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Baral B, Kandpal M, Ray A, Jana A, Yadav DS, Sachin K, Mishra A, Baig MS, Jha HC. Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr virus infection in cell polarity alterations. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024; 69:41-57. [PMID: 37672163 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-023-01091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
The asymmetrical distribution of the cellular organelles inside the cell is maintained by a group of cell polarity proteins. The maintenance of polarity is one of the vital host defense mechanisms against pathogens, and the loss of it contributes to infection facilitation and cancer progression. Studies have suggested that infection of viruses and bacteria alters cell polarity. Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr virus are group I carcinogens involved in the progression of multiple clinical conditions besides gastric cancer (GC) and Burkitt's lymphoma, respectively. Moreover, the coinfection of both these pathogens contributes to a highly aggressive form of GC. H. pylori and EBV target the host cell polarity complexes for their pathogenesis. H. pylori-associated proteins like CagA, VacA OipA, and urease were shown to imbalance the cellular homeostasis by altering the cell polarity. Similarly, EBV-associated genes LMP1, LMP2A, LMP2B, EBNA3C, and EBNA1 also contribute to altered cell asymmetry. This review summarized all the possible mechanisms involved in cell polarity deformation in H. pylori and EBV-infected epithelial cells. We have also discussed deregulated molecular pathways like NF-κB, TGF-β/SMAD, and β-catenin in H. pylori, EBV, and their coinfection that further modulate PAR, SCRIB, or CRB polarity complexes in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Budhadev Baral
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | - Meenakshi Kandpal
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | - Anushka Ray
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | - Ankit Jana
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | - Dhirendra Singh Yadav
- Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Pune, DFSS, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India, Talegaon MIDC Phase-1, Near JCB Factory, Pune, Maharashtra, 410506, India
| | - Kumar Sachin
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Swami Ram Nagar, Jolly Grant, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248 016, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, NH 65 Nagaur Road, Karwar, Jodhpur District, Rajasthan, 342037, India
| | - Mirza S Baig
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India.
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Pezzotti G, Ohgitani E, Imamura H, Ikegami S, Shin-Ya M, Adachi T, Adachi K, Yamamoto T, Kanamura N, Marin E, Zhu W, Higasa K, Yasukochi Y, Okuma K, Mazda O. Raman Multi-Omic Snapshot and Statistical Validation of Structural Differences between Herpes Simplex Type I and Epstein-Barr Viruses. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15567. [PMID: 37958551 PMCID: PMC10647490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy was applied to study the structural differences between herpes simplex virus Type I (HSV-1) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Raman spectra were first collected with statistical validity on clusters of the respective virions and analyzed according to principal component analysis (PCA). Then, average spectra were computed and a machine-learning approach applied to deconvolute them into sub-band components in order to perform comparative analyses. The Raman results revealed marked structural differences between the two viral strains, which could mainly be traced back to the massive presence of carbohydrates in the glycoproteins of EBV virions. Clear differences could also be recorded for selected tyrosine and tryptophan Raman bands sensitive to pH at the virion/environment interface. According to the observed spectral differences, Raman signatures of known biomolecules were interpreted to link structural differences with the viral functions of the two strains. The present study confirms the unique ability of Raman spectroscopy for answering structural questions at the molecular level in virology and, despite the structural complexity of viral structures, its capacity to readily and reliably differentiate between different virus types and strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pezzotti
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-Ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (H.I.); (S.I.); (W.Z.)
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-Machi, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-Ku, 465 Kajii-Cho, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (E.O.); (M.S.-Y.); (T.A.); (O.M.)
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Eriko Ohgitani
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-Ku, 465 Kajii-Cho, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (E.O.); (M.S.-Y.); (T.A.); (O.M.)
| | - Hayata Imamura
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-Ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (H.I.); (S.I.); (W.Z.)
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
| | - Saki Ikegami
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-Ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (H.I.); (S.I.); (W.Z.)
| | - Masaharu Shin-Ya
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-Ku, 465 Kajii-Cho, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (E.O.); (M.S.-Y.); (T.A.); (O.M.)
| | - Tetsuya Adachi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-Ku, 465 Kajii-Cho, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (E.O.); (M.S.-Y.); (T.A.); (O.M.)
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan;
| | - Keiji Adachi
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
| | - Toshiro Yamamoto
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
| | - Narisato Kanamura
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
| | - Elia Marin
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-Ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (H.I.); (S.I.); (W.Z.)
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
| | - Wenliang Zhu
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-Ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (H.I.); (S.I.); (W.Z.)
| | - Koichiro Higasa
- Genome Analysis, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, 2-3-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata 573-1191, Japan; (K.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yoshiki Yasukochi
- Genome Analysis, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, 2-3-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata 573-1191, Japan; (K.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Kazu Okuma
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan;
| | - Osam Mazda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-Ku, 465 Kajii-Cho, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (E.O.); (M.S.-Y.); (T.A.); (O.M.)
