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Honselmann Genannt Humme J, Dubrowska K, Grygorcewicz B, Gliźniewicz M, Paszkiewicz O, Głowacka A, Musik D, Story G, Rakoczy R, Augustyniak A. Optimised stress - intensification of pyocyanin production with zinc oxide nanoparticles. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:215. [PMID: 39061071 PMCID: PMC11282796 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02486-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyocyanin is a blue pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Due to its unique redox properties over the last decade, it has gained more and more interest as a utile chemical. Nevertheless, it remains a rather costly reagent. It was previously shown that the production of pyocyanin can be enhanced by employing various methods. Among them are using statistical methods for planning the experiments or exposing bacterial cultures to stressors such as nanoparticles dosed in sublethal concentrations, e.g. zinc oxide nanoparticles. RESULTS The Design of Experiment (DoE) methodology allowed for calculating the optimal process temperature and nanoparticle concentration to intensify pyocyanin production. Low concentrations of the nanoparticles (6.06 µg/mL) and a temperature of 32℃ enhanced pyocyanin production, whereas higher concentrations of nanoparticles (275.75 µg/mL) and higher temperature stimulated biomass production and caused the abolishment of pyocyanin production. Elevated pigment production in zinc oxide nanoparticles-supplemented media was sustained in the scaled-up culture. Conducted analyses confirmed that observed stimulation of pyocyanin production is followed by higher membrane potential, altered gene expression, generation of reactive oxygen species, and accumulation of zinc in the cell's biomass. CONCLUSIONS Pyocyanin production can be steered using ZnO nanoparticles. Elevated production of pyocyanin due to exposure to nanoparticles is followed by the number of changes in physiology of bacteria and is a result of the cellular stress. We showed that the stress response of bacteria can be optimised using statistical methods and result in producing the desired metabolite more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Honselmann Genannt Humme
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Avenue 42, Szczecin, 71-065, Poland.
| | - Kamila Dubrowska
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Avenue 42, Szczecin, 71-065, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Grygorcewicz
- Department of Forensic Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, Szczecin, 70-111, Poland
| | - Marta Gliźniewicz
- Department of Forensic Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, Szczecin, 70-111, Poland
| | - Oliwia Paszkiewicz
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Avenue 42, Szczecin, 71-065, Poland
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Avenue 50a, Szczecin, 70-311, Poland
| | - Anna Głowacka
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Avenue 50a, Szczecin, 70-311, Poland
| | - Daniel Musik
- ESC Global, Sp. z o.o., Słoneczny Sad 4F, 72-002, Dołuje, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Story
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Avenue 42, Szczecin, 71-065, Poland
| | - Rafał Rakoczy
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Avenue 42, Szczecin, 71-065, Poland
- Center for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Process Engineering (CAMMPE), Piastow Avenue 42, Szczecin, 71-065, Poland
| | - Adrian Augustyniak
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Avenue 42, Szczecin, 71-065, Poland
- Center for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Process Engineering (CAMMPE), Piastow Avenue 42, Szczecin, 71-065, Poland
- Chair of Building Materials and Construction Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav- Meyer-Allee 25, 13355, Berlin, Germany
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Baumgartner J, McKinnie SMK. Regioselective Halogenation of Lavanducyanin by a Site-Selective Vanadium-Dependent Chloroperoxidase. Org Lett 2024; 26:5725-5730. [PMID: 38934639 PMCID: PMC11250029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Halogenated phenazine meroterpenoids are a structurally unusual family of marine actinobacterial natural products that exhibit antibiotic, antibiofilm, and cytotoxic bioactivities. Despite a lack of established phenazine halogenation biochemistry, genomic analysis of Streptomyces sp. CNZ-289, a prolific lavanducyanin and C2-halogenated derivative producer, suggested the involvement of vanadium-dependent haloperoxidases. We subsequently discovered lavanducyanin halogenase (LvcH), characterized it in vitro as a regioselective vanadium-dependent chloroperoxidase, and applied it in late-stage chemoenzymatic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson
T. Baumgartner
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Shaun M. K. McKinnie
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
