, including methylene blue (MB) and Rhodamine B (RhB). Based on the disc diffusion method, three pathogenic microorganisms of clinical significance can be identified by showing the magnitude of their susceptibility. As a result, the following antimicrobial potency was obtained: E. coli ≥ M. luteus ≥ S. aureus. In this study, green synthesized (biogenic) AgNPs decorated with g-C3N4 were found to be more potent antimicrobials than traditional AgNPs. Under visible light irradiation, LBG-s-AgNPs@g-C3N4 NS (0.01 M) demonstrated superior photocatalytic performance: ∼100% RhB degradation and ∼99% of MB degradation in 160 min. LBG-s-AgNPs@g-C3N4 NS showed the highest kinetic rate, 3.44 × 10-2 min-1, which is 27.74 times for the control activity in case of MB dye. While in case of RhB dye LBG-s-AgNPs@g-C3N4 NS showed the highest kinetic rate, 2.26 × 10-2 min-1, which is 17.51 times for the control activity. Due to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and reduction in recombination of the electrons and holes generated during photocatalysis, anchoring AgNPs to g-C3N4 further enhanced the photocatalytic degradation of dyes. Using this photocatalyst, hazardous dyes can be efficiently and rapidly degraded, allowing it to be applied for wastewater treatment contaminated with dyes. It also showed remarkable antimicrobial activity towards Gram-ve/Gram + ve pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadanand Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea; School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Sujeong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Soo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | - Misook Kang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.
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Kalantari Bolaghi Z, Rodriguez-Seco C, Yurtsever A, Ma D. Exploring the Remarkably High Photocatalytic Efficiency of Ultra-Thin Porous Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:103. [PMID: 38202558 PMCID: PMC10781176 DOI: 10.3390/nano14010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a metal-free photocatalyst used for visible-driven hydrogen production, CO2 reduction, and organic pollutant degradation. In addition to the most attractive feature of visible photoactivity, its other benefits include thermal and photochemical stability, cost-effectiveness, and simple and easy-scale-up synthesis. However, its performance is still limited due to its low absorption at longer wavelengths in the visible range, and high charge recombination. In addition, the exfoliated nanosheets easily aggregate, causing the reduction in specific surface area, and thus its photoactivity. Herein, we propose the use of ultra-thin porous g-C3N4 nanosheets to overcome these limitations and improve its photocatalytic performance. Through the optimization of a novel multi-step synthetic protocol, based on an initial thermal treatment, the use of nitric acid (HNO3), and an ultrasonication step, we were able to obtain very thin and well-tuned material that yielded exceptional photodegradation performance of methyl orange (MO) under visible light irradiation, without the need for any co-catalyst. About 96% of MO was degraded in as short as 30 min, achieving a normalized apparent reaction rate constant (k) of 1.1 × 10-2 min-1mg-1. This represents the highest k value ever reported using C3N4-based photocatalysts for MO degradation, based on our thorough literature search. Ultrasonication in acid not only prevents agglomeration of g-C3N4 nanosheets but also tunes pore size distribution and plays a key role in this achievement. We also studied their performance in a photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), achieving a production of 1842 µmol h-1 g-1. Through a profound analysis of all the samples' structure, morphology, and optical properties, we provide physical insight into the improved performance of our optimized porous g-C3N4 sample for both photocatalytic reactions. This research may serve as a guide for improving the photocatalytic activity of porous two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors under visible light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Rodriguez-Seco
- Centre Énergie Materiaux et Telécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Varennes, QC J3X 1P7, Canada; (Z.K.B.); (A.Y.)
| | | | - Dongling Ma
- Centre Énergie Materiaux et Telécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Varennes, QC J3X 1P7, Canada; (Z.K.B.); (A.Y.)
