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Hadjipavlou-Litina D, Głowacka IE, Marco-Contelles J, Piotrowska DG. Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of N-Benzyl-2-[4-(aryl)-1 H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]ethan-1-imine Oxides. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5908. [PMID: 38892102 PMCID: PMC11173104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The synthesis, antioxidant capacity, and anti-inflammatory activity of four novel N-benzyl-2-[4-(aryl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]ethan-1-imine oxides 10a-d are reported herein. The nitrones 10a-d were tested for their antioxidant properties and their ability to inhibit soybean lipoxygenase (LOX). Four diverse antioxidant tests were used for in vitro antioxidant assays, namely, interaction with the stable free radical DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical) as well as with the water-soluble azo compound AAPH (2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride), competition with DMSO for hydroxyl radicals, and the scavenging of cationic radical ABTS•+ (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) radical cation). Nitrones 10b, 10c, and 10d, having the 4-fluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, and 4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl motif, respectively, exhibited high interaction with DPPH (64.5-81% after 20 min; 79-96% after 60 min), whereas nitrone 10a with unfunctionalized phenyl group showed the lowest inhibitory potency (57% after 20 min, 78% after 60 min). Nitrones 10a and 10d, decorated with phenyl and 4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl motif, respectively, appeared the most potent inhibitors of lipid peroxidation. The results obtained from radical cation ABTS•+ were not significant, since all tested compounds 10a-d showed negligible activity (8-46%), much lower than Trolox (91%). Nitrone 10c, bearing the 2,4-difluorophenyl motif, was found to be the most potent LOX inhibitor (IC50 = 10 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Hadjipavlou-Litina
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Iwona E. Głowacka
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
| | - José Marco-Contelles
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), CIBER, ISCIII, 46010 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dorota G. Piotrowska
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
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Dailah HG. Therapeutic Potential of Small Molecules Targeting Oxidative Stress in the Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A Comprehensive Review. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175542. [PMID: 36080309 PMCID: PMC9458015 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an increasing and major global health problem. COPD is also the third leading cause of death worldwide. Oxidative stress (OS) takes place when various reactive species and free radicals swamp the availability of antioxidants. Reactive nitrogen species, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and their counterpart antioxidants are important for host defense and physiological signaling pathways, and the development and progression of inflammation. During the disturbance of their normal steady states, imbalances between antioxidants and oxidants might induce pathological mechanisms that can further result in many non-respiratory and respiratory diseases including COPD. ROS might be either endogenously produced in response to various infectious pathogens including fungi, viruses, or bacteria, or exogenously generated from several inhaled particulate or gaseous agents including some occupational dust, cigarette smoke (CS), and air pollutants. Therefore, targeting systemic and local OS with therapeutic agents such as small molecules that can increase endogenous antioxidants or regulate the redox/antioxidants system can be an effective approach in treating COPD. Various thiol-based antioxidants including fudosteine, erdosteine, carbocysteine, and N-acetyl-L-cysteine have the capacity to increase thiol content in the lungs. Many synthetic molecules including inhibitors/blockers of protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation, catalytic antioxidants including superoxide dismutase mimetics, and spin trapping agents can effectively modulate CS-induced OS and its resulting cellular alterations. Several clinical and pre-clinical studies have demonstrated that these antioxidants have the capacity to decrease OS and affect the expressions of several pro-inflammatory genes and genes that are involved with redox and glutathione biosynthesis. In this article, we have summarized the role of OS in COPD pathogenesis. Furthermore, we have particularly focused on the therapeutic potential of numerous chemicals, particularly antioxidants in the treatment of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamad Ghaleb Dailah
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
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Rizwana N, Agarwal V, Nune M. Antioxidant for Neurological Diseases and Neurotrauma and Bioengineering Approaches. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:72. [PMID: 35052576 PMCID: PMC8773039 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants are a class of molecules with an innate affinity to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are known to cause oxidative stress. Oxidative stress has been associated with a wide range of diseases mediated by physiological damage to the cells. ROS play both beneficial and detrimental roles in human physiology depending on their overall concentration. ROS are an inevitable byproduct of the normal functioning of cells, which are produced as a result of the mitochondrial respiration process. Since the establishment of the detrimental effect of oxidative stress in neurological disorders and neurotrauma, there has been growing interest in exploring antioxidants to rescue remaining or surviving cells and reverse the neurological damage. In this review, we present the survey of different antioxidants studied in neurological applications including neurotrauma. We also delve into bioengineering approaches developed to deliver antioxidants to improve their cellular uptake in neurological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasera Rizwana
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine (MIRM), Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, India;
| | - Vipul Agarwal
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Manasa Nune
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine (MIRM), Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, India;
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Mishra SS, Manzoor K, Zafar M, Podmore ID. A novel approach to the analysis of spin-trapped free radicals using dimethyl sulfoxide and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with both solvent extraction and headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME). Free Radic Res 2021; 55:569-578. [PMID: 34533413 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.1980563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have utilized a novel strategy based upon the use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the detection and identification of spin-trapped free radicals. Hydroxymethyl (.CH2OH) radicals, generated by Fenton-type chemistry, have been trapped by N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone (PBN) or one of its derivatives in the presence of DMSO to form a 1,3-diadduct [PBN-(CH2OH)(CH3)], which may be detected directly in the reaction mixture following chloroform extraction or in the reaction vial headspace by sampling with SPME. Separation and identification have been carried out by capillary gas chromatography coupled to electron-ionization mass spectrometry (EI-MS). The results demonstrate that using DMSO aids GC-MS analysis of spin-trapped free radicals via the formation of radical-methyl di-adducts that are sufficiently volatile to be sampled both in the headspace or by an extracting solvent without the need for a derivatization step using silylating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanatkumar S Mishra
