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Xiang K, Zhu R, Yang Y, Xu Y, Sa K, Li H, Chen L. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of withanolides from Tubocapsicum anomalum: Process optimization, isolation and identification, and antiproliferative activity. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2024; 110:107052. [PMID: 39241461 PMCID: PMC11405910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.107052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Tubocapsicum anomalum, a Chinese medicinal plant rich in anti-tumor withanolides, requires efficient extraction methods. In this paper, an HPLC method was first established for the detection of withanolides, and gradient elution was carried out using a methanol-water solvent system. It was found that the content of withanolides was the highest in the leaves of T. anomalum, followed by the stems and fruits, and almost none in the roots. During the actual picking process, the quantity of leaves collected was relatively small, while the number of stems was the highest. Therefore, the Box-Behnken response surface method was used to optimize the ultrasonic-assisted extraction process of withanolides from the stems of T. anomalum. The optimal extraction conditions were determined as follows: the liquid-solid ratio was 20:1, the extraction solvent was 70 % ethanol, the ultrasonic power was 250 W, the ultrasonic time was 40 min, and the ultrasonic temperature was 50 °C. Under these conditions, the average yields of tubocapsenolide A (Te-A) and tubocapsanolide A (Ta-A) can reach 2.87 ± 0.12 mg/g and 1.18 ± 0.05 mg/g, respectively. We further compared extraction rates of two withanolides from different parts of T. anomalum using ultrasonic and traditional extraction methods. Ultrasonic extraction significantly increased rates, with the highest yields from leaves, followed by stems and fruits. The results show that ultrasonic optimization can improve extraction rate, reduce time, lower costs, enhance quality, and increase yield. Therefore, the optimized ultrasonic-assisted extraction process was adopted to extract the aerial parts of T. anomalum and separate the components. After optimization, the extract underwent several chromatographic separations to isolate eight previously undescribed withanolides (1-8) and two artificial withanolides (9-10), in addition to fifteen known compounds (11-25). Their structures were established through extensive spectroscopic data analysis. The compounds were evaluated for their antiproliferative effects against multiple cancer cell lines, including human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2, Hep3B, and MHCC97-H), human lung cancer cells (A549), human fibro-sarcoma cancer cells (HT1080), human chronic myeloid leukemia cells (K562), and human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 and MCF7). Compounds 1-3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 15-16, and 22 displayed significant activity with IC50 values of 5.14-19.87 μM. The above results indicate that ultrasonic-assisted extraction technology can be used to obtain new withanolides more efficiently from T. anomalum, thereby enhancing the utilization rate of T. anomalum resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xiang
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yueying Yang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Kuiru Sa
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hua Li
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China; Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Lixia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Tripathi AK, Sardar A, Rai N, Rai D, Girme A, Sinha S, Chutani K, Hingorani L, Mishra PR, Trivedi R. Withaferin A Ameliorated the Bone Marrow Fat Content in Obese Male Mice by Favoring Osteogenesis in Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Preserving the Bone Mineral Density. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:2621-2636. [PMID: 39296264 PMCID: PMC11406682 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
Obesity and osteoporosis are two prevalent conditions that are becoming increasingly common worldwide, primarily due to aging populations, imbalanced energy intake, and sedentary lifestyles. Obesity, characterized by excessive fat accumulation, and osteoporosis, marked by reduced bone density and increased fracture risk, are often interconnected. High-fat diets (HFDs) can exacerbate both conditions by promoting bone marrow adiposity and bone loss. The effect of WFA on the osteogenesis and adipogenesis was studied on the C3H10T1/2 cell line and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) isolated from mice. We used oil red O and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining to observe adipogenesis and osteogenesis, respectively, in MSCs. Real-time PCR and Western blot analyses were used to study the molecular effects of WFA on MSCs. We employed micro-CT to analyze the bone microarchitecture, bone mineral density (BMD), and abdominal fat mass in male mice. We have used osmium tetroxide (OsO4) staining to study the bone marrow fat. WFA induced the C3H10T1/2 cell line and BM-MSCs toward osteogenic lineage as evidenced by the higher ALP activity. WFA also downregulated the lipid droplet formation and adipocyte specific genes in MSCs. In the in vivo study, WFA also suppressed the bone catabolic effects of the HFD and maintained the bone microarchitecture and BMD in WFA-treated animals. The bone marrow adipose tissue was reduced in the tibia of WFA-treated groups in comparison with only HFD-fed animals. Withaferin A was able to improve the bone microarchitecture and BMD by committing BM-MSCs toward osteogenic differentiation and reducing marrow adiposity. The findings of this study could provide valuable insights into the therapeutic potential of Withaferin A for combating bone marrow obesity and osteoporosis, particularly in the context of diet-induced metabolic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anirban Sardar
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Nikhil Rai
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Divya Rai
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Aboli Girme
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand, Gujarat 388435, India
| | - Shradha Sinha
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Kunal Chutani
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Lal Hingorani
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand, Gujarat 388435, India
| | - Prabhat Ranjan Mishra
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Ritu Trivedi
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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Marney LC, Choi J, Alcazar Magana A, Yang L, Techen N, Alam MN, Brandes M, Soumyanath A, Stevens JF, Maier CS. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry quantification of phytochemicals in Withania somnifera using data-dependent acquisition, multiple-reaction-monitoring, and parallel-reaction-monitoring with an inclusion list. Front Chem 2024; 12:1373535. [PMID: 39100918 PMCID: PMC11294917 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1373535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Characterization of botanical extracts by mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analysis helps in determining the phytochemical composition that underlies their bioactivity and potential health benefits, while also supporting reproducibility of effects in clinical trials. The quantification of seven withanolides in Withania somnifera using three mass-spectrometry methods was evaluated using Deming regression. Two high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry methods were used, one operating in data-dependent acquisition mode and the other in parallel-reaction-monitoring mode with an inclusion list. The two high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry methods were compared to a multiple-reaction-monitoring method. We evaluated in-source fragmentation of steroidal glycosides and optimized the methods accordingly. A novel software approach to integrating parallel-reaction-monitoring data acquired with an inclusion list was developed. Combining and comparing quantitative results allowed for quantitative specificity, good precision, and adjustment of instrument source conditions for optimal quantification by multiple-reaction-monitoring mass spectrometry, an analytical method that is widely accessible in analytical and phytochemical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke C. Marney
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- BENFRA Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jaewoo Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- BENFRA Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Armando Alcazar Magana
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- BENFRA Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Liping Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- BENFRA Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Natascha Techen
- BENFRA Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | - Md Nure Alam
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- BENFRA Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Mikah Brandes
- BENFRA Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Amala Soumyanath
- BENFRA Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jan F. Stevens
- BENFRA Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Claudia S. Maier
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- BENFRA Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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Fathima A, Farboodniay Jahromi MA, Begum SA, Jamma T. Withametelin inhibits TGF-β induced Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Programmed-Death Ligand-1 expression in vitro. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1435516. [PMID: 39077463 PMCID: PMC11284055 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1435516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Withanolides are a group of naturally occurring plant-based small molecules known for their wide range of host cellular functions. The anticancer potential of withanolides has been explored in varying cancer cell lines in vitro. Based on our prior studies, among the tested withanolides, withametelin (WM) has shown significant cytotoxicity with the highest efficacy on HCT-116 colon cancer cells (IC50 0.719 ± 0.12μM). Treatment with WM reduced the TGF-β driven proliferation, colony-forming ability, migration, and invasiveness of HCT-116 cells in vitro. WM also downregulated the expression of mesenchymal markers such as N-CADHERIN, SNAIL, and SLUG in HCT-116 cells. At the molecular level, WM inhibited TGF-β induced phosphorylation of SMAD2/3 and reduced the expression of an immune checkpoint inhibitor programmed-death ligand-1 (PD-L1). Our study highlights the possible anticancer mechanisms of WM involving modulation of the TGF-β pathway and associated target gene expression, suggesting its potential utility in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashna Fathima
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Sajeli A. Begum
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Hyderabad, India
| | - Trinath Jamma
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Hyderabad, India
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Das S, Maurya A, Singh VK, Chaudhari AK, Singh BK, Dwivedy AK, Dubey NK. Chitosan nanoemulsion incorporated with Carum carvi essential oil as ecofriendly alternative for mitigation of aflatoxin B 1 contamination in stored herbal raw materials. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132248. [PMID: 38729502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The present investigation entails the first report on entrapment of Carum carvi essential oil (CCEO) into chitosan polymer matrix for protection of stored herbal raw materials against fungal inhabitation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production. Physico-chemical characterization of nanoencapsulated CCEO was performed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, X-ray diffractometry, and scanning electron microscopy. The nanoencapsulated CCEO displayed improved antifungal and AFB1 suppressing potentiality along with controlled delivery over unencapsulated CCEO. The encapsulated CCEO nanoemulsion obstructed the ergosterol production and escalated the efflux of cellular ions, thereby suggesting plasma membrane as prime target of antifungal action in Aspergillus flavus cells. The impairment in methyglyoxal production and modeling based carvone interaction with Afl-R protein validated the antiaflatoxigenic mechanism of action. In addition, CCEO displayed augmentation in antioxidant potentiality after encapsulation into chitosan nanomatrix. Moreover, the in-situ study demonstrated the effective protection of Withania somnifera root samples (model herbal raw material) against fungal infestation and AFB1 contamination along with prevention of lipid peroxidation. The acceptable organoleptic qualities of W. somnifera root samples and favorable safety profile in mice (animal model) strengthen the application of nanoencapsulated CCEO emulsion as nano-fungitoxicant for preservation of herbal raw materials against fungi and AFB1 mediated biodeterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somenath Das
- Department of Botany, Burdwan Raj College, Purba Bardhaman, 713104, West Bengal, India.
| | - Akash Maurya
- Laboratory of Herbal Pesticides, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; Department of Botany, Shri Murli Manohar Town Post Graduate College, Ballia 277001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vipin Kumar Singh
- Department of Botany, K. S. Saket P. G. College, Ayodhya 224123, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anand Kumar Chaudhari
- Department of Botany, Rajkiya Mahila Snatkottar Mahavidyalaya, Ghazipur 233001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Abhishek Kumar Dwivedy
- Laboratory of Herbal Pesticides, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Nawal Kishore Dubey
- Laboratory of Herbal Pesticides, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA. Current issues in phytomedicine research - Conundrum on the chemistry of ashwagandha and its biological effects. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 325:117871. [PMID: 38325672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, United States; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, United States.