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Rani A, Tanwar M, Verma TP, Patra P, Trivedi P, Kumar R, Jha HC. Understanding the role of membrane cholesterol upon Epstein Barr virus infection in astroglial cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1192032. [PMID: 37876925 PMCID: PMC10591182 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1192032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background EBV infection has long been postulated to trigger multiple sclerosis (MS) and anti-EBV antibodies showed a consistent presence in MS patients. Previous reports from our group have shown that the EBV infects different brain cells. Entry of the virus in neuronal cells is assisted by several host factors including membrane cholesterol. By using an inhibitor, methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD), we evaluated the role of membrane cholesterol in EBV infection and pathogenesis. Methodology The membrane cholesterol depleted cells were infected with EBV and its latent genes expression were assessed. Further, EBV-mediated downstream signalling molecules namely STAT3, RIP, NF-kB and TNF-α levels was checked at protein level along with spatial (periphery and nucleus) and temporal changes in biomolecular fingerprints with Raman microspectroscopy (RS). Results Upon treatment with MβCD, lmp1 and lmp2a suggested significant downregulation compared to EBV infection. Downstream molecules like STAT3 and RIP, exhibited a decrease in protein levels temporally upon exposure to MβCD while NF-kB levels were found to be increased. Further, the intensity of the Raman spectra exhibited an increase in triglycerides and fatty acids in the cytoplasm of EBV-infected LN-229 cells compared to MβCD+EBV. Likewise, the Raman peak width of cholesterol, lipid and fatty acids were found to be reduced in EBV-infected samples indicates elevation in the cholesterol specific moieties. In contrast, an opposite pattern was observed in the nucleus. Moreover, the ingenuity pathway analysis revealed protein molecules such as VLDLR, MBP and APP that are associated with altered profile of cholesterol, fatty acids and triglycerides with infection-related CNS disorders. Conclusion Taken together, our results underline the important role of membrane cholesterol over EBV entry/pathogenesis in astroglia cells which further trigger/exacerbate virus-associated neuropathologies. These results likely to aid into the prognosis of neurological disease like MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annu Rani
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Manushree Tanwar
- Materials and Device Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tarun Prakash Verma
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Priyanka Patra
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Pankaj Trivedi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Materials and Device Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
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Tiwari D, Srivastava G, Indari O, Tripathi V, Siddiqi MI, Jha HC. An in-silico insight into the predictive interaction of Apolipoprotein-E with Epstein-Barr virus proteins and their probable role in mediating Alzheimer's disease. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:8918-8926. [PMID: 36307908 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2138978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports suggest that persistent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and its recurrent reactivation could instigate the formation of proteinaceous plaques in the brain: a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Interestingly, a major genetic risk factor of AD, the apolipoprotein E (ApoE), could also influence the outcome of EBV infection in an individual. The ApoE is believed to influence the proteinaceous plaque clearance from the brain, and its defective functioning could result in the aggregate deposition. The persistent presence of EBV infection in a genetically predisposed individual could create a perfect recipe for severe neurodegenerative consequences. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the possible interactions between ApoE and various EBV proteins using computational tools. Our results showed possibly stable de-novo interactions between the C-terminal domain of ApoE3 and EBV proteins: EBV nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1) and BamHI Z fragment leftward open reading frame-1 (BZLF1). The EBNA1 protein of EBV plays a crucial role in establishing latency and replication of the virus. Whereas BZLF1 is involved in the lytic replication cycle. The proposed interaction of EBV proteins at the ligand-binding site of ApoE3 on CTD could interfere with- its capability to sequester amyloid fragments and, hence their clearance from the brain giving rise to AD pathology. This study provides a new outlook on EBV's underexplored role in AD development and paves the way for novel avenues of investigation which could further our understanding of AD pathogenesis.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Tiwari
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Gaurava Srivastava
- Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow, India
| | - Omkar Indari
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Vijay Tripathi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, India
| | | | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
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Lukose J, Barik AK, George SD, Murukeshan VM, Chidangil S. Raman spectroscopy for viral diagnostics. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:199-221. [PMID: 37113565 PMCID: PMC10088700 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy offers the potential for fingerprinting biological molecules at ultra-low concentration and therefore has potential for the detection of viruses. Here we review various Raman techniques employed for the investigation of viruses. Different Raman techniques are discussed including conventional Raman spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, Raman tweezer, tip-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy, and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering can play an essential role in viral detection by multiplexing nanotechnology, microfluidics, and machine learning for ensuring spectral reproducibility and efficient workflow in sample processing and detection. The application of these techniques to diagnose the SARS-CoV-2 virus is also reviewed. Graphical abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12551-023-01059-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijo Lukose
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, 576104 Manipal, India
| | - Ajaya Kumar Barik
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, 576104 Manipal, India
| | - Sajan D. George
- Centre for Applied Nanosciences, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, 576104 Manipal, India
| | - V. M. Murukeshan
- Centre for Optical and Laser Engineering, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Santhosh Chidangil
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, 576104 Manipal, India
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Contributions of vibrational spectroscopy to virology: A review. CLINICAL SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 4:100022. [PMCID: PMC9093054 DOI: 10.1016/j.clispe.2022.100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopic techniques, both infrared absorption and Raman scattering, are high precision, label free analytical techniques which have found applications in fields as diverse as analytical chemistry, pharmacology, forensics and archeometrics and, in recent times, have attracted increasing attention for biomedical applications. As analytical techniques, they have been applied to the characterisation of viruses as early as the 1970 s, and, in the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, have been explored in response to the World Health Organisation as novel methodologies to aid in the global efforts to implement and improve rapid screening of viral infection. This review considers the history of the application of vibrational spectroscopic techniques to the characterisation of the morphology and chemical compositions of viruses, their attachment to, uptake by and replication in cells, and their potential for the detection of viruses in population screening, and in infection response monitoring applications. Particular consideration is devoted to recent efforts in the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and monitoring COVID-19.