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Shoran S, Sharma A, Chaudhary S. Visible light enhanced photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants with SiO 2/g-C 3N 4 nanocomposite for environmental applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:98732-98746. [PMID: 36622589 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24837-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of eco-friendly photocatalysts is gaining attention as an effective approach for degrading organic pollutants. In the present study, the composite materials are composed of various components with varying structures that combine to enhance their characteristics and widen their applications. This work uses the hydrothermal method for the fabrication of a novel and steady SiO2/g-C3N4 photocatalyst. The amount of SiO2 was fixed, and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) was varied in the ratio (1:x, where x = 1, 2, 3) and abbreviated as SCN1, SCN2, and SCN3. The optical properties, surface morphology, and structural analysis of the prepared nanocomposites were studied using various techniques such as FTIR, TGA, X-ray diffraction, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The results show that SCN2 nanocomposites significantly improved the photocatalytic activity, with a degradation efficiency of 70% for auramine O and 84.6% for xylenol orange dye under visible light irradiation, which is a result of their large surface area and efficient electron-hole separation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Shoran
- Center of Excellence for Energy and Environmental Studies, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, 131039, Haryana, India
| | - Anshu Sharma
- Department of Physics Under School of Engineering and Technology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendragarh, 123031, Haryana, India
| | - Sudesh Chaudhary
- Center of Excellence for Energy and Environmental Studies, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, 131039, Haryana, India.
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Ma A, Qian H, Liu H, Ren S. Degradation of malachite green by g-C 3N 4-modified magnetic attapulgite composites under visible-light conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:96360-96375. [PMID: 37572254 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Water resources are seriously threatened by dye wastewater, and the removal of the dye molecules from the wastewater has garnered considerable interest. People have favored photocatalytic technology in recent years for the treatment of dye wastewater. In this work, attapulgite (ATP) was used as a carrier, Fe3O4 and g-C3N4 were grafted onto ATP, and the surface was then modified with polyethyleneimine (PEI) to produce photocatalyst ATP-Fe3O4-g-C3N4-PEI, which was used in Malachite green (MG) dye wastewater. The structure and surface properties of the composites were analyzed and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray spectrum (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Uv-vis spectrum analysis, zeta potential measurement, and vibrating-sample magnetometry (VSM) analysis. The removal performance of ATP-Fe3O4-gC3N4-PEI for MG was studied, and the removal mechanism was explored and revealed. It has been shown that the heterojunction formed by Fe3O4 and g-C3N4 can inhibit the compounding of photogenerated electrons and holes, effectively improving the performance of the ATP-Fe3O4-g-C3N4-PEI. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis confirmed that ATP-Fe3O4-g-C3N4-PEI could generate hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and superoxide radicals (·O2-) to degrade the MG. It was believed that ATP-Fe3O4-g-C3N4-PEI could generate hydroxyl radicals (·OH) through the photocatalysis and the Fenton reaction of the composite materials. Under the action of H+, ·O2-, and ·OH, the removal rate of MG by ATP-Fe3O4-g-C3N4-PEI exceeded 98 % at an optimal condition. The intermediate products and degradation pathways of MG degradation were also inferred by LC-MS analysis. These results showed that the prepared photocatalyst has excellent degradation performance for MG and could be used in dye wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishun Ma
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Mining & Metallurgy Environmental Pollution Control, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Mining Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanlin Qian
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Mining Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Liu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Mining & Metallurgy Environmental Pollution Control, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Sili Ren
