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McGinnis KR, McGee CJ, Sommerfeld T, Jarrold CC. Anion Photoelectron Imaging Spectroscopy of C 6F 5X - (X = F, Cl, Br, I). J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:5646-5658. [PMID: 38980699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c03434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The photoelectron (PE) spectra of C6F5X- (X = Cl, Br, I) and computational results on the anions and neutrals are presented and compared to previously reported results on C6F6- [McGee, C. J. J. Phys. Chem. A 2023, 127, 8556-8565.]. The spectra all exhibit broad, vibrationally unresolved detachment transitions, indicating that the equilibrium structures of the anions are significantly different from the neutrals. The PE spectrum of C6F5Cl- exhibits a parallel photoelectron angular distribution (PAD), similar to that of the previously reported C6F6- spectrum, while the PE spectra of C6F5Br- and C6F5I- have isotropic PADs, and also exhibit a prominent X- PE feature due to photodissociation of C6F5X- resulting in X- formation. Identification of the C6F5X- detachment transition origins, which is equivalent to the neutral electron affinity (EA), in all three cases is difficult, since the broadness of the detachment feature is accompanied by vanishingly small detachment cross section near the origin. Upper limits on the EAs were determined to be 1.70 eV for C6F5Cl, 2.10 eV for C6F5Br, and 2.00 eV for C6F5I, all significantly higher than the 0.76 eV upper limit determined for C6F6 with the same experiment. The broad detachment transitions are consistent with computational results, which predict very large differences between the neutral and anionic C-X (X = Cl, Br, I) bond lengths. Based on differences between the MBIS atom charges in the anions and neutrals, the excess charge in the anion is on the unique C atom and X, in contrast to the nonplanar C2v structured C6F6- anion, for which the charge is delocalized over the molecule. In C6F5Cl-, the C-Cl bond is predicted to be bent out of the plane, while both C6F5Br- and C6F5I- are predicted to be planar on average. The impact of the interruption of the symmetry in the hexafluorobenzene neutral and anion on the molecular and electronic structure of C6F5X/C6F5X- is considered, as well as the possible dissociative state leading to X- (X = Br, I) formation, and the nature of the C-X bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Rose McGinnis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Conor J McGee
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Thomas Sommerfeld
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southeast Louisiana University, SLU 10878, Hammond, Louisiana 70402, United States
| | - Caroline Chick Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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2
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Corner S, Gransbury GK, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ, Whitehead GFS, Chilton NF, Mills DP. Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Bis-Halobenzene Decamethyldysprosocenium Cations. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:9562-9571. [PMID: 38382535 PMCID: PMC11134500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The decamethyldysprosocenium cation, [Dy(Cp*)2]+ (Cp* = {C5Me5}), was a target single-molecule magnet (SMM) prior to the isolation of larger dysprosocenium cations, which have recently shown magnetic memory effects up to 80 K. However, the relatively short Dy···Cp*centroid distances of [Dy(Cp*)2]+, together with the reduced resonance of its vibrational modes with electronic states compared to larger dysprosocenium cations, could lead to more favorable SMM behavior. Here, we report the synthesis and magnetic properties of a series of solvated adducts containing bis-halobenzene decamethyldysprosocenium cations, namely [Dy(Cp*)2(PhX-κ-X)2][Al{OC(CF3)3}4] (X = F or Cl) and [Dy(Cp*)2(C6H4F2-κ2-F,F)(C6H4F2-κ-F)][Al{OC(CF3)3}4]. These complexes were prepared by the sequential reaction of [Dy(Cp*)2(μ-BH4)]∞ with allylmagnesium chloride and [NEt3H][Al{OC(CF3)3}4], followed by recrystallization from parent halobenzenes. The complexes were characterized by powder and single crystal X-ray diffraction, NMR and ATR-IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and SQUID magnetometry; experimental data were rationalized by a combination of density functional theory and ab initio calculations. We find that bis-halobenzene adducts of the [Dy(Cp*)2]+ cation exhibit highly bent Cp*···Dy···Cp* angles; these cations are also susceptible to decomposition by C-X (X = F, Cl, Br) activation and displacement of halobenzenes by O-donor ligands. The effective energy barrier to reversal of magnetization measured for [Dy(Cp*)2(PhF-κ-F)2][Al{OC(CF3)3}4] (930(6) cm-1) sets a new record for SMMs containing {Dy(Cp*)2} fragments, though all SMM parameters are lower than would be predicted for an isolated [Dy(Cp*)2]+ cation, as expected due to transverse ligand fields introduced by halobenzenes and the large deviation of the Cp*···Dy···Cp* angle from linearity promoting magnetic relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie
C. Corner
- Department of Chemistry, The
University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Gemma K. Gransbury
- Department of Chemistry, The
University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | | | - George F. S. Whitehead
- Department of Chemistry, The
University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | | | - David P. Mills
- Department of Chemistry, The
University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
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3