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Tiwari D, Murmu S, Indari O, Jha HC, Kumar S. Targeting Epstein-Barr virus dUTPase, an immunomodulatory protein using anti-viral, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective phytochemicals. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200527. [PMID: 35979671 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Although primary infection of Epstein-Barr virus is generally non-lethal, viral reactivation is often associated with fatal outcomes. Regardless, there is no FDA-approved treatment available for this viral infection. The current investigation targets viral maintenance and reactivation by inhibiting the functioning of viral deoxyuridine-triphosphatase (dUTPase) using phytochemicals. The EBV-dUTPase is essential for the maintenance of nucleotide balance and thus, plays a vital role in the viral replication cycle. Additionally, the protein has shown neuroinflammatory effects on the host. To selectively target the protein and possibly alter its activity, we utilized a virtual screening approach and screened 45 phytochemicals reported to have antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. The analysis revealed several phytochemicals bound to the target protein with high affinity. In-silico ADMET and Lipinski's rule analysis predicted favorable druggability of Dehydroevodiamine (DHE) among all the phytochemicals. Further, we corroborated our findings by molecular dynamic simulation and binding affinity estimation. Our outcomes ascertained a stable binding of DHE to EBV-dUTPase primarily through electrostatic interactions. We identified that the protein-ligand binding involves the region around His71, previously reported as a potent drug target site. Conclusively, the phytochemical DHE showed a promising future as a drug development candidate against EBV-dUTPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Tiwari
- IIT Indore: Indian Institute of Technology Indore, BSBE, Lab No 602, Bioengineering group, IIT Indore, Indore, INDIA
| | - Sneha Murmu
- IARI: Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Division of Agricultural Bioinformatics, Pusa, Delhi, INDIA
| | - Omkar Indari
- IIT Indore: Indian Institute of Technology Indore, BSBE, Infection Bioengineering group, Lab no 602, Indore, INDIA
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, IIT Indore, BSBE, 453552, Indore, INDIA
| | - Sunil Kumar
- IARI: Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, Pusa, Delhi, INDIA
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Salehi H, Ramoji A, Mougari S, Merida P, Neyret A, Popp J, Horvat B, Muriaux D, Cuisinier F. Specific intracellular signature of SARS-CoV-2 infection using confocal Raman microscopy. Commun Chem 2022; 5:85. [PMID: 35911504 PMCID: PMC9311350 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00702-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection remains spread worldwide and requires a better understanding of virus-host interactions. Here, we analyzed biochemical modifications due to SARS-CoV-2 infection in cells by confocal Raman microscopy. Obtained results were compared with the infection with another RNA virus, the measles virus. Our results have demonstrated a virus-specific Raman molecular signature, reflecting intracellular modification during each infection. Advanced data analysis has been used to distinguish non-infected versus infected cells for two RNA viruses. Further, classification between non-infected and SARS-CoV-2 and measles virus-infected cells yielded an accuracy of 98.9 and 97.2 respectively, with a significant increase of the essential amino-acid tryptophan in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. These results present proof of concept for the application of Raman spectroscopy to study virus-host interaction and to identify factors that contribute to the efficient SARS-CoV-2 infection and may thus provide novel insights on viral pathogenesis, targets of therapeutic intervention and development of new COVID-19 biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anuradha Ramoji
- Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics (IPC), Helmholtzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Jena University Hospital, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Said Mougari
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Peggy Merida
- Institute of Research in Infectiology of Montpellier (IRIM), University of Montpellier, UMR9004 CNRS Montpellier, France
| | - Aymeric Neyret
- CEMIPAI, University of Montpellier, UMS3725 CNRS Montpellier, France
| | - Jurgen Popp
- Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics (IPC), Helmholtzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Jena University Hospital, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Branka Horvat
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Delphine Muriaux
- Institute of Research in Infectiology of Montpellier (IRIM), University of Montpellier, UMR9004 CNRS Montpellier, France
- CEMIPAI, University of Montpellier, UMS3725 CNRS Montpellier, France
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Indari O, Tiwari D, Tanwar M, Kumar R, Jha HC. Early biomolecular changes in brain microvascular endothelial cells under Epstein-Barr virus influence: a Raman microspectroscopic investigation. Integr Biol (Camb) 2022; 14:89-97. [PMID: 35780312 DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The brain microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) play an important role in protecting the brain from hazardous pathogens. However, some viral pathogens can smartly modulate the endothelial pathways to gain entry inside the brain. Further, these viruses can cause endothelial dysfunction which could develop serious neurological ailments. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), an oncogenic virus, has also been linked to various neurological disorders. The virus primarily infects epithelial and B cells, however, it also has a tendency to infect ECs and cause endothelial activation. However, the impact of EBV influence on ECs is still underexplored. Studying the early events of virus-mediated cellular modulation could help in understanding the virus' infection strategy or aftermath. Raman microspectroscopy has been widely utilized in biomedical sciences to decipher cellular changes. To understand the EBV-influenced EC modulation by studying intracellular biomolecular changes at early time points, we utilized the Raman microspectroscopy tool. We treated the ECs with EBV and acquired the Raman spectra at different time points (2, 4, 6, 12, 24 and 36 h) and different sites (nucleus and periphery) to check changes in Raman intensities associated with specific biomolecules. In the EBV-treated cells, the status of various biomolecules in terms of Raman intensities was observed to be altered compared with uninfected cells. Specifically, the cholesterol, polysaccharide, nucleotides, nucleic acid and proline moieties were altered at different time points. We also investigated the possible correlation between these molecules using molecular network analysis and observed various associated factors. These factors could be influenced by EBV to alter the associated biomolecular levels. Our study paves the pathway to study EBV infection in human brain microvascular ECs and highlights specific biomolecular alterations, which can be focused for further mechanistic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omkar Indari
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, India
| | - Deeksha Tiwari
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, India
| | - Manushree Tanwar
- Materials and Device Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Materials and Device Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, India
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, India
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Tiwari D, Mittal N, Jha HC. Unraveling the links between neurodegeneration and Epstein-Barr virus-mediated cell cycle dysregulation. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 3:100046. [PMID: 36685766 PMCID: PMC9846474 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2022.100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus is a well-known cell cycle modulator. To establish successful infection in the host, EBV alters the cell cycle at multiple steps via antigens such as EBNAs, LMPs, and certain other EBV-encoded transcripts. Interestingly, several recent studies have indicated the possibility of EBV's neurotrophic potential. However, the effects and outcomes of EBV infection in the CNS are under-explored. Additionally, more and more epidemiological evidence implicates the cell-cycle dysregulation in neurodegeneration. Numerous hypotheses which describe the triggers that force post-mitotic neurons to re-enter the cell cycle are prevalent. Apart from the known genetic and epigenetic factors responsible, several reports have shown the association of microbial infections with neurodegenerative pathology. Although, studies implicating the herpesvirus family members in neurodegeneration exist, the involvement of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), in particular, is under-evaluated. Interestingly, a few clinical studies have reported patients of AD or PD to be seropositive for EBV. Based on the findings mentioned above, in this review, we propose that EBV infection in neurons could drive it towards neurodegeneration through dysregulation of cell-cycle events and induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Tiwari
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, India
| | - Nitish Mittal
- Computational and Systems Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, 4056, Basel, Switzerland,Corresponding author.
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, India,Corresponding author.
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11
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Indari O, Jakhmola S, Pathak DK, Tanwar M, Kandpal M, Mishra A, Kumar R, Jha HC. Comparative Account of Biomolecular Changes Post Epstein Barr Virus Infection of the Neuronal and Glial Cells Using Raman Microspectroscopy. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1627-1637. [PMID: 35561419 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Raman microspectroscopy is a vibrational spectroscopy technique used for investigating molecular fingerprints of a wide range of liquid or solid samples. The technique can be efficiently utilized to understand the virus-mediated cellular changes and could provide valuable insights into specific biomolecular alterations. The Epstein Barr virus (EBV) has been associated with various types of cancers as well as neurodegenerative diseases. However, EBV-mediated neurological ailments are yet underexplored in terms of biomolecular changes in neuronal and glial cells (astrocytes and microglia). In continuation of our earlier exploration of EBV-influenced glial cells, we tried to decipher biomolecular changes in EBV-infected neuronal cells using Raman microspectroscopy. Additionally, we compared the consecutive biomolecular changes observed in neuronal cells with both the glial cells. We observed that EBV infection gets differentially regulated in the neuronal cells, astrocytes, and microglia. The viral entry and initiation of infection-mediated cellular modulation could start as soon as 2 h post infection but may regulate a distinct biomolecular milieu in different time intervals. Similar to the early timespan, the 24-36 h interval could also be important for EBV to manipulate neuronal as well as glial cells as depicted from elevated biomolecular activities. At these time intervals, some common biomolecules such as proline, glucose, lactic acid, nucleotides, or cholesterol were observed in the cells. However, at these time intervals, some distinct biomolecules were also observed in each cell, such as collagen, lipid, and protein stretches in the neuronal nucleus (2-4 h); tyrosine and RNA in the astrocyte nucleus (2-4 h nucleus); and fatty acids in the microglia nucleus (24-36 h). The observed biomolecular entities could ultimately play pivotal roles in the viral usurpation of cells. We also provided insights into whether these biomolecular changes can be correlated to each other and mediate virus-associated manifestations which can be linked to neurological complications. Our study aids in the understanding of EBV-mediated biomolecular changes in the various compartments of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omkar Indari
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Shweta Jakhmola