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Mining & Metallurgy Environmental Pollution Control, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Mining Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Kumaravel S, Chandrasatheesh C, Palanisamy G, Lee J, Hasan I, Kumaravel S, Avula B, Pongiya UD, Balu K. Highly Efficient Solar-Light-Active Ag-Decorated g-C 3N 4 Composite Photocatalysts for the Degradation of Methyl Orange Dye. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1454. [PMID: 37512765 PMCID: PMC10383219 DOI: 10.3390/mi14071454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we utilized calcination and simple impregnation methods to successfully fabricate bare g-C3N4 (GCN) and x% Ag/g-C3N4 (x% AgGCN) composite photocatalysts with various weight percentages (x = 1, 3, 5, and 7 wt.%). The synthesized bare and composite photocatalysts were analyzed to illustrate their phase formation, functional group, morphology, and optical properties utilizing XRD, FT-IR, UV-Vis DRS, PL, FE-SEM, and the EDS. The photodegradation rate of MO under solar light irradiation was measured, and the 5% AgGCN composite photocatalyst showed higher photocatalytic activity (99%), which is very high compared to other bare and composite photocatalysts. The MO dye degradation rate constant with the 5% AgGCN photocatalyst exhibits 14.83 times better photocatalytic activity compared to the bare GCN catalyst. This photocatalyst showed good efficiency in the degradation of MO dye and demonstrated cycling stability even in the 5th successive photocatalytic reaction cycle. The higher photocatalytic activity of the 5% AgGCN composite catalyst for the degradation of MO dye is due to the interaction of Ag with GCN and the localized surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect of Ag. The scavenger study results indicate that O2●- radicals play a major role in MO dye degradation. A possible charge-transfer mechanism is proposed to explain the solar-light-driven photocatalyst of GCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Kumaravel
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Govindasamy Palanisamy
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Imran Hasan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saranraj Kumaravel
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Balakrishna Avula
- Department of Chemistry, Rajeev Gandhi Memorial College of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous), Nandyal 518501, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Uma Devi Pongiya
- Department of Biochemistry, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan College of Arts and Science for Women (Autonomous), Perambalur 621212, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishnakumar Balu
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencia de los Materiales y del Transporte, E.T.S. de Ingenieros, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Camino de los Descubrimientos s/n., 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- Department of Chemistry, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
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11
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Aljuaid A, Almehmadi M, Alsaiari AA, Allahyani M, Abdulaziz O, Alsharif A, Alsaiari JA, Saih M, Alotaibi RT, Khan I. g-C 3N 4 Based Photocatalyst for the Efficient Photodegradation of Toxic Methyl Orange Dye: Recent Modifications and Future Perspectives. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073199. [PMID: 37049963 PMCID: PMC10096294 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Industrial effluents containing dyes are the dominant pollutants, making the drinking water unfit. Among the dyes, methylene orange (MO) dye is mutagenic, carcinogenic and toxic to aquatic organisms. Therefore, its removal from water bodies through effective and economical approach is gaining increased attention in the last decades. Photocatalytic degradation has the ability to convert economically complex dye molecules into non-toxic and smaller species via redox reactions, by using photocatalysts. g-C3N4 is a metal-free n-type semiconductor, typical nonmetallic and non-toxici polymeric photocatalyst. It widely used in photocatalytic materials, due to its easy and simple synthesis, fascinating electronic band structure, high stability and abundant availability. As a photocatalyst, its major drawbacks are its limited efficiency in separating photo-excited electron-hole pairs, high separated charge recombination, low specific surface area, and low absorption coefficient. In this review, we report the recent modification strategies adopted for g-C3N4 for the efficient photodegradation of MO dye. The different modification approaches, such as nanocomposites and heterojunctions, as well as doping and defect introductions, are briefly discussed. The mechanism of the photodegradation of MO dye by g-C3N4 and future perspectives are discussed. This review paper will predict strategies for the fabrication of an efficient g-C3N4-based photocatalyst for the photodegradation of MO dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulelah Aljuaid
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazen Almehmadi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahad Amer Alsaiari
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mamdouh Allahyani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama Abdulaziz
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawaher Amer Alsaiari
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Magdi Saih
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rema Turki Alotaibi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Idrees Khan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