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Vaidya VG, Naik NN, Ganu G, Parmar V, Jagtap S, Saste G, Bhatt A, Mulay V, Girme A, Modi SJ, Hingorani L. Clinical pharmacokinetic evaluation of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal root extract in healthy human volunteers: A non-randomized, single dose study utilizing UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 322:117603. [PMID: 38122911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal; (Solanaceae), commonly known as Ashwagandha, is one of the most significant medicinal herbs in 'Ayurveda', a traditional Indian medicine used for centuries with evidence in scriptures. Ashwagandha was mentioned in old Ayurvedic medical literature such as Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita for improving weight and strength, with multiple citations for internal and exterior usage in emaciation and nourishing the body. Ethnopharmacological evidence revealed that it was used to relieve inflammation, reduce abdominal swelling, as a mild purgative, and treat swollen glands. The root was regarded as a tonic, aphrodisiac, and emmenagogue in the Unani tradition of the Indian medicinal system. Further, Ashwagandha has been also described as an Ayurvedic medicinal plant in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India extending informed therapeutic usage and formulations. Despite the widespread ethnopharmacological usage of Ashwagandha, clinical pharmacokinetic parameters are lacking in the literature; hence, the findings of this study will be relevant for calculating doses for future clinical evaluations of Ashwagandha root extract. AIM This study aimed to develop a validated and highly sensitive bioanalytical method for quantifying withanosides and withanolides of the Ashwagandha root extract in human plasma to explore its bioaccessibility. Further to apply a developed method to perform pharmacokinetics of standardized Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal root extract (WSE; AgeVel®/Witholytin®) capsules in healthy human volunteers. METHODS A sensitive, reliable, and specific ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of five major withanosides and withanolides (withanoside IV, withanoside V, withanolide A, withaferin A, and 12-deoxy-withastramonolide) in human plasma. Further for the study, eighteen healthy male volunteers (18-45 years) were enrolled in a non-randomized, open-label, single period, single treatment, clinical pharmacokinetic study and given a single dose (500 mg) of WSE (AgeVel®/Witholytin®) capsules containing not less than 7.5 mg of total withanolides under fasting condition. Later, pharmacokinetic profiles were assessed using the plasma concentration of each bioactive constituent Vs. time data. RESULTS For all five constituents, the bioanalytical method demonstrated high selectivity, specificity, and linearity. There was no carryover, and no matrix effect was observed. Furthermore, the inter-day and intra-day precision and accuracy results fulfilled the acceptance criteria. Upon oral administration of WSE capsules, Cmax was found to be 0.639 ± 0.211, 2.926 ± 1.317, 2.833 ± 0.981, and 5.498 ± 1.986 ng/mL for withanoside IV, withanolide A, withaferin A, and 12-deoxy-withastramonolide with Tmax of 1.639 ± 0.993, 1.361 ± 0.850, 0.903 ± 0.273, and 1.375 ± 0.510 h respectively. Further, withanoside V was also detected in plasma; but its concentration was found below LLOQ. CONCLUSION The novel and first-time developed bioanalytical method was successfully applied for the quantification of five bio-active constituents in human volunteers following administration of WSE capsules, indicating that withanosides and withanolides were rapidly absorbed from the stomach, have high oral bioavailability, and an optimum half-life to produce significant pharmacological activity. Further, AgeVel®/Witholytin® was found safe and well tolerated after oral administration, with no adverse reaction observed at a 500 mg dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyadhar G Vaidya
- Lokmanya Medical Research Centre and Hospital, Pune, 411033, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Ninad N Naik
- Lokmanya Medical Research Centre and Hospital, Pune, 411033, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Gayatri Ganu
- Mprex Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., Pune, 411057, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Vijay Parmar
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand, 388430, Gujarat, India.
| | - Shubham Jagtap
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand, 388430, Gujarat, India.
| | - Ganesh Saste
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand, 388430, Gujarat, India.
| | - Ankit Bhatt
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand, 388430, Gujarat, India.
| | - Vallabh Mulay
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand, 388430, Gujarat, India.
| | - Aboli Girme
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand, 388430, Gujarat, India.
| | | | - Lal Hingorani
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand, 388430, Gujarat, India.
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Kumar P, Banik SP, Goel A, Chakraborty S, Bagchi M, Bagchi D. Revisiting the Multifaceted Therapeutic Potential of Withaferin A (WA), a Novel Steroidal Lactone, W-ferinAmax Ashwagandha, from Withania Somnifera (L) Dunal. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2024; 43:115-130. [PMID: 37410676 DOI: 10.1080/27697061.2023.2228863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, abundant in the Indian subcontinent as Ashwagandha or winter cherry, is a herb of unprecedented therapeutic value. The number of ailments for which crude Ashwagandha extract can be used as a preventive or curative is practically limitless; and this explains why its use has been in vogue in ancient Ayurveda since at-least about four thousand years. The therapeutic potential of Ashwagandha mainly owes from its reservoir of alkaloids (isopelletierine, anaferine), steroidal lactones (withanolides) and saponins with an extra acyl group (sitoindoside VII and VIII). Withaferin A is an exceptionally potent withanolide which is found in high concentrations in W. somnifera plant extracts. The high reactivity of Withaferin A owes to the presence of a C-28 ergostane network with multiple sites of unsaturation and differential oxygenation. It interacts with the effectors of multiple signaling pathways involved in inflammatory response, oxidative stress response, cell cycle regulation and synaptic transmission and has been found to be significantly effective in inducing programmed cell death in cancer cells, restoring cognitive health, managing diabetes, alleviating metabolic disorders, and rejuvenating the overall body homeostasis. Additionally, recent studies suggest that Withaferin A (WA) has the potential to prevent viral endocytosis by sequestering TMPRSS2, the host transmembrane protease, without altering ACE-2 expression. The scope of performing subtle structural modifications in this multi-ring compound is believed to further expand its pharmacotherapeutic horizon. Very recently, a novel, heavy metal and pesticide free formulation of Ashwagandha whole herb extract, with a significant amount of WA, termed W-ferinAmax Ashwagandha, has been developed. The present review attempts to fathom the present and future of this wonder molecule with comprehensive discussion on its therapeutic potential, safety and toxicity.Key teaching pointsWithania somnifera (L.) Dunal is a medicinal plant with versatile therapeutic values.The therapeutic potential of the plant owes to the presence of withanolides such as Withaferin A.Withaferin A is a C-28 ergostane based triterpenoid with multiple reactive sites of therapeutic potential.It is effective against a broad spectrum of ailments including neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, inflammatory and oxidative stress disorders and it also promotes cardiovascular and sexual health.W-ferinAmax Ashwagandha, is a heavy metal and pesticide free Ashwagandha whole herb extract based formulation with significant amount of Withaferin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- Research and Development Department, Chemical Resources (CHERESO), Panchkula, Haryana, India
| | - Samudra P Banik
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad College, Kolkata, India
| | - Apurva Goel
- Regulatory Department, Chemical Resources (CHERESO), Panchkula, India
| | - Sanjoy Chakraborty
- Department of Biological Sciences, New York City College of Technology/CUNY, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Manashi Bagchi
- Research & Development Department, Dr. Herbs LLC, Concord, California, USA
| | - Debasis Bagchi
- Department of Biology, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, USA
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Gopalaiah SB, Jayaseelan K. Analytical Strategies to Investigate Molecular Signaling, Proteomics, Extraction and Quantification of Withanolides - A Comprehensive Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-25. [PMID: 38300174 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2307887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Withanolides are the class of steroidal molecules getting greater emphasis in recent years. Quality control throughout the manufacturing and storage period is often one of the key problems that have restricted their broad use in India's indigenous and Ayurvedic medical systems for thousands of years. Because of their diverse clinical potential, withanolides have received a great deal of scientific attention. Analytical techniques are being devised for the automated isolation, identification, and estimation of every single protein within the cell as well as in herbal extracts of withanolides, due to which now researchers are interested in determining the effects of metabolism as well as various stimuli on protein expression, which made the study easier. This study discusses the potential use of hyphenated analytical methods that are reliable in understanding the molecular signaling features, proteome evaluation and characterization of withanolides, in addition to examining existing methodological limitations. The choice of analytical techniques for the withanolides analysis, however, relies on the nature of the sample matrix, the aim of the analysis, and the sensitivity of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinchana B Gopalaiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Kavitha Jayaseelan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
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Al Awadh AA, Sakagami H, Amano S, Sayed AM, Abouelela ME, Alhasaniah AH, Aldabaan N, Refaey MS, Abdelhamid RA, Khalil HMA, Hamdan DI, Abdel-Sattar ES, Orabi MAA. In vitro cytotoxicity of Withania somnifera (L.) roots and fruits on oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines: a study supported by flow cytometry, spectral, and computational investigations. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1325272. [PMID: 38303989 PMCID: PMC10830635 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1325272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is a severe health problem that accounts for an alarmingly high number of fatalities worldwide. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal has been extensively studied against various tumor cell lines from different body organs, rarely from the oral cavity. We thus investigated the cytotoxicity of W. somnifera fruits (W-F) and roots (W-R) hydromethanolic extracts and their chromatographic fractions against oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines [Ca9-22 (derived from gingiva), HSC-2, HSC-3, and HSC-4 (derived from tongue)] and three normal oral mesenchymal cells [human gingival fibroblast (HGF), human periodontal ligament fibroblast (HPLF), and human pulp cells (HPC)] in comparison to standard drugs. The root polar ethyl acetate (W-R EtOAc) and butanol (W-R BuOH) fractions exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity against the Ca9-22 cell line (CC50 = 51.8 and 40.1 μg/mL, respectively), which is relatively the same effect as 5-FU at CC50 = 69.4 μM and melphalan at CC50 = 36.3 μM on the same cancer cell line. Flow cytometric analysis revealed changes in morphology as well as in the cell cycle profile of the W-R EtOAc and W-R BuOH-treated oral cancer Ca9-22 cells compared to the untreated control. The W-R EtOAc (125 μg/mL) exerted morphological changes and induced subG1 accumulation, suggesting apoptotic cell death. A UHPLC MS/MS analysis of the extract enabled the identification of 26 compounds, mainly alkaloids, withanolides, withanosides, and flavonoids. Pharmacophore-based inverse virtual screening proposed that BRD3 and CDK2 are the cancer-relevant targets for the annotated withanolides D (18) and O (12), and the flavonoid kaempferol (11). Molecular modeling studies highlighted the BRD3 and CDK2 as the most probable oncogenic targets of anticancer activity of these molecules. These findings highlight W. somnifera's potential as an affordable source of therapeutic agents for a range of oral malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdullah Al Awadh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hiroshi Sakagami
- Meikai University Research Institute of Odontology (M-RIO), Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigeru Amano
- Meikai University Research Institute of Odontology (M-RIO), Saitama, Japan
| | - Ahmed M. Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Collage of Pharmacy, Almaaqal University, Basra, Iraq
| | - Mohamed E. Abouelela
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdulaziz Hassan Alhasaniah
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nayef Aldabaan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S. Refaey
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menoufiya, Egypt
| | - Reda A. Abdelhamid