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Marey MA, Abozahra R, El-Nikhely NA, Kamal MF, Abdelhamid SM, El-Kholy MA. Transforming microbial pigment into therapeutic revelation: extraction and characterization of pyocyanin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its therapeutic potential as an antibacterial and anticancer agent. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:174. [PMID: 38867319 PMCID: PMC11170807 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02438-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objectives of the current study were to extract pyocyanin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates, characterize its chemical nature, and assess its biological activity against different bacteria and cancer cells. Due to its diverse bioactive properties, pyocyanin, being one of the virulence factors of P. aeruginosa, holds a promising, safe, and available therapeutic potential. METHODS 30 clinical P. aeruginosa isolates were collected from different sources of infections and identified by routine methods, the VITEK 2 compact system, and 16 S rRNA. The phenazine-modifying genes (phzM, phzS) were identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Pyocyanin chemical characterization included UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). The biological activity of pyocyanin was explored by determining the MIC values against different clinical bacterial strains and assessing its anticancer activity against A549, MDA-MB-231, and Caco-2 cancer cell lines using cytotoxicity, wound healing and colony forming assays. RESULTS All identified isolates harboured at least one of the phzM or phzS genes. The co-presence of both genes was demonstrated in 13 isolates. The UV-VIS absorbance peaks were maxima at 215, 265, 385, and 520 nm. FTIR could identify the characteristic pyocyanin functional groups, whereas both GC-MS and LC-MS elucidated the chemical formula C11H18N2O2, with a molecular weight 210. The quadri-technical analytical approaches confirmed the chemical nature of the extracted pyocyanin. The extract showed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, with the greatest activity against Bacillus, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus species (MICs 31.25-125 µg/mL), followed by E. coli isolates (MICs 250-1000 µg/mL). Regarding the anticancer activity, the pyocyanin extract showed IC50 values against A549, MDA-MB-231, and Caco-2 cancer cell lines of 130, 105, and 187.9 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, pyocyanin has markedly suppressed colony formation and migratory abilities in these cells. CONCLUSIONS The extracted pyocyanin has demonstrated to be a potentially effective candidate against various bacterial infections and cancers. Hence, the current findings could contribute to producing this natural compound easily through an affordable method. Nonetheless, future studies are required to investigate pyocyanin's effects in vivo and analyse the results of combining it with other traditional antibiotics or anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa A Marey
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Division of Clinical and Biological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport (AASTMT), Abu Kir Campus, P.O. Box 1029, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rania Abozahra
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Nefertiti A El-Nikhely
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Miranda F Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Beheira, Egypt
| | - Sarah M Abdelhamid
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A El-Kholy
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Division of Clinical and Biological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport (AASTMT), Abu Kir Campus, P.O. Box 1029, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Lazic J, Filipovic V, Pantelic L, Milovanovic J, Vojnovic S, Nikodinovic-Runic J. Late-stage diversification of bacterial natural products through biocatalysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1351583. [PMID: 38807651 PMCID: PMC11130421 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1351583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial natural products (BNPs) are very important sources of leads for drug development and chemical novelty. The possibility to perform late-stage diversification of BNPs using biocatalysis is an attractive alternative route other than total chemical synthesis or metal complexation reactions. Although biocatalysis is gaining popularity as a green chemistry methodology, a vast majority of orphan sequenced genomic data related to metabolic pathways for BNP biosynthesis and its tailoring enzymes are underexplored. In this review, we report a systematic overview of biotransformations of 21 molecules, which include derivatization by halogenation, esterification, reduction, oxidation, alkylation and nitration reactions, as well as degradation products as their sub-derivatives. These BNPs were grouped based on their biological activities into antibacterial (5), antifungal (5), anticancer (5), immunosuppressive (2) and quorum sensing modulating (4) compounds. This study summarized 73 derivatives and 16 degradation sub-derivatives originating from 12 BNPs. The highest number of biocatalytic reactions was observed for drugs that are already in clinical use: 28 reactions for the antibacterial drug vancomycin, followed by 18 reactions reported for the immunosuppressive drug rapamycin. The most common biocatalysts include oxidoreductases, transferases, lipases, isomerases and haloperoxidases. This review highlights biocatalytic routes for the late-stage diversification reactions of BNPs, which potentially help to recognize the structural optimizations of bioactive scaffolds for the generation of new biomolecules, eventually leading to drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Lazic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Mudaliar SB, Bharath Prasad AS. A biomedical perspective of pyocyanin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa: its applications and challenges. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:90. [PMID: 38341389 PMCID: PMC10858844 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03889-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Pyocyanin is a bioactive pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is an important virulence factor that plays a critical role in P. aeruginosa infections as a redox-active secondary metabolite and a quorum sensing (QS) signaling molecule. Pyocyanin production from chorismic acid requires the involvement of two homologous operons, phz1 and phz2, which are activated by QS regulatory proteins. Pyocyanin inhibits the proliferation of bacterial, fungal, and mammalian cells by inducing oxidative stress due to which it acts as a potent antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer agent. Its potential role as a neuroprotectant needs further exploration. However, pyocyanin exacerbates the damaging effects of nosocomial infections caused by P. aeruginosa in immunocompromised individuals. Further, cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are highly susceptible to persistent P. aeruginosa infections in the respiratory system. The bacterial cells form colonies and three interconnected QS networks-pqs, las, and rhl-get activated, thus stimulating the cells to produce pyocyanin which exacerbates pulmonary complications. As an opportunistic pathogen, P. aeruginosa produces pyocyanin to impede the recovery of injuries like burn wounds through its anti-proliferative activity. Moreover, pyocyanin plays a vital role in compounding P. aeruginosa infections by promoting biofilm formation. This review begins with a brief description of the characteristics of pyocyanin, its activity, and the different aspects of its production including its biosynthesis, the role of QS, and the effect of environmental factors. It then goes on to explore the potential applications of pyocyanin as a biotherapeutic molecule while also highlighting the biomedical challenges and limitations that it presents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samriti Balaji Mudaliar
- Department of Public Health & Genomics, Manipal School of Life Sciences (MSLS), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Alevoor Srinivas Bharath Prasad
- Department of Public Health & Genomics, Manipal School of Life Sciences (MSLS), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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The two faces of pyocyanin - why and how to steer its production? World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:103. [PMID: 36864230 PMCID: PMC9981528 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03548-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The ambiguous nature of pyocyanin was noted quite early after its discovery. This substance is a recognized Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factor that causes problems in cystic fibrosis, wound healing, and microbiologically induced corrosion. However, it can also be a potent chemical with potential use in a wide variety of technologies and applications, e.g. green energy production in microbial fuel cells, biocontrol in agriculture, therapy in medicine, or environmental protection. In this mini-review, we shortly describe the properties of pyocyanin, its role in the physiology of Pseudomonas and show the ever-growing interest in it. We also summarize the possible ways of modulating pyocyanin production. We underline different approaches of the researchers that aim either at lowering or increasing pyocyanin production by using different culturing methods, chemical additives, physical factors (e.g. electromagnetic field), or genetic engineering techniques. The review aims to present the ambiguous character of pyocyanin, underline its potential, and signalize the possible further research directions.
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Konopacki M, Jabłońska J, Dubrowska K, Augustyniak A, Grygorcewicz B, Gliźniewicz M, Wróblewski E, Kordas M, Dołęgowska B, Rakoczy R. The Influence of Hydrodynamic Conditions in a Laboratory-Scale Bioreactor on Pseudomonas aeruginosa Metabolite Production. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010088. [PMID: 36677380 PMCID: PMC9866481 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrodynamic conditions are critical in bioprocessing because they influence oxygen availability for cultured cells. Processes in typical laboratory bioreactors need optimization of these conditions using mixing and aeration control to obtain high production of the desired bioproduct. It could be done by experiments supported by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. In this work, we characterized parameters such as mixing time, power consumption and mass transfer in a 2 L bioreactor. Based on the obtained results, we chose a set of nine process parameters to test the hydrodynamic impact on a selected bioprocess (mixing in the range of 0-160 rpm and aeration in the range of 0-250 ccm). Therefore, we conducted experiments with P. aeruginosa culture and assessed how various hydrodynamic conditions influenced biomass, pyocyanin and rhamnolipid production. We found that a relatively high mass transfer of oxygen (kLa = 0.0013 s-1) connected with intensive mixing (160 rpm) leads to the highest output of pyocyanin production. In contrast, rhamnolipid production reached maximal efficiency under moderate oxygen mass transfer (kLa = 0.0005 s-1) and less intense mixing (in the range of 0-60 rpm). The results indicate that manipulating hydrodynamics inside the bioreactor allows control of the process and may lead to a change in the metabolites produced by bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Konopacki
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Avenue 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Joanna Jabłońska
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Avenue 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Kamila Dubrowska
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Avenue 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Adrian Augustyniak
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Avenue 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