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12
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Michalska M, Matějka V, Pavlovský J, Praus P, Ritz M, Serenčíšová J, Gembalová L, Kormunda M, Foniok K, Reli M, Simha Martynková G. Effect of Ag modification on TiO 2 and melem/g-C 3N 4 composite on photocatalytic performances. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5270. [PMID: 37002319 PMCID: PMC10066401 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, the comparison of two different semiconductor materials is demonstrated, TiO2 and melem/g-C3N4 composites-modified with balls of approximately 5 nm Ag nanoparticles (NPs) as photocatalysts for the degradation of the model dye acid orange 7 (AO7). The melem molecule synthesized here is one of a series of organic compounds consisting of triazine ring compounds with a structure similar to that of melam and melamine. The photodegradation process of AO7 was carried out to examine all powder materials as a potential photocatalyst. Additionally, two different lamps of wavelengths 368 nm (UV light) and 420 nm (VIS light) were applied to compare the photodegradation tests. A new synthesis route for the acquisition of Ag NPs (Ag content 0.5, 1.0 and 2.5 wt%), based on a wet and low temperature method without the use of reducing reagents was proposed. The best photocatalytic performances under UV and VIS light were obtained for both, TiO2 and melem/g-C3N4 materials (new synthesis route) modified with a very low Ag content-0.5 wt%. The photodegradation activities using UV lamp (3 h, 368 nm irradiation) for samples with 0.5 wt% of Ag: TiO2 and melem/g-C3N4, in excess of 95 and 94%, respectively, were achieved. The highest photoactive materials melem/g-C3N4 with 0.5 and 1 wt% Ag revealed 98% of activity under the VIS lamp after 3 h long irradiation. Our work demonstrates a novel, environmentally acceptable, and cost-effective chemical strategy for preparation of photocatalysts suitable for degradation of organic contaminants in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Michalska
- Department of Chemistry and Physico-Chemical Processes, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - V Matějka
- Department of Chemistry and Physico-Chemical Processes, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - J Pavlovský
- Department of Chemistry and Physico-Chemical Processes, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - P Praus
- Department of Chemistry and Physico-Chemical Processes, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
- Institute of Environmental Technology, CEET, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - M Ritz
- Department of Chemistry and Physico-Chemical Processes, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - J Serenčíšová
- Energy Research Centre, CEET, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - L Gembalová
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - M Kormunda
- Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkyně University, Pasteurova 15, 400 96, Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - K Foniok
- Department of Chemistry and Physico-Chemical Processes, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - M Reli
- Institute of Environmental Technology, CEET, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - G Simha Martynková
- Nanotechnology Centre, CEET, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
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13
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Preparation of S-Scheme g-C3N4/ZnO Heterojunction Composite for Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Destruction of Refractory Organic Pollutant. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13030485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-based ZnO heterostructure was synthesized using a facile calcination method with urea and zinc nitrate hexahydrate as the initiators. According to the scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images, spherical ZnO particles can be seen along the g-C3N4 nanosheets. Additionally, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals the successful synthesis of the g-C3N4/ZnO. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized catalyst was tested for the decolorization of crystal violet (CV) as an organic refractory contaminant. The impacts of ZnO molar ratio, catalyst amount, CV concentration, and H2O2 concentration on CV degradation efficiency were investigated. The obtained outcomes conveyed that the ZnO molar ratio in the g-C3N4 played a prominent role in the degradation efficiency, in which the degradation efficiency reached 95.9% in the presence of 0.05 mmol of ZnO and 0.10 g/L of the catalyst in 10 mg/L of CV through 120 min under UV irradiation. Bare g-C3N4 was also tested for dye decolorization, and a 76.4% dye removal efficiency was obtained. The g-C3N4/ZnO was also tested for adsorption, and a 32.3% adsorption efficiency was obtained. Photocatalysis, in comparison to adsorption, had a dominant role in the decolorization of CV. Lastly, the results depicted no significant decrement in the CV degradation efficiency in the presence of the g-C3N4/ZnO photocatalyst after five consecutive runs.