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Cao CT, Chen S, Cao C. General Equation to Estimate the Physicochemical Properties of Aliphatic Amines. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:49088-49097. [PMID: 38162734 PMCID: PMC10753552 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Changes in various physicochemical properties (P(n)) of aliphatic amines (including primary, secondary, and tertiary amines) can be roughly divided into nonlinear (P(n)) and linear (PLC(n)) changes. In our previous paper, nonlinear and linear change properties of noncyclic alkanes all were correlated with four parameters, n, SCNE, ΔAOEI, and ΔAIMPI, indicating number of carbon atoms, sum of carbon number effects, average odd-even index difference, and average inner molecular polarizability index difference, respectively. To date, there has been no general equation to express changes in the properties of substituted alkanes. This work, based on the molecular structure characteristics of aliphatic amine molecules, proposes a general equation to express nonlinear changes in their physicochemical properties, named as the "NPAA equation" (eq 12), ln(P(n)) = a + b(n) + c(SCNE) + d(ΔAOEI) + e(PEI) + f(APEI) + g(GN), and proposes a general equation to express linear changes in the physicochemical properties of them, named as the "LPAA equation" (eq 13), PLC(n) = a + b(n) + c(SCNE) + d(ΔAOEI) + e(PEI) + f(APEI) + g(GN). In NPAA and LPAA equations, a, b, c, d, e, f, and g are coefficients, and PEI, APEI, and GN represent the polarizability effect index, average polarizability effect index, and N atomic influence factor, respectively. The results show that nonlinear and linear change properties of aliphatic amines all can be correlated with six parameters, n, SCNE, ΔAOEI, PEI, APEI, and GN. NPAA and LPAA equations have the advantages of uniform expression, high estimation accuracy, and usage of fewer parameters. Further, by employing the above six parameters, a quantitative correlation equation can be established between any two properties of aliphatic amines. Using the obtained equations as model equations, the property data of aliphatic amines were predicted, involving 107 normal boiling points, 10 refractive indexes, 11 liquid densities, 54 critical temperatures, 54 critical pressures, 62 liquid thermal conductivities, 59 surface tensions, 56 heat capacities, 55 critical volumes, 54 gas enthalpies of formation, and 57 gas Gibbs energies of formation, a total of 579 values, which have not been experimentally determined yet. This work not only provides a simple and convenient method for estimating or predicting the properties of aliphatic amines but can also provide new perspectives for quantitative structure-property relationships of substituted alkanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Tun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical
Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule, Ministry of Education, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan
University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Shurui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical
Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule, Ministry of Education, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan
University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Chenzhong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical
Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule, Ministry of Education, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan
University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
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4
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Da Silva HC, Leite TOC, Rodrigues SC, De Carvalho BLC, Martins MT, Fiorot RG, Dias FRF, Campos V, Ferreira VF, Cunha AC, De Almeida WB. Theoretical Investigation of Regiodivergent Addition of Anilines and Phenolates to p-Benzoquinone Ring. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:40241-40256. [PMID: 36385806 PMCID: PMC9647872 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Two different products were obtained by the regiodivergent reaction of benzoquinone derivatives with phenolates and anilines: 3-aryloxybenzoquinone and 2-phenylamino-3-bromobenzoquinone. Calculated density functional theory free energies of reaction values corroborate the experimental observation of the formation of the substitution product in the reaction with phenolates in acetonitrile and the product of addition/oxidation for the reaction with aniline in water. Calculated charges and Fukui functions are similar for C2 and C3 atoms, indicating an equal possibility to suffer a nucleophilic attack. The calculated energy barriers for nucleophilic attack steps indicated that the first steps of the substitution with phenolates and addition/oxidation with anilines are faster, which justifies the formation of the respective products. The natural bond order analysis for the transition states revealed that there is a strong interaction between lone pairs of N and O atoms and the πC2C3 * for the O → C2 and N → C3 attacks and a weak interaction for the O → C3 and N → C2 attacks, which also agrees with experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroldo C. Da Silva
- Laboratório
de Química Computacional e Modelagem Molecular, Departamento
de Química Inorgânica, Universidade
Federal Fluminense, Campus do Valonguinho, Outeiro de São João Batista,
s/n, Niterói24020-150, RJ, Brazil
| | - Talita O. C. Leite
- Faculdades
Integradas Maria Thereza, Av. Visconde do Rio Branco, Niterói24020004, RJ, Brazil
| | - Searitha C. Rodrigues
- Departamento
de Química Orgânica, Universidade
Federal Fluminense, Campus
do Valonguinho, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, Niterói24020-141, RJ, Brazil
| | - Beatriz L. C. De Carvalho
- Departamento
de Química Orgânica, Universidade
Federal Fluminense, Campus
do Valonguinho, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, Niterói24020-141, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Tereza Martins
- Departamento
de Química Orgânica, Universidade
Federal Fluminense, Campus
do Valonguinho, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, Niterói24020-141, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo G. Fiorot
- Departamento
de Química Orgânica, Universidade
Federal Fluminense, Campus
do Valonguinho, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, Niterói24020-141, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flaviana R. F. Dias
- Departamento
de Química Orgânica, Universidade
Federal Fluminense, Campus
do Valonguinho, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, Niterói24020-141, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vinícius
R. Campos
- Departamento
de Química Orgânica, Universidade
Federal Fluminense, Campus
do Valonguinho, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, Niterói24020-141, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vitor F. Ferreira
- Faculdade
de Farmácia, Departamento de Tecnologia Farmacêutica,