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Devesh K. Pathak
- Materials and Device Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Manushree Tanwar
- Materials and Device Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Meenakshi Kandpal
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342011, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Materials and Device Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
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Ramoji A, Pahlow S, Pistiki A, Rueger J, Shaik TA, Shen H, Wichmann C, Krafft C, Popp J. Understanding Viruses and Viral Infections by Biophotonic Methods. TRANSLATIONAL BIOPHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/tbio.202100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Ramoji
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4 Jena Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (a member of Leibniz Health Technologies) , Albert‐Einstein Str. 9 Jena Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena Germany
| | - Susanne Pahlow
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4 Jena Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (a member of Leibniz Health Technologies) , Albert‐Einstein Str. 9 Jena Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Aikaterini Pistiki
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4 Jena Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (a member of Leibniz Health Technologies) , Albert‐Einstein Str. 9 Jena Germany
| | - Jan Rueger
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (a member of Leibniz Health Technologies) , Albert‐Einstein Str. 9 Jena Germany
| | - Tanveer Ahmed Shaik
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (a member of Leibniz Health Technologies) , Albert‐Einstein Str. 9 Jena Germany
| | - Haodong Shen
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4 Jena Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (a member of Leibniz Health Technologies) , Albert‐Einstein Str. 9 Jena Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Christina Wichmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4 Jena Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (a member of Leibniz Health Technologies) , Albert‐Einstein Str. 9 Jena Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Christoph Krafft
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (a member of Leibniz Health Technologies) , Albert‐Einstein Str. 9 Jena Germany
| | - Juergen Popp
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4 Jena Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (a member of Leibniz Health Technologies) , Albert‐Einstein Str. 9 Jena Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena Germany
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13
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Yu M, Liu M, Li Y. Point-of-Care Based Electrochemical Immunoassay for Epstein-Barr Virus Detection. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2022; 2022:5711384. [PMID: 35677726 PMCID: PMC9170392 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5711384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This work describes a label-free electrochemical immunosensor for the sensing of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) with high sensitivity. First, a monolayer of 1,6-hexanedithiol (HDT) was fabricated on the screen-printed electrode surface by the interaction between sulfur atoms and SPE. AuNPs can be modified on the electrode by the Au-S bond formed between the HDT-free group and Au atom in AuNPs. Protein A is then adsorbed onto AuNPs. Several parameters were optimized. The optimum concentration of protein A is 0.6 mg/mL. The optimum immobilization time for protein A is 90 min. The optimum concentration of antibody is 80 μg/mL. The optimum immobilization time for antibody is 90 min. Directional immobilization of EBV antibody is achieved by high affinity binding of protein A to the Fc segment of antibody. When antigen specifically binds to antibody, the formation of immune complexes blocks electron transfer of [Fe(CN)6]4-/3- and is reflected in the detection of cyclic voltammetry/electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The detection range is 1 pg/mL-l00 ng/mL with a LOD of 0.1 pg/mL. In addition, the proposed sensor exhibited an excellent antiinterference property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nnajing Street Heping District, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Logistics Support Department, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street Heping District, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nnajing Street Heping District, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China
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Silva ALM, Silva ECO, Botelho RM, Tenorio LPG, Marques ALX, Rodrigues IBAC, Almeida LIM, Sousa AKA, Pires KSN, Tanabe ISB, Allard MJ, Sébire G, Souza ST, Fonseca EJS, Borbely KSC, Borbely AU. Uvaol Prevents Group B Streptococcus-Induced Trophoblast Cells Inflammation and Possible Endothelial Dysfunction. Front Physiol 2021; 12:766382. [PMID: 34925062 PMCID: PMC8678414 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.766382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) infection during pregnancy is involved in maternal sepsis, chorioamnionitis, prematurity, fetal infection, neonatal sepsis, and neurodevelopmental alterations. The GBS-induced chorioamnionitis leads to a plethora of immune and trophoblast cells alterations that could influence endothelial cells to respond differently to angiogenic mediators and alter placental vascular structure and function in pregnant women. In this context, preventive measures are needed to reduce such dysfunctions. As such, we evaluated the effects of a non-lethal exposure to inactivated GBS on trophoblast cells and chorionic villi explants, and if the treatment with uvaol would mitigate these effects. The concentration of 106 CFU of GBS was chosen since it was unable to reduce the HTR-8/SVneo cell line nor term chorionic villi explant viability. Raman spectroscopy of trophoblast cells showed significant alterations in their biochemical signature, mostly reverted by uvaol. GBS exposure increased HTR-8/SVneo cells IL-1β and IFN-γ production, phagocytosis, oxidative stress, and decreased trophoblast cell migration. The Ea.hy926 