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14
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Dahiya S, Sharma A, Chaudhary S. Synthesis of phytoextract-mediated Ag-doped graphitic carbon nitride (Ag@GCN) for photocatalytic degradation of dyes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:25650-25662. [PMID: 36696062 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25359-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The present work focuses on the green synthesis of Ag-doped graphitic carbon nitride (Ag@GCN) for photocatalytic activities, which can contribute to a more sustainable environment. The leaf extract of the Ocimum tenuiflorum (Tulsi) plant was used to prepare the silver nanoparticles, as the plant extract serves as a stabilizing and capping agent in producing silver nanoparticles. Both Ag nanoparticles and urea-derived GCN were synthesized by thermal polymerization. The Ag-doped GCN nanocomposites were synthesized using various millimolar concentrations of Ag nanoparticles (NPs) with a fixed amount of GCN. The green nanocomposites (NCs) were synthesized by calcinating leaf extract at about 550 °C. They were then characterized for surface morphology by SEM coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and elemental composition by XRD, Fourier-dispersive infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Thermal stability and estimation of the Ag content in GCN were done through thermogravimetric analysis. The prepared series of nanocomposites (Ag-doped GCN 0.5 mM, 1.0 mM, 1.5 mM, 2.0 mM) were used to study the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of rose bengal (RB) and xylenol orange (XO) dyes. The degradation efficiency of dyes gets enhanced due to the doping of Ag nanoparticles into GCN. The efficiency increased from 54 to 76% and 15 to 36% in the case of RB and XO dyes, respectively. The apparent rate constant value increased up to 2.5 times in the case of the Ag-doped GCN (1.5 mM) nanocomposite in comparison to GCN. The result obtained from the study confirmed that Ag-doped GCN (1.5 mM) could act as a potential photocatalyst for wastewater remediation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweety Dahiya
- Centre of Excellence for Energy and Environmental Studies, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, Sonipat, 131039, Haryana, India
| | - Anshu Sharma
- Department of Physics Under School of Engineering and Technology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031, Haryana, India
| | - Sudesh Chaudhary
- Centre of Excellence for Energy and Environmental Studies, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, Sonipat, 131039, Haryana, India.
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15
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The mechanism insight for improved photocatalysis and interfacial charges transfer of surface-dispersed Ag0 modified layered graphite-phase carbon nitride nanosheets. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2022.103936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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16
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Arif U, Ali F, Bahader A, Ali S, Zada A, Raziq F. Efficient visible light activities of Ag modified ZnO/g-C3N4 composite for CO2 conversion. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Porcu S, Secci F, Ricci PC. Advances in Hybrid Composites for Photocatalytic Applications: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27206828. [PMID: 36296421 PMCID: PMC9607189 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous photocatalysts have garnered extensive attention as a sustainable way for environmental remediation and energy storage process. Water splitting, solar energy conversion, and pollutant degradation are examples of nowadays applications where semiconductor-based photocatalysts represent a potentially disruptive technology. The exploitation of solar radiation for photocatalysis could generate a strong impact by decreasing the energy demand and simultaneously mitigating the impact of anthropogenic pollutants. However, most of the actual photocatalysts work only on energy radiation in the Near-UV region (<400 nm), and the studies and development of new photocatalysts with high efficiency in the visible range of the spectrum are required. In this regard, hybrid organic/inorganic photocatalysts have emerged as highly potential materials to drastically improve visible photocatalytic efficiency. In this review, we will analyze the state-of-art and the developments of hybrid photocatalysts for energy storage and energy conversion process as well as their application in pollutant degradation and water treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Porcu
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, S.P. No. 8 Km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Francesco Secci
- Department of Chemical and Geological Science, University of Cagliari, S.P. No. 8 Km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Pier Carlo Ricci
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, S.P. No. 8 Km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-070675-4821
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18