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut-Branch, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Heba M. A. Khalil
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dalia I. Hamdan
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shibin Elkom, Egypt
| | - El-Shaymaa Abdel-Sattar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. A. Orabi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Vaidya VG, Gothwad A, Ganu G, Girme A, Modi SJ, Hingorani L. Clinical safety and tolerability evaluation of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha) root extract in healthy human volunteers. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2024; 15:100859. [PMID: 38154316 PMCID: PMC10784694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2023.100859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, known as Ashwagandha, is an adaptogen with significant importance in Ayurveda for its potential health benefits in strength ('balavardhan') and muscle growth ('mamsavardhan'). Despite numerous studies on its efficacy, limited research is reported on its clinical safety and tolerability in healthy individuals. OBJECTIVE This research evaluated the tolerability and safety of standardized Withania somnifera root extract (WSE) capsules (AgeVel®/Witholytin®) at 1000 mg/day dose upon oral administration in healthy male participants. METHOD A non-randomized, open-label, single-treatment clinical study included eighteen healthy male participants aged 18 to 60. The participants were administered a dose of 500 mg of the WSE capsules twice daily for four weeks. Each capsule contained not less than 7.50 mg of total withanolides. The study evaluated various indicators in a cohort of healthy participants throughout the trial, including vital signs, organ function tests, urine analysis, X-ray and ECG, cardiorespiratory endurance, body fat percentage, lean body weight, adverse events profile, and tolerability of the WSE capsules. RESULTS The participant's physical, hematological, and biochemical characteristics were normal, and no significant alterations or irregularities were observed in safety metrics like liver, kidney, and thyroid functions after administering AgeVel®/Witholytin®. CONCLUSION This study found that healthy male participants could consume a standardized WSE at a daily dosage of 1000 mg for four weeks without any adverse effects. Future research should focus on long-term safety assessments in male and female participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyadhar G Vaidya
- Lokmanya Medical Research Centre and Hospital, Pune, 411033, Maharashtra, India
| | - Amol Gothwad
- Lokmanya Medical Research Centre and Hospital, Pune, 411033, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gayatri Ganu
- Mprex Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., Pune, 411057, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aboli Girme
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand, 388430, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Lal Hingorani
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand, 388430, Gujarat, India.
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12
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Jahagirdar S, Praveen Kumar H, Bhat SS, Poddar A, Chattaraj PK, Ahmad SF, Prasad SK. In silico evaluations of phytochemicals from Withania somnifera exhibiting anticancer activity against NAD[P]H-quinone oxidoreductase. Hum Exp Toxicol 2024; 43:9603271241291399. [PMID: 39397382 DOI: 10.1177/09603271241291399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is a leading cause of death globally and in the US, prompting research into medicinal plants with anticancer properties. Withania somnifera, or Ashwagandha, is one such plants, known for its diverse pharmacological effects. Withaferin A and Viscosalactone B are two compounds found in Ashwagandha with known anticancer activity. The protein NQO1, overexpressed in various cancers, was the focus of this study. HYPOTHESIS AND AIM We hypothesize that specific phytochemicals in Withania somnifera can effectively interact with and inhibit the NQO1 protein, thereby exhibiting anticancer properties. This study aims to identify these interactions using in silico approaches. METHODOLOGY CFDT was performed using the Gaussian 16 program package, followed by QSAR analysis of the compounds in the PASS online web server. The Schrodinger suite was used to carry out ligand and protein preparation, molecular docking, and molecular dynamic simulation to analyse the interaction of these compounds with NQO1 and ADME studies. Protox-II and SWISSADME tools were used to predict the toxicity and blood-brain barrier permeability of the phytochemicals. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION CDFT and frontier molecular orbital analyses predicted the stability and reactivity of all the selected molecules. QSAR analysis predicted the biological activity and toxicity of the compounds. Withaferin A exhibited the highest glide gscore (-4.953 kcal/mol) and demonstrated 6 hydrogen bond interactions with NQO1, suggesting its potential as an anticancer agent. Conceptual density functional theory-based analysis suggested the strong electrophilicity of the ligands, further supporting their potential anticancer activities. Viscosalactone B, another phytochemical from Ashwagandha, also showed interactions involving 6 hydrogen bonds with NQO1, with a glide gscore of (-4.593 kcal/mol). Molecular dynamic simulations validated the stability of the Withaferin A-NQO1 complex. ADME-T properties predicted high oral absorption for the selected ligands, indicating that Withaferin A could be a viable orally administered drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Jahagirdar
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Harshini Praveen Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Smitha S Bhat
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Arpita Poddar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | | | - Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shashanka K Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
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Mukadam S, Ghule C, Girme A, Shinde VM, Hingorani L, Mahadik KR. A Simple HPTLC Approach of Quantification of Serratol and Tirucallic Acid with Boswellic Acids in Boswellia serrata by Validated Densitometric Method with MS/MS Characterization. J Chromatogr Sci 2023; 61:953-962. [PMID: 36892162 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmad012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
This study was planned to develop a simple high-performance thin-layer chromatography method for qualitative and quantitative estimation of 3-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBBA), β-boswellic acid (BBA), 3-oxo-tirucallic acid (TCA) and serratol (SRT) with HPTLC-ESI-MS/MS for characterization in Boswellia serrata Roxb. oleo gum resin extract. The method was developed with hexane-ethyl acetate-toluene-chloroform-formic acid as mobile phase. RF values observed for AKBBA, BBA, TCA and SRT were 0.42, 0.39, 0.53 and 0.72, respectively. The method was validated according to International Council for Harmonisation guidelines. The concentration range for linearity was 100-500 ng/band for AKBBA and 200-700 ng/band for the other three markers with r2 > 0.99. The method resulted in good recoveries as 101.56, 100.68, 98.64 and 103.26%. The limit of detection was noticed as 25 , 37, 54 and 38 ng/band, with a limit of quantification as 76, 114, 116 and 115 ng/band, for AKBBA, BBA, TCA and SRT, respectively. The four markers were identified and confirmed in B. serrata extract using TLC-MS by indirect profiling by LC-ESI-MS/MS and were identified as terpenoids, TCA and cembranoids: AKBBA (mass/charge (m/z) = 513.00), BBA (m/z = 455.40), 3-oxo-tirucallic acid (m/z = 455.70) and SRT (m/z = 291.25), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smruti Mukadam
- Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Erandwane, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chetana Ghule
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388430, Gujarat, India
| | - Aboli Girme
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388430, Gujarat, India
| | - Vaibhav M Shinde
- Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Erandwane, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India
| | - Lal Hingorani
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388430, Gujarat, India
| | - Kakasaheb R Mahadik
- Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Erandwane, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India
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14
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Shinde S, Balasubramaniam AK, Mulay V, Saste G, Girme A, Hingorani L. Recent Advancements in Extraction Techniques of Ashwagandha ( Withania somnifera) with Insights on Phytochemicals, Structural Significance, Pharmacology, and Current Trends in Food Applications. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:40982-41003. [PMID: 37970011 PMCID: PMC10633886 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Ashwagandha, also known as Withania somnifera (WS), is an ayurvedic botanical plant with numerous applications in dietary supplements and traditional medicines worldwide. Due to the restorative qualities of its roots, WS has potent therapeutic value in traditional Indian (Ayurvedic, Unani, Siddha) and modern medicine recognized as the "Indian ginseng". The presence of phytochemical bioactive compounds such as withanolides, withanosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds has an important role in the therapeutic and nutritional properties of WS. Thus, the choice of WS plant part and extraction solvents, with conventional and modern techniques, plays a role in establishing WS as a potential nutraceutical product. WS has recently made its way into food supplements and products, such as baked goods, juices, beverages, sweets, and dairy items. The review aims to cover the key perspectives about WS in terms of plant description, phytochemistry, structural significance, and earlier reported extraction methodologies along with the analytical and pharmacological landscape in the area. It also attempts to iterate the key limitations and further insights into extraction techniques and bioactive standardization with the regulatory framework. It presents a key to the future development of prospective applications in foods such as food supplements or functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Shinde
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388430, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Vallabh Mulay
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388430, Gujarat, India
| | - Ganesh Saste
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388430, Gujarat, India
| | - Aboli Girme
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388430, Gujarat, India
| | - Lal Hingorani
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388430, Gujarat, India
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15
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Crescenzi MA, Cerulli A, Montoro P, Piacente S. Metabolite Profiling for Typization of "Rucola della Piana del Sele" (PGI), Eruca sativa, through UHPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS/MS Analysis. Foods 2023; 12:3384. [PMID: 37761093 PMCID: PMC10529767 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In August 2020, the Eruca sativa cultivar "Rucola della Piana del Sele" obtained from the European Union the prestigious PGI (protected geographical indication) label, which certifies the uniqueness of its characteristics and increases its prestige both nationally and, above all, internationally. This plant is recognized as a product of excellence, with a unique flavor and unmistakable aroma. Therefore, since there are no methods to characterize the PGI product, a metabolomic approach was applied to characterize E. sativa grown in the Piana del Sele and different geographical areas. As E. sativa has very wide cultivation, this study sought to compare the metabolite profiles of rocket grown in Piana del Sele, Bergamo, and Brescia, as well as in Switzerland, making a comparison also with the metabolite profile of E. sativa grown spontaneously. To determine the best procedure to distinguish "Rucola della Piana del Sele" from the others, different extraction procedures were carried out using different solvents and fresh or freeze-dried plant matrices. The different extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry experiments, using chemometric analyses to identify biomarker metabolites that characterize the PGI product. The LC-ESI-Q-Exactive-MS/MS profiles of methanol and hydroalcoholic extracts of different cultivars of E. sativa were found to be rich in bioactive compounds such as glucosinolates, glycosylated flavonoids, fatty acids, and lipids. The LCMS data were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA); the score scatter plot shows significant separation among Eruca samples grown in different geographical areas. In detail, loading the scatter plot revealed Eruca grown in Piana del Sele to be richer than other cultivars in glycosylated quercetin 3,3',4'-O-triglucoside (7), quercetin-3,4'-O-diglucoside-3'-O-(6-sinapoyl-glucoside) (10), and quercetin diglucoside (30). Finally, considering the biological interest in erucin, the myrosinase product of glucoerucin, the latter was quantified in the extracts by LC-ESI/QTrap/MS/MS using the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method; E. sativa from Piana del Sele showed the highest content of glucoerucin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Assunta Crescenzi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of the Study of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, I-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; (M.A.C.); (A.C.); (S.P.)