endothelial cell line produced angiopoietin-2, CXCL-8, EGF, FGF-b, IL-6, PlGF, sPECAM-1, and VEGF in culture. When co-cultured in invasion assay with HTR-8/SVneo trophoblast cells, the co-culture had increased production of angiopoietin-2, CXCL-8, FGF-b, and VEGF, while reduced sPECAM-1 and IL-6. GBS exposure led to increased CXCL-8 and IL-6 production, both prevented by uvaol. Chorionic villi explants followed the same patterns of production when exposed to GBS and response to uvaol treatment as well. These findings demonstrate that, even a non-lethal concentration of GBS causes placental inflammation and oxidative stress, reduces trophoblast invasion of endothelial cells, and increases CXCL-8 and IL-6, key factors that participate in vascular dysregulation observed in several diseases. Furthermore, uvaol treatment prevented most of the GBS-provoked changes. Hence, uvaol could prevent the harmful effects of GBS infection for both the mother and the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lucia Mendes Silva
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Brazil
| | | | - Rayane Martins Botelho
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Brazil
| | | | - Aldilane Lays Xavier Marques
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Keyla Silva Nobre Pires
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Brazil
| | | | | | - Guillaume Sébire
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Samuel Teixeira Souza
- Optics and Nanoscopy Group, Physics Institute, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Brazil
| | | | - Karen Steponavicius Cruz Borbely
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Brazil.,Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Urban Borbely
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Brazil
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15
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Pathak DK, Dayanand D, Thakur OP, Kumar R. Raman area- and thermal- mapping studies of faceted nano-crystalline α-Fe2O3 thin films deposited by spray pyrolysis. CAN J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2021-0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Different advanced techniques including Raman area mapping and Raman thermal imaging has been used to investigate various properties of large area iron oxide thin films deposited by spray pyrolysis, on a large area of crystalline silicon substrates under controlled external parameters. Morphological studies reveal that the obtained films acquire lateral faceted crystalline structure of iron oxide. The Raman and SEM images, in unison, confirm the presence and large area distribution of the nano crystals of Fe2O3 phase. Thermal Raman imaging reveals that the obtained iron oxide thin films are robust and thus can be used for appropriate technological applications like electromagnetic shielding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devesh K. Pathak
- IIT Indore, 226957, Department of Physics, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | | | | | - Rajesh Kumar
- IIT Indore, 226957, Physics, POD 1A-211, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore, MP, India, 453552
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16
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Rani A, Jakhmola S, Karnati S, Parmar HS, Chandra Jha H. Potential entry receptors for human γ-herpesvirus into epithelial cells: A plausible therapeutic target for viral infections. Tumour Virus Res 2021; 12:200227. [PMID: 34800753 PMCID: PMC8628264 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2021.200227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are ubiquitous viruses, specifically the Epstein Barr virus (EBV). EBV and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) establish their latency for a long period in B-cells and their reactivation instigates dreadful diseases from cancer to neurological modalities. The envelope glycoprotein of these viruses makes an attachment with several host receptors. For instance; glycoprotein 350/220, gp42, gHgL and gB of EBV establish an attachment with CD21, HLA-DR, Ephs, and other receptor molecules to hijack the B- and epithelial cell machinery. Ephs are reported recently as potent receptors for EBV entry into epithelial cells. Eph receptors play a role in the maintenance and control of various cellular processes including morphology, adhesion, proliferation, survival and differentiation. Alterations in the structure and expression of Eph and ephrin (Eph ligands) molecules is entangled with various pathologies including tumours and neurological complications. Along with Eph, integrins, NRP, NMHC are also key players in viral infections as they are possibly involved in viral transmission, replication and persistence. Contrarily, KSHV gH is known to interact with EphA2 and -A4 molecules, whereas in the case of EBV only EphA2 receptors are being reported to date. The ELEFN region of KSHV gH was involved in the interaction with EphA2, however, the interacting region of EBV gH is elusive. Further, the gHgL of KSHV and EBV form a complex with the EphA2 ligand-binding domain (LBD). Primarily by using gL both KSHV and EBV gHgL bind to the peripheral regions of LBD. In addition to γ-herpesviruses, several other viruses like Nipah virus, Cedar virus, Hepatitis C virus and Rhesus macaque rhadinovirus (RRV) also access the host cells via Eph receptors. Therefore, we summarise the possible roles of Eph and ephrins in virus-mediated infection and these molecules could serve as potential therapeutic targets. Crucial understanding of human γ-herpesviruses entry mechanism. Eph receptors relate to changed biomolecular profile upon EBV infection. EBV association with neurological disorders. Eph receptors could be an elegant drug for human γ-herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annu Rani
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, India
| | - Shweta Jakhmola
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, India
| | - Srikanth Karnati
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Julius Maximilians University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Hamendra Singh Parmar
- School of Biotechnology, Devi Ahilya University, Takshashila Campus, Khandwa Road, Indore, 452001, MP, India
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, India.