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Dehghani Z, Azizi-Toupkanloo H, Nadafan M, Guirao JL. The effect of Ag on the structural, dielectric, linear and third-order nonlinear optical properties of graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Sarp G, Yilmaz E. g-C 3N 4@TiO 2@Fe 3O 4 Multifunctional Nanomaterial for Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction and Photocatalytic Degradation-Based Removal of Trimethoprim and Isoniazid. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:23223-23233. [PMID: 35847341 PMCID: PMC9280962 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this period when environmental pollution has become uncontrollable, the removal of drug active substances reaching the environment and the analysis of drug active substances in different matrix environments are important for both living life and a sustainable environment. Therefore, the production of multifunctional materials that can be used in these two different processes has gained importance in the literature. Based on this thought, in this study, a g-C3N4@TiO2@Fe3O4 multifunctional nanohybrid material was synthesized and used for magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) and photocatalytic degradation of trimethoprim and isoniazid, used together in tuberculosis treatment. All analyses were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography using a diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) system. The synthesized material was characterized by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, ζ-potential analysis, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Important analytical parameters for the MSPE method such as the pH value of the sample solution, the volume of the sample solution, the amount of the sorbent, the type and volume of the elution solvent, and extraction time were optimized. The optimized MSPE method was then applied to different environmental waters and pharmaceutical samples. The recovery percentages for these samples were found to be between 95 and 107%. For trimethoprim and isoniazid, the limit of detections (LODs) were 0.055 and 0.145 and the limit of quantifications (LOQs) were 0.167 and 0.439 ng·mL-1, respectively. It was observed that ∼100% of trimethoprim and isoniazid active components were photocatalytically removed from the g-C3N4@TiO2@Fe3O4 nanohybrid material in ∼120 min under UV light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Sarp
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 38050 Kayseri, Turkey
- ERNAM-Nanotechnology
Research and Application Center, Erciyes
University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Erkan Yilmaz
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 38050 Kayseri, Turkey
- ERNAM-Nanotechnology
Research and Application Center, Erciyes
University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Technology
Research & Application Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- ChemicaMed
Chemical Inc., Erciyes University Technology
Development Zone, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
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20
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2D Personality of Multifunctional Carbon Nitrides towards Enhanced Catalytic Performance in Energy Storage and Remediation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12083753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Numerous scholars in the scientific and management areas have been overly focused on contemporary breakthroughs in two-dimensional objects for multiple prospective applications. Photochemical and electrocatalytic functions of integrated circuits associated with multi-component tools have been enhanced by designing the macro- and microstructures of the building blocks. Therefore, the current research attempts to explore a larger spectrum of layered graphitic carbon nitrides (g-C3N4) and their derivatives as an efficient catalyst. By executing systematic manufacturing, optimization, and evaluation of its relevance towards astonishing energy storage devices, adsorption chemistry, and remediation, many researchers have focused on the coupling of such 2D carbon nitrides combined with suitable elementals. Hybrid carbon nitrides have been promoted as reliable 2D combinations for the enhanced electrophotocatalytic functionalities, proved by experimental observations and research outputs. By appreciating the modified structural, surface, and physicochemical characteristics of the carbon nitrides, we aim to report a systematic overview of the g-C3N4 materials for the application of energy storages and environments. It has altered energy band gap, thermal stability, remarkable dimensional texturing, and electrochemistry, and therefore detailed studies are highlighted by discussing the chemical architectures and atomic alternation of g-C3N4 (2D) structures.
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21
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Photocatalytic oxidative degradation of methyl orange by a novel g-C3N4@ZnO based on graphene oxide composites with ternary heterojunction construction. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-022-02200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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He P, Deng D, Ren T, Dang Y, Li M, Chen J, Xiao Y. Constructing Ternary Photocatalyst Ag/Ni(OH)
2
/g‐C
3
N
4
for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping He
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering China West Normal University Nanchong 637002 PR China
| | - Dashuang Deng
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering China West Normal University Nanchong 637002 PR China
| | - Tongyan Ren
- School of Basic Medical Sciences North Sichuan Medical College Nanchong 637100 PR China
| | - Yinping Dang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering China West Normal University Nanchong 637002 PR China
| | - Ming Li
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering China West Normal University Nanchong 637002 PR China
| | - Jiufu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis of Higher Education Institutes of Sichuan College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Sichuan University of Science and Engineering Zigong 643000 PR China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering China West Normal University Nanchong 637002 PR China
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23