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery & Development, Department of Pharmacy, University of the Study of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, I-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Antonietta Cerulli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of the Study of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, I-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; (M.A.C.); (A.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Paola Montoro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of the Study of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, I-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; (M.A.C.); (A.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Sonia Piacente
- Department of Pharmacy, University of the Study of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, I-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; (M.A.C.); (A.C.); (S.P.)
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16
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Correia EEM, Figueirinha A, Rodrigues L, Pinela J, Calhelha RC, Barros L, Fernandes C, Salgueiro L, Gonçalves T. The Chemical Profile, and Antidermatophytic, Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant and Antitumor Activities of Withania chevalieri A.E. Gonç. Ethanolic Extract. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2502. [PMID: 37447064 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Withania chevalieri, endogenous from Cape Verde, is a medicinal plant used in ethnomedicine with a large spectrum of applications, such as treating skin fungal infections caused by dermatophytes. The aim of this work was to chemically characterize the W. chevalieri crude ethanolic extract (WcCEE), and evaluate its bioactivities as antidermatophytic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer, as well as its cytotoxicity. WcCEE was chemically characterized via HPLC-MS. The minimal inhibitory concentration, minimal fungicidal concentration, time-kill and checkerboard assays were used to study the antidermatophytic activity of WcCEE. As an approach to the mechanism of action, the cell wall components, β-1,3-glucan and chitin, and cell membrane ergosterol were quantified. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) allowed for the study of the fungal ultrastructure. WcCEE contained phenolic acids, flavonoids and terpenes. It had a concentration-dependent fungicidal activity, not inducing relevant resistance, and was endowed with synergistic effects, especially terbinafine. TEM showed severely damaged fungi; the cell membrane and cell wall components levels had slight modifications. The extract had antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities, with low toxicity to non-tumoral cell lines. The results demonstrated the potential of WcCEE as an antidermatophytic agent, with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity, to be safely used in pharmaceutical and dermocosmetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Artur Figueirinha
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lisa Rodrigues
- CNC-UC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Pinela
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Ricardo C Calhelha
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Chantal Fernandes
- CNC-UC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lígia Salgueiro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa Gonçalves
- CNC-UC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- FMUC-Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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Orabi MAA, Alshahrani MM, Sayed AM, Abouelela ME, Shaaban KA, Abdel-Sattar ES. Identification of Potential Leishmania N-Myristoyltransferase Inhibitors from Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal: A Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Investigation. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13010093. [PMID: 36677018 PMCID: PMC9861338 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of infectious diseases caused by Leishmania protozoa. The ineffectiveness, high toxicity, and/or parasite resistance of the currently available antileishmanial drugs has created an urgent need for safe and effective leishmaniasis treatment. Currently, the molecular-docking technique is used to predict the proper conformations of small-molecule ligands and the strength of the contact between a protein and a ligand, and the majority of research for the development of new drugs is centered on this type of prediction. Leishmania N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) has been shown to be a reliable therapeutic target for investigating new anti-leishmanial molecules through this kind of virtual screening. Natural products provide an incredible source of affordable chemical scaffolds that serve in the development of effective drugs. Withania somnifera leaves, roots, and fruits have been shown to contain withanolide and other phytomolecules that are efficient anti-protozoal agents against Malaria, Trypanosoma, and Leishmania spp. Through a review of previously reported compounds from W. somnifera-afforded 35 alkaloid, phenolic, and steroid compounds and 132 withanolides/derivatives, typical of the Withania genus. These compounds were subjected to molecular docking screening and molecular dynamics against L. major NMT. Calycopteretin-3-rutinoside and withanoside IX showed the highest affinity and binding stability to L. major NMT, implying that these compounds could be used as antileishmanial drugs and/or as a scaffold for the design of related parasite NMT inhibitors with markedly enhanced binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. A. Orabi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +966-557398835
| | - Mohammed Merae Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef 62513, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E. Abouelela
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut-Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Khaled A. Shaaban
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - El-Shaymaa Abdel-Sattar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
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18
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Salinas-Arellano ED, Castro-Dionicio IY, Jeyaraj JG, Mirtallo Ezzone NP, Carcache de Blanco EJ. Phytochemical Profiles and Biological Studies of Selected Botanical Dietary Supplements Used in the United States. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 122:1-162. [PMID: 37392311 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26768-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Based on their current wide bioavailability, botanical dietary supplements have become an important component of the United States healthcare system, although most of these products have limited scientific evidence for their use. The most recent American Botanical Council Market Report estimated for 2020 a 17.3% increase in sales of these products when compared to 2019, for a total sales volume of $11,261 billion. The use of botanical dietary supplements products in the United States is guided by the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) from 1994, enacted by the U.S. Congress with the aim of providing more information to consumers and to facilitate access to a larger number of botanical dietary supplements available on the market than previously. Botanical dietary supplements may be formulated for and use only using crude plant samples (e.g., plant parts such as the bark, leaves, or roots) that can be processed by grinding into a dried powder. Plant parts can also be extracted with hot water to form an "herbal tea." Other preparations of botanical dietary supplements include capsules, essential oils, gummies, powders, tablets, and tinctures. Overall, botanical dietary supplements contain bioactive secondary metabolites with diverse chemotypes that typically are found at low concentration levels. These bioactive constituents usually occur in combination with inactive molecules that may induce synergy and potentiation of the effects observed when botanical dietary supplements are taken in their different forms. Most of the botanical dietary supplements available on the U.S. market have been used previously as herbal remedies or as part of traditional medicine systems from around the world. Their prior use in these systems also provides a certain level of assurance in regard to lower toxicity levels. This chapter will focus on the importance and diversity of the chemical features of bioactive secondary metabolites found in botanical dietary supplements that are responsible for their applications. Many of the active principles of botanical dietary substances are phenolics and isoprenoids, but glycosides and some alkaloids are also present. Biological studies on the active constituents of selected botanical dietary supplements will be discussed. Thus, the present chapter should be of interest for both members of the natural products scientific community, who may be performing development studies of the products available, as well as for healthcare professionals who are directly involved in the analysis of botanical interactions and evaluation of the suitability of botanical dietary supplements for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Salinas-Arellano
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ines Y Castro-Dionicio
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jonathan G Jeyaraj
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Nathan P Mirtallo Ezzone
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Esperanza J Carcache de Blanco
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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19
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Borah K, Bora K, Mallik S, Zhao Z. Potential Therapeutic Agents on Alzheimer's Disease through Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study of Plant-Based Compounds. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202200684. [PMID: 36480442 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Globally Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a highly complex, heterogeneous, and multifactorial neurological disease. AD is categorized clinically through a steady loss in memory and progressive decline of cognitive function. So far, there is no effective cure is available for the treatment of AD. Here, we identified Plant-based compounds (PBCs) from seven therapeutic plants through pharmacophore and pharmacokinetics approaches. Subsequently, we retrieved 65 AD associated proteins by Text Mining approach .We observed the interactions between 39 PBCs with 65 AD-associated targets by using molecular docking. Further, we carried out Molecular dynamics simulation analysis to predict the steady binding of top drug-target complexes. The entire MD simulation results analysis was evidence that seven drug-target complexes consistently interacted during the in silico experiment. The top complexes were the target CHLE interacted with 2 PBCs (Pseudojujubogenin and Anahygrine), target VDAC1 interacted with Withanolide R, target THOP1 interacted with Withaolide R, target AOFB interacted with 2 PBCs (Nardostachysin and Viscosalactone B), and target ACHE interacted with the drug (12-Deoxywithastramonolide). These PBCs have stably and flexibly interacted at the protein's active site region. Our results suggest that these PBCs and targets are potential therapeutic candidates for molecular development in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasmika Borah
- Cotton University, Computer Science and IT Department, Hem Baruah Rd, Pan Bazaar, Guwahati, Assam, 781001, India
| | - Kangkana Bora
- Cotton University, Computer Science and IT Department, Hem Baruah Rd, Pan Bazaar, Guwahati, Assam, 781001, India
| | - Saurav Mallik
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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20
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Mahana A, Hammoda HM, Harraz FM, Shawky E. Metabolomics combined to chemometrics reveals the putative α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory metabolites of ground cherry (Physalis pruinosa L.). Food Res Int 2022; 161:111903. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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21
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Kasarla SS, Borse SP, Kumar Y, Sharma N, Dikshit M. In vitro effect of Withania somnifera, AYUSH-64, and remdesivir on the activity of CYP-450 enzymes: Implications for possible herb−drug interactions in the management of COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:973768. [PMID: 36313313 PMCID: PMC9597875 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.973768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ayurvedic medicines Withania somnifera Dunal (ashwagandha) and AYUSH-64 have been used for the prevention and management of COVID-19 in India. The present study explores the effect of Ashwagandha and AYUSH-64 on important human CYP enzymes (CYP3A4, CYP2C8, and CYP2D6) to assess their interaction with remdesivir, a drug used for COVID-19 management during the second wave. The study also implies possible herb−drug interactions as ashwagandha and AYUSH-64 are being used for managing various pathological conditions. Aqueous extracts of ashwagandha and AYUSH-64 were characterized using LC-MS/MS. A total of 11 and 24 phytoconstituents were identified putatively from ashwagandha and AYUSH-64 extracts, respectively. In addition, in silico studies revealed good ADME properties of most of the phytoconstituents of these herbal drugs and suggested that some of these might possess CYP-450 inhibitory activity. In vitro CYP-450 studies with human liver microsomes showed moderate inhibition of CYP3A4, 2C8, and 2D6 by remdesivir, while ashwagandha had no inhibitory effect alone or in combination with remdesivir. AYUSH-64 also exhibited a similar trend; however, a moderate inhibitory effect on CYP2C8 was noticed. Thus, ashwagandha seems to be safe to co-administer with the substrates of CYP3A4, CYP2C8, and CYP2D6. However, caution is warranted in prescribing AYUSH-64 along with CYP2C8 substrate drugs. Furthermore, preclinical and clinical PK studies would be helpful for their effective and safer use in the management of various ailments along with other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Swapna Kasarla