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17
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Rani C, Tanwar M, Ghosh T, Kandpal S, Pathak DK, Maximov MY, Kumar R. Parallel or interconnected pores’ formation through etchant selective silicon porosification. CAN J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2021-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the oxidizer present in the etching solution on the surface morphology and microstructure obtained after porosifying a p-type silicon wafer using metal-assisted chemical etching was studied. The morphologies of Si wafers porosified using two different solutions, HF/H2O2 and HF/KMnO4, were compared to establish how either of the oxidizers (H2O2 or KMnO4) should be chosen depending on the desired application. A comparative study revealed that parallel pores with wire-like structures or interconnected pores with cheese-like structures can be obtained when H2O2 or KMnO4 are chosen, respectively. Careful analysis of the SEM images was carried out using ImageJ to establish that the samples prepared using KMnO4 are more porous due to aggressive etching. Additionally, experimental and theoretical Raman spectroscopic studies have been utilized to study the presence of low-dimensional Si nanostructures, which are a few nanometers in size, at the microscopic level in porosified silicon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanchal Rani
- Materials and Device Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol 453552, India
| | - Manushree Tanwar
- Materials and Device Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol 453552, India
| | - Tanushree Ghosh
- Materials and Device Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol 453552, India
| | - Suchita Kandpal
- Materials and Device Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol 453552, India
| | - Devesh K. Pathak
- Materials and Device Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol 453552, India
| | - Maxim Yu Maximov
- Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg 195221, Russia
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Materials and Device Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol 453552, India
- Centre for Indian Scientific Knowledge Systems, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol 453552, India
- Centre for Advanced Electronics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol 453552, India
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Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr Virus Coinfection Stimulates Aggressiveness in Gastric Cancer through the Regulation of Gankyrin. mSphere 2021; 6:e0075121. [PMID: 34585958 PMCID: PMC8550222 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00751-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent coinfection with Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) promotes aggressive gastric carcinoma (GC). The molecular mechanisms underlying the aggressiveness in H. pylori and EBV-mediated GC are not well characterized. We investigated the molecular mechanism involved in H. pylori- and EBV-driven proliferation of gastric epithelial cells. Results showed that the coinfection is significantly more advantageous to the pathogens as coinfection creates a microenvironment favorable to higher pathogen-associated gene expression. The EBV latent genes ebna1 and ebna3c are highly expressed in the coinfection compared to lone EBV infection at 12 and 24 h. The H. pylori-associated genes 16S rRNA, cagA, and babA were also highly expressed during coinfection compared to H. pylori alone. In addition, upregulation of gankyrin, which is a small oncoprotein, modulates various cell signaling pathways, leading to oncogenesis. Notably, the knockdown of gankyrin decreased the cancer properties of gastric epithelial cells. Gankyrin showed a similar expression pattern as that of ebna3c at both transcript and protein levels, suggesting a possible correlation. Further, EBV and H. pylori created a microenvironment that induced cell transformation and oncogenesis through dysregulation of the cell cycle regulatory (ccnd1, dapk3, pcna, and akt), GC marker (abl1, tff-2, and cdx2), cell migration (mmp3 and mmp7), DNA response (pRB, pten, and p53), and antiapoptotic (bcl2) genes in infected gastric epithelial cells through gankyrin. Our study provides a new insight into the interplay of two oncogenic agents (H. pylori and EBV) that leads to an enhanced carcinogenic activity in gastric epithelial cells through overexpression of gankyrin. IMPORTANCE In the present study, we evaluated the synergistic effects of EBV and H. pylori infection on gastric epithelial cells in various coinfection models. These coinfection models were among the first to depict the exposures of gastric epithelial cells to EBV followed by H. pylori; however, coinfection models exist that narrated the scenario upon exposure to H. pylori followed by that to EBV. We determined that a coinfection by EBV and H. pylori enhanced the expression of oncogenic protein gankyrin. The interplay between EBV and H. pylori promoted the oncogenic properties of AGS cells like elevated focus formation, cell migration, and cell proliferation through gankyrin. EBV and H. pylori mediated an enhanced expression of gankyrin, which further dysregulated cancer-associated genes such as cell migratory, tumor suppressor, DNA damage response, and proapoptotic genes.