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, Niterói24241-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anna C. Cunha
- Departamento
de Química Orgânica, Universidade
Federal Fluminense, Campus
do Valonguinho, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, Niterói24020-141, RJ, Brazil
| | - Wagner B. De Almeida
- Laboratório
de Química Computacional e Modelagem Molecular, Departamento
de Química Inorgânica, Universidade
Federal Fluminense, Campus do Valonguinho, Outeiro de São João Batista,
s/n, Niterói24020-150, RJ, Brazil
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Tang Y, Gong J, Gou Y, Wang H, Yu L. The CeO2–TiO2 composite material for improving response speed of detecting low-concentration formaldehyde. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-022-02607-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Cao CT, Cao C. General Equation to Express Changes in the Physicochemical Properties of Organic Homologues. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:26670-26679. [PMID: 35936486 PMCID: PMC9352247 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Changes in various physicochemical properties (P (n)) of organic compounds with the number of carbon atoms (n) can be roughly divided into linear and nonlinear changes. To date, there has been no general equation to express nonlinear changes in the properties of organic homologues. This study proposes a general equation expressing nonlinear changes in the physicochemical properties of organic homologues, including boiling point, viscosity, ionization potential, and vapor pressure, named the "NPOH equation", as follows: P (n) = P (1) α n - 1 e ∑i=2 n(β/(i - 1)) where α and β are adjustable parameters, and P (1) represents the property of the starting compound (pseudo-value at n = 1) of each homologue. The results show that various nonlinear changes in the properties of homologues can be expressed by the NPOH equation. Linear and nonlinear changes in the properties of homologues can all be correlated with n and the "sum of carbon number effects", ∑i=2 n(1/i - 1). Using these two parameters, a quantitative correlation equation can be established between any two properties of each homologue, providing convenient mutual estimation of the properties of a homologue series. The NPOH equation can also be used in property correlation for structures with functionality located elsewhere along a linear alkyl chain as well as for branched organic compounds. This work can provide new perspectives for studying quantitative structure-property relationships.
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7
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Kuznetsov ML. Strength of the [Z-I···Hal] - and [Z-Hal···I] - Halogen Bonds: Electron Density Properties and Halogen Bond Length as Estimators of Interaction Energy. Molecules 2021; 26:2083. [PMID: 33916483 PMCID: PMC8038634 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bond energy is the main characteristic of chemical bonds in general and of non-covalent interactions in particular. Simple methods of express estimates of the interaction energy, Eint, using relationships between Eint and a property which is easily accessible from experiment is of great importance for the characterization of non-covalent interactions. In this work, practically important relationships between Eint and electron density, its Laplacian, curvature, potential, kinetic, and total energy densities at the bond critical point as well as bond length were derived for the structures of the [Z-I···Hal]- and [Z-Hal···I]- types bearing halogen bonds and involving iodine as interacting atom(s) (totally 412 structures). The mean absolute deviations for the correlations found were 2.06-4.76 kcal/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim L. Kuznetsov
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; ; Tel.: +351-218-419-236
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Thao PT, Tran BT, Thong NM, Quang DT, Hien NK, Nguyen MT, Nam PC. Substituent Effects on the N-H Bond Dissociation Enthalpies, Ionization Energies, Acidities, and Radical Scavenging Behavior of 3,7-Disubstituted Phenoxazines and 3,7-Disubstituted Phenothiazines. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:27572-27581. [PMID: 33134721 PMCID: PMC7594321 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The substituent effects on the N-H bond dissociation enthalpies (BDE), ionization energies (IE), acidities (proton affinity, PA), and radical scavenging behavior of 3,7-disubstituted phenoxazines (PhozNHs) and 3,7-disubstituted phenothiazines (PhtzNHs) were determined using density functional theory, with the M05-2X functional in conjunction with the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. These thermochemical parameters calculated in both gas phase and benzene solution with respect to the changes in several different substituents including halogen, electron-withdrawing, and electron-donating groups at both 3 and 7 positions in both PhozNHs and PhtzNHs systems were analyzed in terms of the inherent relationships between them with some quantitative substituent effect parameters. The kinetic rate constants of hydrogen-atom exchange reactions between PhozNH and PhtzNH derivatives with the HOO• radical were also calculated, and the effects of the substituents on the kinetic behaviors of these reactions were thereby quantitatively evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Thi
Thu Thao
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Da Nang-University
of Science and Technology, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sciences, Hue
University, Hue 530000, Vietnam
- Le
Quy Don Gifted High School Quang Tri, Dong Ha, Quang Tri 520000, Vietnam
| | - Binh Thuc Tran
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sciences, Hue
University, Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Nguyen Khoa Hien
- Mientrung
Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam
Academy of Science and Technology, Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | - Minh Tho Nguyen
- Institute
for Computational Science and Technology (ICST), Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Pham Cam Nam
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Da Nang-University
of Science and Technology, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
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