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, India
- Spatial Metabolomics Group, Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e V, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Swapnil P. Borse
- AYUSH - Center of Excellence (AYUSH-CoE), Center for Complementary and Integrative Health [CCIH], Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences (ISHS), Savitribai Phule Pune University Pune (SPPU), Pune, India
- *Correspondence: Swapnil P. Borse, ; Yashwant Kumar, ; Madhu Dikshit,
| | - Yashwant Kumar
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, India
- *Correspondence: Swapnil P. Borse, ; Yashwant Kumar, ; Madhu Dikshit,
| | - Neha Sharma
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Delhi Pharmaceutical Science and Research University, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi, India
| | - Madhu Dikshit
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, India
- CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- *Correspondence: Swapnil P. Borse, ; Yashwant Kumar, ; Madhu Dikshit,
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22
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Recent findings by high-performance thin-layer chromatographic separation for a comprehensive analysis of Withania somnifera by densitometry and mass spectrometry: an assessment to quality and adulteration. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00764-022-00187-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Jouaneh TMM, Rosario ME, Li Y, Leibovitz E, Bertin MJ. Incorporating LC-MS/MS Analysis and the Dereplication of Natural Product Samples into an Upper-Division Undergraduate Laboratory Course. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION 2022; 99:2636-2642. [PMID: 37654737 PMCID: PMC10468906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.1c01212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Growth in the biomedical and biotechnology sectors requires a highly trained and highly skilled workforce to answer the next great scientific questions. Undergraduate laboratory courses incorporating hands-on training based in authentic research position soon-to-be graduates to learn in environments that mirror that of academic, industrial, and government laboratories. Mass spectrometry is one of the most broadly applied analyses carried out in the biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences and thus it is essential that upper-division students gain hands-on experience in techniques and analytical workflows in mass spectrometry. Our pre-course assessments identified weaknesses in student experience and knowledge in the fundamentals of mass spectrometry, supporting that it was a necessary area for improvement. We incorporated a laboratory experiment focused on tandem mass spectrometry and database searching into a preexisting mini-semester project devoted to identifying metabolites from medicinal plants. Implementation of the experiment allowed students to make more confident metabolite identifications, introduced them to a cutting-edge database analysis platform (GNPS: Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking), and increased student experience and knowledge of mass spectrometry in addition to the principle of dereplication of samples derived from nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terra Marie M. Jouaneh
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Margaret E. Rosario
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Yibo Li
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Elizabeth Leibovitz
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Matthew J. Bertin
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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24
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Jouaneh TMM, Motta N, Wu C, Coffey C, Via CW, Kirk RD, Bertin MJ. Analysis of botanicals and botanical supplements by LC-MS/MS-based molecular networking: Approaches for annotating plant metabolites and authentication. Fitoterapia 2022; 159:105200. [PMID: 35460834 PMCID: PMC9148416 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prior to the advent of modern medicine, humans have used botanicals extensively for their therapeutic potential. With the majority of newly approved drugs having their origins in natural products, plants remain at the forefront of drug discovery. Continued research and discovery necessitate the use of high-throughput analytical methods to screen and identify bioactive components and potential therapeutic molecules from plants. Utilizing a pre-generated plant extract library, we subjected botanicals to LC-MS/MS-based molecular networking to determine their chemical composition and relatively quantify already known metabolites. The LC-MS/MS-based molecular networking approach was also used to authenticate the composition of dietary supplements against their corresponding plant specimens. The networking procedures provided concise visual representations of the chemical space and highly informative assessments of the botanicals. The procedures also proved to define the composition of the botanical supplements quickly and efficiently. This offered an innovative approach to metabolite profiling and authentication practices and additionally allowed for the identification of new, putatively unknown metabolites for future isolation and biological evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terra Marie M Jouaneh
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Neil Motta
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Christine Wu
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Cole Coffey
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Christopher W Via
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Riley D Kirk
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Matthew J Bertin
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA.
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25
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Srinivasan E, Ram V, Rajasekaran R. A review on Huntington protein Insight into protein aggregation and therapeutic interventions. Curr Drug Metab 2022; 23:260-282. [PMID: 35319359 DOI: 10.2174/1389200223666220321103942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is a distressing, innate neurodegenerative disease that descends from CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene causing behavioral changes, motor dysfunction, and dementia in children and adults. Mutation in huntingtin (HTT) protein has been suggested to cause neuron loss in the cortex and striatum through various mechanisms including abnormal regulation of transcription, proteasomal dysfunction, post-translational modification, and other events, regulating toxicity. Pathogenesis of HD involves cleavage of the huntingtin protein followed by the neuronal accumulation of its aggregated form. Several research groups made possible efforts to reduce huntingtin gene expression, protein accumulation, and protein aggregation using inhibitors and molecular chaperones as developing drugs against HD. Herein, we review the mechanism proposed towards the formation of HTT protein aggregation and the impact of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Srinivasan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore - 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai - 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vavish Ram
- Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore - 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Rajasekaran
- Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore - 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
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26
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Ha JW, Yu JS, Lee BS, Kang DM, Ahn MJ, Kim JK, Kim KH. Structural Characterization of Withanolide Glycosides from the Roots of Withania somnifera and Their Potential Biological Activities. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:767. [PMID: 35336649 PMCID: PMC8954635 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Withania somnifera (Solanaceae), commonly known as "ashwagandha", is an ayurvedic medicinal plant that has been used for promoting good health and longevity. As part of our ongoing natural product research for the discovery of bioactive phytochemicals with novel structures, we conducted a phytochemical analysis of W. somnifera root, commonly used as an herbal medicine part. The phytochemical investigation aided by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS)-based analysis led to the isolation of four withanolide glycosides (1-4), including one new compound, withanoside XII (1), from the methanol (MeOH) extract of W. somnifera root. The structure of the new compound was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic data, high-resolution (HR) electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectroscopy (MS), and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data as well as enzymatic hydrolysis followed by LC/MS analysis. In addition, enzymatic hydrolysis of 1 afforded an aglycone (1a) of 1, which was identified as a new compound, withanoside XIIa (1a), by the interpretation of NMR spectroscopic data, HR-ESIMS, and ECD data. To the best of our knowledge, the structure of compound 2 (withagenin A diglucoside) was previously proposed by HRMS and MS/MS spectral data, without NMR experiment, and the physical and spectroscopic data of withagenin A diglucoside (2) are reported in this study for the first time. All the isolated compounds were evaluated for their anti-Helicobacter pylori, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. In the anti-Helicobacter pylori activity assay, compound 2 showed weak anti-H. pylori activity with 7.8% inhibition. All the isolated compounds showed significant ABTS radical scavenging activity. However, all isolates failed to show inhibitory activity against nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. This study demonstrated the experimental support that the W. somnifera root is rich in withanolides, and it can be a valuable natural resource for bioactive withanolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Ha
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (J.W.H.); (J.S.Y.); (B.S.L.)
| | - Jae Sik Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (J.W.H.); (J.S.Y.); (B.S.L.)
- New Material Development Team, COSMAX BIO Ltd., 255 Pangyo-ro, Bungdang-gu, Seongnam 13486, Korea
| | - Bum Soo Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (J.W.H.); (J.S.Y.); (B.S.L.)
| | - Dong-Min Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Mi-Jeong Ahn
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Jung Kyu Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (J.W.H.); (J.S.Y.); (B.S.L.)
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27
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Modi SJ, Tiwari A, Ghule C, Pawar S, Saste G, Jagtap S, Singh R, Deshmukh A, Girme A, Hingorani L. Pharmacokinetic Study of Withanosides and Withanolides from Withania somnifera Using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Molecules 2022; 27:1476. [PMID: 35268576 PMCID: PMC8912008 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Withania somnifera is a traditional Indian herb described under the 'Rasayana' class in Ayurveda, which gained immense popularity as a dietary supplement in the USA, Europe, Asia, and the Indian domestic market. Despite enormous research on the pharmacological effect of withanosides and withanolides, bioanalytical method development and pharmacokinetics remained challenging and unexplored for these constituents due to isomeric and isobaric characteristics. In current research work, molecular descriptors, pharmacokinetic, and toxicity prediction (ADMET) of these constituents were performed using Molinspiration and admetSAR tools. A rapid, selective, and reproducible bioanalytical method was developed and validated for seven withanosides and withanolides as per USFDA/EMA guidelines, further applied to determine pharmacokinetic parameters of Withania somnifera root extract (WSE) constituents in male Sprague Dawley rats at a dose of 500 mg/kg. Additionally, an ex vivo permeability study was carried out to explore the absorption pattern of withanosides and withanolides from the intestinal lumen. In silico, ADMET revealed oral bioavailability of withanosides and withanolides following Lipinski's rules of five with significant absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Upon oral administration of WSE, Cmax was found to be 13.833 ± 3.727, 124.415 ± 64.932, 57.536 ± 7.523, and 7.283 ± 3.341 ng/mL for withanoside IV, withaferin A, 12-Deoxy-withastramonolide, and withanolide A, respectively, with Tmax of 0.750 ± 0.000, 0.250 ± 0.000, 0.291 ± 0.102, and 0.333 ± 0.129 h. Moreover, at a given dose, withanoside V, withanolide B, and withanone were detected in plasma; however, the concentration of these constituents was found below LLOQ. Thus, these four major withanoside and withanolides were quantified in plasma supported by ex vivo permeation data exhibiting a time-dependent absorption of withanosides and withanolides across the intestinal barrier. These composite findings provide insights to design a clinical trial of WSE as a potent nutraceutical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth J. Modi
- Analytical Development and Innovation Center, Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India; (S.J.M.); (A.T.); (C.G.); (S.P.); (G.S.); (S.J.); (L.H.)