- Chair of Building Materials and Construction Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Wąska 13 Str., 71-415 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Bartłomiej Grygorcewicz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marta Gliźniewicz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Emil Wróblewski
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Avenue 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marian Kordas
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Avenue 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Barbara Dołęgowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Rafał Rakoczy
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Avenue 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
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Matsuo Y, Tsuchihashi H, Takatori K, Fukaya H, Kuroda M, Mimaki Y. Cytotoxic triterpene and steroidal glycosides from the seeds of Digitalis purpurea and the synergistic cytotoxicity of steroidal glycosides and etoposide in SBC-3 cells. Bioorg Chem 2022; 122:105697. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Jabłońska J, Dubrowska K, Augustyniak A, Wróbel RJ, Piz M, Cendrowski K, Rakoczy R. The influence of nanomaterials on pyocyanin production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-022-02461-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPseudomonas aeruginosa is a bacterium producing industrially utile metabolites, such as rhamnolipids, biopolymers, and pigments. Pyocyanin, the most studied example of pigments, is a virulence factor that also shows the potential for application in, e.g., agriculture, anticancer therapy, and energy production. Therefore, potential inhibitors and stimulants of pyocyanin production by P. aeruginosa should be studied, and nanomaterials may cause both effects. The study aimed to examine the influence of zinc oxide and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (pristine or dispersed with alginic acid) on pyocyanin production by P. aeruginosa. First, the influence of different concentrations of nanomaterials (500.00–0.06 µg/mL) on culture optical density and biofilm formation was studied. These results helped select concentrations for further tests, i.e., growth curves and fluorescence measurements. Pyocyanin production was assessed by the chloroform–hydrochloric acid method. SEM analysis was conducted to assess the influence of nanomaterials on the cell's integrity and biofilm structure. Pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes exhibited a stimulative effect on pigment production when applied in high concentrations (500.00 µg/mL), while dispersed material enhanced the production in lowered dosages (125.00 µg/mL). On the other hand, high concentrations of zinc oxide inhibited pyocyanin production, while minor increased bioproduct production. The research indicates the potential to use nanomaterials as the modulators of pyocyanin production and other metabolites.
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Huigens RW, Brummel BR, Tenneti S, Garrison AT, Xiao T. Pyrazine and Phenazine Heterocycles: Platforms for Total Synthesis and Drug Discovery. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27031112. [PMID: 35164376 PMCID: PMC8839373 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There are numerous pyrazine and phenazine compounds that demonstrate biological activities relevant to the treatment of disease. In this review, we discuss pyrazine and phenazine agents that have shown potential therapeutic value, including several clinically used agents. In addition, we cover some basic science related to pyrazine and phenazine heterocycles, which possess interesting reactivity profiles that have been on display in numerous cases of innovative total synthesis approaches, synthetic methodologies, drug discovery efforts, and medicinal chemistry programs. The majority of this review is focused on presenting instructive total synthesis and medicinal chemistry efforts of select pyrazine and phenazine compounds, and we believe these incredible heterocycles offer promise in medicine.
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Chen XB, Huang ST, Li J, Yang Q, Yang L, Yu F. Highly Regioselective and Chemoselective [3 + 3] Annulation of Enaminones with ortho-Fluoronitrobenzenenes: Divergent Synthesis of Aposafranones and Their N-Oxides. Org Lett 2021; 23:3032-3037. [PMID: 33792341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A base-promoted unprecedented strategy for the regioselective and chemoselective divergent synthesis of highly functionalized aposafranones and their N-oxides has been developed from the [3 + 3] annulation of enaminones with o-fluoronitrobenzenenes. This novel synthetic strategy offers an alternative method for the construction of aposafranones and their N-oxides are meaningful in the fields of both biology and organic synthesis. The established protocol explores the annulation scope of enaminones, and it expands the application of nitro-based cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Bing Chen
- College of Science, Honghe University, Mengzi, 661199, Yunnan, China
| | - Shun-Tao Huang
- College of Science, Honghe University, Mengzi, 661199, Yunnan, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Science, Honghe University, Mengzi, 661199, Yunnan, China
| | - Qi Yang
- College of Science, Honghe University, Mengzi, 661199, Yunnan, China
| | - Li Yang
- College of Science, Honghe University, Mengzi, 661199, Yunnan, China
| | - Fuchao Yu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650504, People's Republic of China
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Kuramochi K, Kohatsu H, Hosokai T, Ohgane K, Kamo S, Kamisuki S, Machida Y, Kobayashi R, Kawasaki T. Synthesis, Photochemical Properties, and Cytotoxicity of 10-Alkylphenazin-2(10H)-ones. HETEROCYCLES 2021. [DOI: 10.3987/com-21-14420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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