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Varapragasam SP, Andriolo JM, Skinner JL, Grumstrup EM. Photocatalytic Reduction of Aqueous Nitrate with Hybrid Ag/g-C 3N 4 under Ultraviolet and Visible Light. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:34850-34856. [PMID: 34963968 PMCID: PMC8697391 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of nitrate in natural surface waters by agricultural runoff remains a challenging problem in environmental chemistry. One promising denitrification strategy is to utilize photocatalysts, whose light-driven excited states are capable of reducing nitrate to nitrogen gas. We have synthesized and characterized pristine and silver-loaded graphitic carbon nitrides and assessed their activity for photocatalytic nitrate reduction at neutral pH. While nitrate reduction does occur on the pristine material, the silver cocatalyst greatly enhances product yields. Kinetic studies performed in batch photoreactors under both UV and visible excitation suggest that nitrate reduction to produce aqueous nitrite, ammonium, and nitrogen gas proceeds via a cooperative water reduction on the silver metal domains to produce adsorbed H atoms. By varying the percentage of silver loading onto the g-C3N4, the density of metal domains can be adjusted, which in turn tunes the reduction selectivity toward various products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelton
J. P. Varapragasam
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State
University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Jessica M. Andriolo
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Montana Technological
University, Butte, Montana 59701, United
States
| | - Jack L. Skinner
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Montana Technological
University, Butte, Montana 59701, United
States
| | - Erik M. Grumstrup
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State
University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
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24
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Zhao G, Xu X. Cocatalysts from types, preparation to applications in the field of photocatalysis. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:10649-10667. [PMID: 34105577 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02464g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of society, the burden of energy and the environment is becoming more and more serious. Photocatalytic hydrogen production, the photosynthesis of organic fuel, and the photodegradation of pollutants are three effective ways to reduce these burdens using semiconductor photocatalysts. To improve the reaction efficiency of photocatalysts, a small amount of cocatalyst is often added when photocatalysts participate in the synthesis or decomposition reaction. The addition of this small amount of cocatalyst is like a finishing touch, significantly increasing the activity of the photocatalysts. However, in our common study of photocatalysis, we often pay attention to the study of photocatalysts but ignore the study of cocatalysts. Herein, we summarize the recent application research on cocatalysts in the field of photocatalysis, starting from the types, preparation methods, and reaction mechanisms among others, to remind researchers of the matters needing attention when using cocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhao
- Laboratory of Functional Micro-nano Material and Device, School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China.
| | - Xijin Xu
- Laboratory of Functional Micro-nano Material and Device, School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China.
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Self-assembly L-cysteine based 2D g-C3N4 nanoflakes for light-dependent degradation of rhodamine B and tetracycline through photocatalysis. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2021.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Synergistic effects of Ag-doped and morphology regulation of graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets for enhanced photocatalytic performance. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Gu J, Jia H, Ma S, Ye Z, Pan J, Dong R, Zong Y, Xue J. Fe 3O 4-Loaded g-C 3N 4/C-Layered Composite as a Ternary Photocatalyst for Tetracycline Degradation. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:30980-30988. [PMID: 33324806 PMCID: PMC7726751 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A ternary photocatalyst, Fe3O4-loaded g-C3N4/C-layered composite (g-C3N4/C/Fe3O4) was fabricated by a facile sonication and in situ precipitation technique. Carbon nanosheets were prepared using the remaining non-metallic components of waste printed circuit boards as carbon sources. In this hybrid structure, g-C3N4 was immobilized on the surfaces of carbon nanosheets to form a layered composite, and 10-15 nm Fe3O4 nanoparticles are uniformly deposited on the surface of the composite material. The photocatalytic performance of the catalyst was studied by degrading tetracycline (TC) under simulated sunlight. The results showed that the photoactivity of the g-C3N4/C/Fe3O4 composite to TC was significantly enhanced, and the degradation rate was 10.07 times higher than that of pure g-C3N4, which was attributed to Fe3O4 nanoparticles and carbon nanosheets. Carbon sheets with good conductivity are an excellent electron transporter, which promotes the separation of photogenerated carriers and the Fe3O4 nanoparticles can utilize electrons effectively as a center of oxidation-reduction. Moreover, a possible photocatalytic mechanism for the excellent photocatalytic performance was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Gu
- College
of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, PR China
| | - Hailang Jia
- College
of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, PR China
| | - Shuaishuai Ma
- College
of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, PR China
| | - Zhaolian Ye
- College
of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, PR China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology,
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution
Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information
Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Junli Pan
- College
of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, PR China
| | - Ruoyu Dong
- College
of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, PR China
| | - Yuqing Zong
- School
of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, PR China
| | - Jinjuan Xue
- School
of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, PR China
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