- New Product Development Department, Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India;
| | - Anshuly Tiwari
- Analytical Development and Innovation Center, Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India; (S.J.M.); (A.T.); (C.G.); (S.P.); (G.S.); (S.J.); (L.H.)
| | - Chetana Ghule
- Analytical Development and Innovation Center, Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India; (S.J.M.); (A.T.); (C.G.); (S.P.); (G.S.); (S.J.); (L.H.)
| | - Sandeep Pawar
- Analytical Development and Innovation Center, Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India; (S.J.M.); (A.T.); (C.G.); (S.P.); (G.S.); (S.J.); (L.H.)
| | - Ganesh Saste
- Analytical Development and Innovation Center, Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India; (S.J.M.); (A.T.); (C.G.); (S.P.); (G.S.); (S.J.); (L.H.)
| | - Shubham Jagtap
- Analytical Development and Innovation Center, Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India; (S.J.M.); (A.T.); (C.G.); (S.P.); (G.S.); (S.J.); (L.H.)
| | - Ruchi Singh
- New Product Development Department, Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India;
| | - Amol Deshmukh
- Clinical Research and Intellectual Property Rights, Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India;
| | - Aboli Girme
- Analytical Development and Innovation Center, Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India; (S.J.M.); (A.T.); (C.G.); (S.P.); (G.S.); (S.J.); (L.H.)
| | - Lal Hingorani
- Analytical Development and Innovation Center, Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India; (S.J.M.); (A.T.); (C.G.); (S.P.); (G.S.); (S.J.); (L.H.)
- New Product Development Department, Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India;
- Clinical Research and Intellectual Property Rights, Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India;
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28
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Patel CN, Goswami D, Jaiswal DG, Jani SP, Parmar RM, Rawal RM, Pandya HA. Excavating phytochemicals from plants possessing antiviral activities for identifying SARS-CoV hemagglutinin-esterase inhibitors by diligent computational workflow. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 41:2382-2397. [PMID: 35098887 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2033642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) belong to a group of RNA viruses that cause diseases in vertebrates including. Newer and deadlier than SARS CoV-2 are sought to appear in future for which the scientific community must be prepared with the strategies for their control. Spike protein (S-protein) of all the CoVs require angiotensin-converting enzyme2 (ACE2), while CoVs also require hemagglutinin-acetylesterase (HE) glycoprotein receptor to simultaneously interact with O-acetylated sialic acids on host cells, both these interactions enable viral particle to enter host cell leading to its infection. Target inhibition of viral S-protein and HE glycoprotein receptor can lead to a development of therapy against the SARS CoV-2. The proposition is to recognize molecules from the bundle of phytochemicals of medicinal plants known to possess antiviral potentials as a lead that could interact and mask the active site of, HE glycoprotein which would ideally bind to O-acetylated sialic acids on human host cells. Such molecules can be addressed as 'HE glycoprotein blockers'. A library of 110 phytochemicals from Withania somnifera, Asparagus racemosus, Zinziber officinalis, Allium sativum, Curcuma longa and Adhatoda vasica was constructed and was used under present study. In silico analysis was employed with plant-derived phytochemicals. The molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations over the scale of 1000 ns (1 μs) and ADMET prediction revealed that the Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) and Asparagus racemosus (shatavari) plants possessed various steroidal saponins and alkaloids which could potentially inhibit the COVID-19 virus and even other CoVs targeted HE glycoprotein receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag N Patel
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics, and Climate Change Impacts Management, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Dweipayan Goswami
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Dharmesh G Jaiswal
- Department of Zoology, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Siddhi P Jani
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics, and Climate Change Impacts Management, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Robin M Parmar
- Department of Zoology, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Rakesh M Rawal
- Department of Life Science, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Himanshu A Pandya
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics, and Climate Change Impacts Management, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Kothari P, Tripathi AK, Girme A, Rai D, Singh R, Sinha S, Choudhary D, Nagar GK, Maurya R, Hingorani L, Trivedi R. Caviunin glycoside (CAFG) from Dalbergia sissoo attenuates osteoarthritis by modulating chondrogenic and matrix regulating proteins. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 282:114315. [PMID: 34116187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dalbergia sissoo DC. (Indian rosewood or Sheesham) is a traditional medicinal plant, reported since time immemorial for its analgesic, anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and immuno-modulatory properties. D. sissoo DC (DS). is being used traditionally to cure joint inflammation and joint pain. AIM To study the potential of DS leaves and its derived novel compound CAFG to treat the clinical symptoms of osteoarthritis (OA) and its underlying mechanism. METHODS The chemical profile of DS extract (DSE) with isoflavonoids and isoflvaonoid glycosides from the DS was established by UHPLC-PDA and UHPLC-MS/MS. Monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) was injected into the knee joint to develop the OA model in rats. DSE was given orally for 28 days daily at 250 and 500 mg.kg-1day-1. For in-vitro experiments, chondrocytes isolated from joint articular cartilage were negatively induced with interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and CAFG was given to the cells as a co-treatment. RESULTS Chondrocytes undergo apoptosis following inflammation and proteoglycan synthesis affected in MIA injected knees. DSE administration prevented these effects as assessed by H&E and Toluidine blue staining. Micro-CT analysis showed that subchondral bone loss was restored. DSE decreased elevated serum levels of cartilage-bone degradation (CTX-I, CTX-II, and COMP), inflammation markers IL-1β, and matrix-degrading MMP-3 and 13. The effects of IL-1β on gene expression of chondrocytes were reversed by CAFG treatment at 1 μM. CONCLUSION Data showed that DSE protected joint cartilage and deterioration in subchondral bone in vivo while in in-vitro, its active ingredient CAFG prevented interleukin-1β induced effects and inhibited OA. This finding suggest that DSE and CAFG could be used as a possible therapeutic to treat osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kothari
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.
| | - Ashish Kumar Tripathi
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.
| | - Aboli Girme
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt Ltd, Anand, Gujarat, 388435, India.
| | - Divya Rai
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.
| | - Ruchi Singh
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt Ltd, Anand, Gujarat, 388435, India.
| | - Shradha Sinha
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.
| | - Dharmendra Choudhary
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.
| | - Geet Kumar Nagar
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.
| | - Rakesh Maurya
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.
| | - Lal Hingorani
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt Ltd, Anand, Gujarat, 388435, India.
| | - Ritu Trivedi
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.