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Tiwari D, Singh VK, Baral B, Pathak DK, Jayabalan J, Kumar R, Tapryal S, Jha HC. Indication of Neurodegenerative Cascade Initiation by Amyloid-like Aggregate-Forming EBV Proteins and Peptide in Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3957-3967. [PMID: 34609141 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotropic potential of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was demonstrated quite recently; however, the mechanistic details are yet to be explored. Therefore, the effects of EBV infection in the neural milieu remain underexplored. Previous reports have suggested the potential role of virus-derived peptides in seeding the amyloid-β aggregation cascade, which lies at the center of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. However, no such study has been undertaken to explore the role of EBV peptides in AD. In our research, ∼100 EBV proteins were analyzed for their aggregation proclivity in silico using bioinformatic tools, followed by the prediction of 20S proteasomal cleavage sites using online algorithms NetChop ver. 3.1 and Pcleavage, thereby mimicking the cellular proteasomal cleavage activity generating short antigenic peptides of viral origin. Our study reports a high aggregate-forming tendency of a 12-amino-acid-long (146SYKHVFLSAFVY157) peptide derived from EBV glycoprotein M (EBV-gM). The in vitro analysis of aggregate formation done using Congo red and Thioflavin-S assays demonstrated dose- and time-dependent kinetics. Thereafter, Raman spectroscopy was used to validate the formation of secondary structures (α helix, β sheets) in the aggregates. Additionally, cytotoxicity assay revealed that even a low concentration of these aggregates has a lethal effect on neuroblastoma cells. The findings of this study provide insights into the mechanistic role of EBV in AD and open up new avenues to explore in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Tiwari
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Vikas Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Budhadev Baral
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Devesh Kumar Pathak
- Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Jesumony Jayabalan
- Nano Science Laboratory, MSS, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452013, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School
Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
- Centre for Advanced Electronics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Suman Tapryal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
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20
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Stress-Induced Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091380. [PMID: 34572593 PMCID: PMC8470332 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is typically found in a latent, asymptomatic state in immunocompetent individuals. Perturbations of the host immune system can stimulate viral reactivation. Furthermore, there are a myriad of EBV-associated illnesses including various cancers, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease, and autoimmune conditions. A thorough understanding of this virus, and the interplay between stress and the immune system, is essential to establish effective treatment. This review will provide a summary of the interaction between both psychological and cellular stressors resulting in EBV reactivation. It will examine mechanisms by which EBV establishes and maintains latency and will conclude with a brief overview of treatments targeting EBV.
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21
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Jakhmola S, Jonniya NA, Sk MF, Rani A, Kar P, Jha HC. Identification of Potential Inhibitors against Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen 1 (EBNA1): An Insight from Docking and Molecular Dynamic Simulations. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3060-3072. [PMID: 34340305 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a known tumorigenic virus, is associated with various neuropathies, including multiple sclerosis (MS). However, there is no anti-EBV FDA-approved drug available in the market. Our study targeted EBV protein EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1), crucial in virus replication and expressed in all the stages of viral latencies. This dimeric protein binds to an 18 bp palindromic DNA sequence and initiates the process of viral replication. We chose phytochemicals and FDA-approved MS drugs based on literature survey followed by their evaluation efficacies as anti-EBNA1 molecules. Molecular docking revealed FDA drugs ozanimod, siponimod, teriflunomide, and phytochemicals; emodin; protoapigenone; and EGCG bound to EBNA1 with high affinities. ADMET and Lipinski's rule analysis of the phytochemicals predicted favorable druggability. We supported our assessments of pocket druggability with molecular dynamics simulations and binding affinity predictions by the molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area (MM/GBSA) method. Our results establish a stable binding for siponimod and ozanimod with EBNA1 mainly via van der Waals interactions. We identified hot spot residues like I481', K477', L582', and K586' in the binding of ligands. In particular, K477' at the amino terminal of EBNA1 is known to establish interaction with two bases at the major groove of the DNA. Siponimod bound to EBNA1 engaging K477', thus plausibly making it unavailable for DNA interaction. Computational alanine scanning further supported the significant roles of K477', I481', and K586' in the binding of ligands with EBNA1. Conclusively, the compounds showed promising results to be used against EBNA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Jakhmola
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453552, India
| | - Nisha Amarnath Jonniya
- Computational Biophysics Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453552, India
| | - Md Fulbabu Sk
- Computational Biophysics Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453552, India
| | - Annu Rani
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453552, India
| | - Parimal Kar
- Computational Biophysics Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453552, India
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453552, India
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Indari O, Chandramohanadas R, Jha HC. Epstein-Barr virus infection modulates blood-brain barrier cells and its co-infection with Plasmodium falciparum induces RBC adhesion. Pathog Dis 2021; 79:ftaa080. [PMID: 33355336 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum infection-mediated Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation is well established in malaria-endemic countries. We hypothesize that, during malaria onset, the reactivated EBV can infect human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBECs). This may cause severe cerebral manifestations. We infected HBECs with EBV in vitro. The subsequent gene expression pattern of EBV, inflammatory and endothelial markers was analysed using qRT-PCR. Further, a wound-healing assay for cells maintaining blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity was performed to investigate the effect of EBV-infected HBECs secretions. The RBC adhesion assay was conducted to assess RBC attachment onto HBECs during EBV and P. falciparum mono- and co-infection. Our experiments revealed that EBV infection of HBECs significantly elevated several inflammatory (TNFα, CCL2) and endothelial (integrin β3, PECAM, VEGFA, VWF, claudin-5, cx37) markers. The EBV-infected HBECs secretion significantly reduced migration of HBECs, glial and neuronal cells. Additionally, EBV-P. falciparum co-infection significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced RBC adhesion to HBECs compared to mono-infection scenarios. Conclusively, the EBV infection of HBECs led to endothelial activation and modulated the BBB microenvironment. The EBV-P. falciparum co-infection scenario increased RBC adhesion on ECs which is a hallmark of cerebral malaria. Together with malaria, EBV infection can aid in exacerbation of cerebral malaria pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omkar Indari
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, India
| | - Rajesh Chandramohanadas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, India
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