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Kamran Manzoor
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Mudaser Zafar
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Ian D Podmore
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, UK
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Marano S, Minnelli C, Ripani L, Marcaccio M, Laudadio E, Mobbili G, Amici A, Armeni T, Stipa P. Insights into the Antioxidant Mechanism of Newly Synthesized Benzoxazinic Nitrones: In Vitro and In Silico Studies with DPPH Model Radical. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081224. [PMID: 34439472 PMCID: PMC8388956 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic nitrone spin-traps are being explored as therapeutic agents for the treatment of a wide range of oxidative stress-related pathologies, including but not limited to stroke, cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases. In this context, increasing efforts are currently being made to the design and synthesis of new nitrone-based compounds with enhanced efficacy. The most researched nitrones are surely the ones related to α-phenyl-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) and 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) derivatives, which have shown to possess potent biological activity in many experimental animal models. However, more recently, nitrones with a benzoxazinic structure (3-aryl-2H-benzo[1,4]oxazin-N-oxides) have been demonstrated to have superior antioxidant activity compared to PBN. In this study, two new benzoxazinic nitrones bearing an electron-withdrawing methoxycarbonyl group on the benzo moiety (in para and meta positions respect to the nitronyl function) were synthesized. Their in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by two cellular-based assays (inhibition of AAPH-induced human erythrocyte hemolysis and cell death in human retinal pigmented epithelium (ARPE-19) cells) and a chemical approach by means of the α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay, using both electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and UV spectrophotometry. A computational approach was also used to investigate their potential primary mechanism of antioxidant action, as well as to rationalize the effect of functionalization on the nitrones reactivity toward DPPH, chosen as model radical in this study. Further insights were also gathered by exploring the nitrone electrochemical properties via cyclic voltammetry and by studying their kinetic behavior by means of EPR spectroscopy. Results showed that the introduction of an electron-withdrawing group in the phenyl moiety in the para position significantly increased the antioxidant capacity of benzoxazinic nitrones both in cell and cell-free systems. From the mechanistic point of view, the calculated results closely matched the experimental findings, strongly suggesting that the H-atom transfer (HAT) is likely to be the primary mechanism in the DPPH quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Marano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Ingegneria della Materia, dell’Ambiente ed Urbanistica (SIMAU), Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Cristina Minnelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente (DISVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (C.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Lorenzo Ripani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.R.); (M.M.)
| | - Massimo Marcaccio
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.R.); (M.M.)
| | - Emiliano Laudadio
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Ingegneria della Materia, dell’Ambiente ed Urbanistica (SIMAU), Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Giovanna Mobbili
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente (DISVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (C.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Adolfo Amici
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche-Sez. Biochimica, Biologia e Fisica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (A.A.); (T.A.)
| | - Tatiana Armeni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche-Sez. Biochimica, Biologia e Fisica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (A.A.); (T.A.)
| | - Pierluigi Stipa
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Ingegneria della Materia, dell’Ambiente ed Urbanistica (SIMAU), Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.M.); (E.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-071-2204409
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Delétage N, Le Douce J, Callizot N, Godfrin Y, Lemarchant S. SCO-spondin-derived Peptide Protects Neurons from Glutamate-induced Excitotoxicity. Neuroscience 2021; 463:317-336. [PMID: 33577953 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Subcommissural organ (SCO)-spondin is a brain-specific glycoprotein produced during embryogenesis, that strongly contributes to neuronal development. The SCO becomes atrophic in adults, halting SCO-spondin production and its neuroprotective functions. Using rat and human neuronal cultures, we evaluated the neuroprotective effect of an innovative peptide derived from SCO-spondin against glutamate excitotoxicity. Primary neurons were exposed to glutamate and treated with the linear (NX210) and cyclic (NX210c) forms of the peptide. Neuronal survival and neurite networks were assessed using immunohistochemistry or biochemistry. The mechanism of action of both peptide forms was investigated by exposing neurons to inhibitors targeting receptors and intracellular mediators that trigger apoptosis, neuronal survival, or neurite growth. NX210c promoted neuronal survival and prevented neurite network retraction in rat cortical and hippocampal neurons, whereas NX210 was efficient only in neuronal survival (cortical neurons) or neurite networks (hippocampal neurons). They triggered neuroprotection via integrin receptors and γ-secretase substrate(s), activation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway and disruption of the apoptotic cascade. The neuroprotective effect of NX210c was confirmed in human cortical neurons via the reduction of lactate dehydrogenase release and recovery of normal basal levels of apoptotic cells. Together, these results show that NX210 and NX210c protect against glutamate neurotoxicity through common and distinct mechanisms of action and that, most often, NX210c is more efficient than NX210. Proof of concept in central nervous system animal models are under investigation to evaluate the neuroprotective action of SCO-spondin-derived peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Noëlle Callizot
- Neuro-Sys, 410 Chemin Départemental 60, 13120 Gardanne, France.
| | - Yann Godfrin
- Axoltis Pharma, 60 Avenue Rockefeller, 69008 Lyon, France; Godfrin Life Sciences, 8 impasse de la source, 69300 Caluire-et-Cuire, France.
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