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Chauhan S, Mandliya T, Jain D, Joshi A, Lal Khatik C, Singh A, Upadhyay SK, Jain R. Early selective strategies for higher yielding bio-economic Indian Ginseng based on genotypic study through metabolic and molecular markers. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:3051-3061. [PMID: 35531148 PMCID: PMC9073062 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Girme A, Bhoj P, Saste G, Pawar S, Mirgal A, Raut D, Chavan M, Hingorani L. Development and Validation of RP-HPLC Method for Vicenin-2, Orientin, Cynaroside, Betulinic Acid, Genistein, and Major Eight Bioactive Constituents with LC-ESI-MS/MS Profiling in Ocimum Genus. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:1634-1651. [PMID: 33930142 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsab067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ocimum genus, known as Tulsi or Basil, is a prominent botanical class in Asian culture, especially in India. The leaves have immunomodulatory, antioxidant, stress-relieving, and adaptogenic roles in traditional and modern medicine, with prominent usage in herbal teas and nutraceuticals. OBJECTIVE An high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) method was developed and validated for quantification of vicenin-2, orientin, cynaroside, betulinic acid, genistein with syringic acid, rosmarinic acid, eugenol, carnosic acid, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, luteolin, and apigenin and was confirmed using a novel electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) method in the Ocimum genus samples. METHOD The methodology parameters were developed on an reverse phase (RP) C18 column with a gradient elution of 1 mL/min flow rate for 0.1% o-phosphoric acid and acetonitrile at 210 and 340 nm wavelengths. RESULTS The validation data for 13 bioactive compounds showed good linearity (r2 > 0.99) with sensitive LOD (0.034-0.684 µg/mL) and LOQ (0.100-2.068 µg/mL) with recoveries (83.66-101.53%). The results of the quantification were found to be precise (RSD, <5.0%) and accurate (relative error (RE), -0.60-1.06). The method performance was verified by analyzing 10 samples of O. tenuiflorum from the 10 geographical states of India (RSD, <5.0%) and were found to be robust. This HPLC-PDA method with ESI-MS/MS confirmation was applicable to the 13 cultivars from O. thyrsiflorum, O. citriodorum, O. americanum, O. africanum, O. basilicum, O. gratissimum, and O. tenuiflorum species. CONCLUSIONS The validated HPLC-PDA and LC-ESI-MS/MS method was found to be selective and suitable for analyzing 13 compounds in O. tenuiflorum and 12 cultivars from the Ocimum genus as a quality control tool. This method can be used in routine analysis as an inexpensive alternative to advanced techniques. HIGHLIGHTS This work is the first to report for vicenin-2, orientin, cynaroside, betulinic acid, and genistein, with simultaneous analysis of eight bioactive compounds in the Ocimum genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aboli Girme
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Prajkta Bhoj
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd, Anand, Gujarat, India.,Amrutvahini College of Pharmacy, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ganesh Saste
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Amit Mirgal
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Dipak Raut
- Amrutvahini College of Pharmacy, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India
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Basera IA, Girme A, Bhatt VP, Saste G, Pawar S, Hingorani L, Shah MB. Development of validated UHPLC–PDA with ESI–MS-MS method for concurrent estimation of magnoflorine, berbamine, columbamine, jatrorrhizine, palmatine and berberine in Berberis aristata. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2021. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2021.00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A validated UHPLC-PDA with an ESI-MS/MS method has been developed for simultaneous estimation of six bioactive alkaloids (magnoflorine, berbamine, columbamine, jatrorrhizine, palmatine and berberine) in the different extracts of the roots of Berberis aristata DC (Family:Berberdiaceae). It is an important medicinal herb native to Northern Himalaya and commonly known as ‘daruharidra’, ‘daruhaldi’, ‘Indian barberry’ or ‘tree turmeric’. An insight into the research literature uncovered reports on isoquinoline alkaloids like magnoflorine, berbamine, columbamine, jatrorrhizine, palmatine, and berberine as major bioactives in B. aristata roots, possessing different pharmacological and therapeutic effects. In the present study, these aforementioned alkaloids were separated on Phenomenex Luna®, 5 µm-C8 analytical column. The HPLC-MS analysis was performed at a flow rate of 0.90 mL min−1. Each alkaloid that is resolved was characterized by precursor ions and fragment ions with electrospray ionization (ESI) source in both positive and negative ionization using scan mode. The limit of detections (LODs) were 0.087, 0.727, 0.035, 0.124, 0.782 and 0.794 μg mL−1 for magnoflorine, berbamine, columbamine, jatrorrhizine, palmatine and berberine, respectively. The proposed UHPLC-PDA method was fully validated according to international (ICH) guidelines and was found to be selective, sensitive and highly accurate for the concomitant estimation of the aforementioned symbolic bio-markers of B. aristata roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita A. Basera
- 1 Department of Pharmacognosy, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Aboli Girme
- 2 Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand, 388435, Gujarat, India
| | - Vijay P. Bhatt
- 3 Herbal Research & Development Institute, Mandal, Gopeshwar, Chamoli, Uttrarakhand, India
| | - Ganesh Saste
- 2 Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand, 388435, Gujarat, India
| | - Sandeep Pawar
- 2 Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand, 388435, Gujarat, India
| | - Lal Hingorani
- 2 Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand, 388435, Gujarat, India
| | - Mamta B. Shah
- 1 Department of Pharmacognosy, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Khalil HMA, Eliwa HA, El-Shiekh RA, Al-Mokaddem AK, Hassan M, Tawfek AM, El-Maadawy WH. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root extract attenuates hepatic and cognitive deficits in thioacetamide-induced rat model of hepatic encephalopathy via induction of Nrf2/HO-1 and mitigation of NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 277:114141. [PMID: 33905819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ashwagandha (ASH) is one of the medicinal plants used in traditional Indian, Ayurvedic, and Unani medicines for their broad range of pharmacological activities including, tonic, aphrodisiac, energy stimulant, and counteracting chronic fatigue. Besides, it is used in the treatment of nervous exhaustion, memory-related conditions, insomnia, as well as improving learning ability and memory capacity. ASH is preclinically proven to be efficient in hepatoprotection and improving cognitive impairment, however, its beneficial effects against hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is still unclear. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the protective effects of ASH root extract against thioacetamide (TAA)-induced HE and delineate the underlying behavioral and pharmacological mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS ASH metabolites were identified using UPLC-HRMS. Rats were pretreated with ASH (200 and 400 mg/kg) for 29 days and administrated TAA (i.p, 350 mg/kg) in a single dose. Then, behavioral (open field test, Y-maze, modified elevated plus maze and novel object recognition test), and biochemical (ammonia and hepatic toxicity indices) assessments, as well as oxidative stress markers (MDA and GSH) were evaluated. The hepatic and brain levels of glutamine synthetase (GS), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme-oxygenase (HO)-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mRNA expressions of p38/ERK½ were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Moreover, histopathological investigations and immunohistochemical (NF-κB and TNF-α immunohistochemical expressions) examinations were performed. RESULTS Metabolite profiling of ASH revealed more than 45 identified metabolites including phenolic acids, flavonoids and steroidal lactone triterpenoids. Compared to the TAA-intoxicated group, ASH improved the locomotor and cognitive deficits, serum hepatotoxicity indices and ammonia levels, as well as brain and hepatic histopathological alterations. ASH reduced hepatic and brain levels of MDA, GS, and iNOS, and increased their GSH, Nrf2, and HO-1 levels. Also, ASH downregulated p38 and ERK½ mRNA expressions, and NF-κB and TNF-α immunohistochemical expressions in brain and hepatic tissues. CONCLUSIONS Our results provided insights into the promising hepato- and neuroprotective effects of ASH, with superiority to 400 mg/kg ASH, to ameliorate HE with its sequential hyperammonemia and liver/brain injuries. This could be attributed to the recorded increase in the spontaneous alternation % and recognition index, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, as well as upregulation of Nrf2 and downregualtion of MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba M A Khalil
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Hesham A Eliwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University of Science and Technology (MUST), 6th October, Giza, 12566, Egypt.
| | - Riham A El-Shiekh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Asmaa K Al-Mokaddem
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza Square, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Marwa Hassan
- Department of Immunology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Kornaish El Nile, Warrak El-Hadar, Imbaba (P.O. 30), Giza, 12411, Egypt.
| | - Azza M Tawfek
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Walaa H El-Maadawy
- Department of Pharmacology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Kornaish El Nile, Warrak El-Hadar, Imbaba (P.O. 30), Giza, 12411, Egypt.
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Girme A, Saste G, Pawar S, Ghule C, Mirgal A, Patel S, Tiwari A, Ghoshal S, Bharate SB, Bharate SS, Reddy DS, Vishwakarma RA, Hingorani L. Quantitative Determination and Characterization of a Kashmir Saffron ( Crocus sativus L.)-Based Botanical Supplement Using Single-Laboratory Validation Study by HPLC-PDA with LC-MS/MS and HPTLC Investigations. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:23460-23474. [PMID: 34549144 PMCID: PMC8444316 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Food ingredients hold a higher nutritional value as a botanical supplement playing a vital role in modifying and maintaining the physiological conditions that improve human health benefits. The Kashmir saffron (Crocus sativus L; KCS) obtained from dried stigmas is known for its aroma precursors and apocarotenoid derivatives, imparting a wide range of medicinal values and therapeutic benefits. In the present study, a simultaneous determination of apocarotenoids and flavonoids in stigma-based botanical supplements was carried out using analytical investigations. The high-performance thin-layer chromatography-based qualitative analysis of the raw material (stigmas, stamens, and tepals) and stigma extract has been carried out to identify apocarotenoids and flavonoids. The rapid HPLC-PDA method for the simultaneous quantification of KCS apocarotenoids was robust, precise (<5.0%), linear (R 2 > 0.99), and accurate (80-110%) as per the single-laboratory validation data. Furthermore, the combined-expanded uncertainty (95%; K = 2) was calculated and found as 0.0035-0.007% (<5.0%) as per the EURACHEM guide for this HPLC analysis. Additionally, an untargeted identification of 36 compounds in the botanical supplement was based on the elution order, UV-vis spectra, mass fragmentation pattern, and standards by ESI-MS/MS analysis with comprehensive chromatographic fingerprinting. Thus, these analytical approaches enable a composite profile of the stigma-based extract as a potential supplement for human health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aboli Girme
- Analytical
Development and Innovation Center, Pharmanza
Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
- Pharmacognosy
and Botany Center, Pharmanza Herbal Pvt.
Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
| | - Ganesh Saste
- Analytical
Development and Innovation Center, Pharmanza
Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
| | - Sandeep Pawar
- Analytical
Development and Innovation Center, Pharmanza
Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
| | - Chetana Ghule
- Analytical
Development and Innovation Center, Pharmanza
Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
| | - Amit Mirgal
- Pharmacognosy
and Botany Center, Pharmanza Herbal Pvt.
Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
| | - Saurabh Patel
- Analytical
Development and Innovation Center, Pharmanza
Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
| | - Anshuly Tiwari
- Analytical
Development and Innovation Center, Pharmanza
Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
| | - Sautik Ghoshal
- Pharmacognosy
and Botany Center, Pharmanza Herbal Pvt.
Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
| | - Sandip B. Bharate
- CSIR-Indian
Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Sonali S. Bharate
- CSIR-Indian
Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - D. Srinivasa Reddy
- CSIR-Indian
Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Ram A. Vishwakarma
- CSIR-Indian
Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Lal Hingorani
- Analytical
Development and Innovation Center, Pharmanza
Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
- Pharmacognosy
and Botany Center, Pharmanza Herbal Pvt.
Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
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Patel U, Girme A, Patel K, Ghule C, Hingorani L, Gandhi T. A validated HPTLC method for quantification of cordifolioside A, 20-β-hydroxyecdysone and columbin with HPTLC–ESI–MS/MS characterization in stems of Tinospora cordifolia. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2021. [PMCID: PMC8356894 DOI: 10.1007/s00764-021-00115-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present work was to develop a simple, specific, and fast high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method to identify and quantify cordifolioside A, 20-β-hydroxyecdysone and columbin with HPTLC‒electrospray ionization‒tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‒MS/MS) for characterization in Tinospora cordifolia stem extracts. Chromatographic development was performed using a HPTLC aluminum plate, pre-coated with silica gel 60 F254 with hexane‒chloroform‒methanol‒formic acid as the mobile phase. Densitometric quantification for 20-β-hydroxyecdysone and cordifolioside A was performed at 254 nm and for columbin at 600 nm after derivatization with anisaldehyde‒sulfuric acid. The optimized mobile phase resulted in chromatographic separation of peaks for cordifolioside A, 20-β-hydroxyecdysone, and columbin at RF of 0.12, 0.47, and 0.86, respectively. The linear concentration range was found to be 750‒2250 ng/band for 20-β-hydroxyecdysone and cordifolioside A and 675‒1875 ng/band for columbin with (r2 > 0.99). The methodology showed good recoveries as 98.96‒101.43% for cordifolioside A, 98.15‒101.56% for 20-β-hydroxyecdysone, and 98.06‒98.80% for columbin. The limit of detection was found for columbin, 20-β-hydroxyecdysone, and cordifolioside A as 53.86 ng/band, 40.90 ng/band, and 107.05 ng/band, while the limit of quantification was found to be 163.21 ng/band, 123.94 ng/band, and 324.38 ng/band, respectively. The relative standard deviation for precision and robustness study for all the markers was found to be within 2%. Three markers were identified and confirmed in T. cordifolia stem extracts by ESI‒MS/MS. Compounds were assigned as norditerpene furan glycosides, ecdysteroids, and diterpenoid furanolactone: cordifolioside A (m/z = 527 [M + Na]+; UV λmax 221 nm), 20-β-hydroxyecdysone (m/z = 481.30 [M + H]+; UV λmax 247 nm), and columbin (m/z = 359 [M + H]+; UV λmax 210 nm). The optimized method was found accurate, reproducible, robust, and specific and can be applied for the quantification of cordifolioside A, 20-β-hydroxyecdysone, and columbin for quality control of extracts of T. cordifolia.
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Haque IM, Mishra A, Kalra BS, Chawla S. Role of Standardized Plant Extracts in Controlling Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome-An Experimental Study. Brain Sci 2021; 11:919. [PMID: 34356153 PMCID: PMC8307219 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11070919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with alcohol use disorder experience alcohol withdrawal syndrome due to the sudden cessation of alcohol. This study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of Ashwagandha and Brahmi on alcohol withdrawal in rats. Thirty rats of either sex were taken and randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 5). Their normal diet was replaced by a modified liquid diet (MLD). Ethanol was added gradually except in the MLD group for a period of 21 days and withdrawn suddenly. Four treatment groups were administered Ashwagandha (3.75 mg of withanolide glycosides per kg body weight), Brahmi (10 mg of bacosides per kg body weight), Ashwagandha + Brahmi (3.75 mg withanolide glycosides + 10 mg bacosides per kg body weight) orally and diazepam (1 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) 45 min before alcohol withdrawal. Rats were assessed for behavioural changes (agitation score and stereotypic behaviour), anxiety and locomotor activity at 2nd and 6th hours of alcohol withdrawal. Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) kindling seizures were assessed at 6th hour of alcohol withdrawal. Ashwagandha and Brahmi alone and in combination significantly reduced the behavioural changes in alcohol withdrawal rats at 2nd hour and their combination in 6th hour. Ashwagandha and Brahmi suppressed PTZ kindling seizures effectively and improved locomotory activity at 2nd hour and 6th hour of alcohol withdrawal. Reduction in anxiety was significant among Ashwagandha at 2nd hour and the combination group at 2nd and 6th hour. The results were comparable to diazepam. Ashwagandha and Brahmi have beneficial effects in controlling the behavioural changes, anxiety and seizures in alcohol withdrawal symptoms in rats and improved locomotory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ijasul M. Haque
- Department of Pharmacology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi 110002, India; (I.M.H.); (B.S.K.)
| | - Akhilesh Mishra
- Central Animal Facility, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi 110002, India;
| | - Bhupinder Singh Kalra
- Department of Pharmacology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi 110002, India; (I.M.H.); (B.S.K.)
| | - Shalini Chawla
- Department of Pharmacology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi 110002, India; (I.M.H.); (B.S.K.)
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Borse S, Joshi M, Saggam A, Bhat V, Walia S, Marathe A, Sagar S, Chavan-Gautam P, Girme A, Hingorani L, Tillu G. Ayurveda botanicals in COVID-19 management: An in silico multi-target approach. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248479. [PMID: 34115763 PMCID: PMC8195371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2 has become a global pandemic in a very short time span. Currently, there is no specific treatment or vaccine to counter this highly contagious disease. There is an urgent need to find a specific cure for the disease and global efforts are directed at developing SARS-CoV-2 specific antivirals and immunomodulators. Ayurvedic Rasayana therapy has been traditionally used in India for its immunomodulatory and adaptogenic effects, and more recently has been included as therapeutic adjuvant for several maladies. Amongst several others, Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi) and Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari) play an important role in Rasayana therapy. The objective of this study was to explore the immunomodulatory and anti SARS-CoV2 potential of phytoconstituents from Ashwagandha, Guduchi and Shatavari using network pharmacology and docking. The plant extracts were prepared as per ayurvedic procedures and a total of 31 phytoconstituents were identified using UHPLC-PDA and mass spectrometry studies. To assess the immunomodulatory potential of these phytoconstituents an in-silico network pharmacology model was constructed. The model predicts that the phytoconstituents possess the potential to modulate several targets in immune pathways potentially providing a protective role. To explore if these phytoconstituents also possess antiviral activity, docking was performed with the Spike protein, Main Protease and RNA dependent RNA polymerase of the virus. Interestingly, several phytoconstituents are predicted to possess good affinity for the three targets, suggesting their application for the termination of viral life cycle. Further, predictive tools indicate that there would not be adverse herb-drug pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic interactions with concomitantly administered drug therapy. We thus make a compelling case to evaluate the potential of these Rasayana botanicals as therapeutic adjuvants in the management of COVID-19 following rigorous experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Borse
- AYUSH-Center of Excellence, Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Manali Joshi
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Akash Saggam
- AYUSH-Center of Excellence, Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vedika Bhat
- AYUSH-Center of Excellence, Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Safal Walia
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Aniket Marathe
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Sneha Sagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L. J. Institute of Pharmacy, Sarkhej, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Preeti Chavan-Gautam
- AYUSH-Center of Excellence, Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Aboli Girme
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Girish Tillu
- AYUSH-Center of Excellence, Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
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38
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Patel CN, Goswami D, Jaiswal DG, Parmar RM, Solanki HA, Pandya HA. Pinpointing the potential hits for hindering interaction of SARS-CoV-2 S-protein with ACE2 from the pool of antiviral phytochemicals utilizing molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 105:107874. [PMID: 33647752 PMCID: PMC7897937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.107874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the viral particle, is responsible for triggering the 2019 Coronavirus disease outbreak (COVID-19). To tackle this situation, a number of strategies are being devised to either create an antidote, a vaccine, or agents capable of preventing its infection. To enable research on these strategies, numerous target proteins are identified where Spike (S) protein is presumed to be of immense potential. S-protein interacts with human angiotensin-converting-enzyme-2 (ACE2) for cell entry. The key region of S-protein that interacts with ACE2 is a portion of it designated as a receptor-binding domain (RBD), following whereby the viral membrane fuses with the alveolar membrane to enter the human cell. The proposition is to recognize molecules from the bundle of phytochemicals of medicinal plants known to possess antiviral potentials as a lead that could interact and mask RBD, rendering them unavailable to form ACE2 interactions. Such a molecule is called the 'S-protein blocker'. A total of 110 phytochemicals from Withania somnifera, Asparagus racemosus, Zinziber officinalis, Allium sativum, Curcuma longa and Adhatoda vasica were used in the study, of which Racemoside A, Ashwagandhanolide, Withanoside VI, Withanoside IV and Racemoside C were identified as top five hits using molecular docking. Further, essential Pharmacophore features and their ADMET profiles of these compounds were studied following to which the best three hits were analyzed for their interaction with RBD using Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation. Binding free energy calculations were performed using MM/GBSA, proving these phytochemicals can serve as S-protein blocker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag N Patel
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics, and Climate Change Impacts Management, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Dweipayan Goswami
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Dharmesh G Jaiswal
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics, and Climate Change Impacts Management, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Robin M Parmar
- Department of Zoology, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Hitesh A Solanki
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics, and Climate Change Impacts Management, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Himanshu A Pandya
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics, and Climate Change Impacts Management, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, India.
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39
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Borse S, Joshi M, Saggam A, Bhat V, Walia S, Marathe A, Sagar S, Chavan-Gautam P, Girme A, Hingorani L, Tillu G. Ayurveda botanicals in COVID-19 management: An in silico multi-target approach. PLoS One 2021. [PMID: 34115763 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-30361/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2 has become a global pandemic in a very short time span. Currently, there is no specific treatment or vaccine to counter this highly contagious disease. There is an urgent need to find a specific cure for the disease and global efforts are directed at developing SARS-CoV-2 specific antivirals and immunomodulators. Ayurvedic Rasayana therapy has been traditionally used in India for its immunomodulatory and adaptogenic effects, and more recently has been included as therapeutic adjuvant for several maladies. Amongst several others, Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi) and Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari) play an important role in Rasayana therapy. The objective of this study was to explore the immunomodulatory and anti SARS-CoV2 potential of phytoconstituents from Ashwagandha, Guduchi and Shatavari using network pharmacology and docking. The plant extracts were prepared as per ayurvedic procedures and a total of 31 phytoconstituents were identified using UHPLC-PDA and mass spectrometry studies. To assess the immunomodulatory potential of these phytoconstituents an in-silico network pharmacology model was constructed. The model predicts that the phytoconstituents possess the potential to modulate several targets in immune pathways potentially providing a protective role. To explore if these phytoconstituents also possess antiviral activity, docking was performed with the Spike protein, Main Protease and RNA dependent RNA polymerase of the virus. Interestingly, several phytoconstituents are predicted to possess good affinity for the three targets, suggesting their application for the termination of viral life cycle. Further, predictive tools indicate that there would not be adverse herb-drug pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic interactions with concomitantly administered drug therapy. We thus make a compelling case to evaluate the potential of these Rasayana botanicals as therapeutic adjuvants in the management of COVID-19 following rigorous experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Borse
- AYUSH-Center of Excellence, Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Manali Joshi
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Akash Saggam
- AYUSH-Center of Excellence, Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vedika Bhat
- AYUSH-Center of Excellence, Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Safal Walia
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Aniket Marathe
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Sneha Sagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L. J. Institute of Pharmacy, Sarkhej, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Preeti Chavan-Gautam
- AYUSH-Center of Excellence, Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Aboli Girme
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Girish Tillu
- AYUSH-Center of Excellence, Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
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