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Ventura G, Mesto D, Blasi D, Cataldi TRI, Calvano CD. The Effect of Milling on the Ethanolic Extract Composition of Dried Walnut ( Juglans regia L.) Shells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13059. [PMID: 37685864 PMCID: PMC10487924 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the ethanolic extract of dried walnut (Juglans regia L.) shells upon hammer milling (HM) and ball milling (BM) grinding processes. Marked differences were observed in the attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra. The two extracts were investigated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization and high-resolution mass spectrometry (RPLC-ESI-HRMS). Following enzymatic digestion, the fatty acids (FAs) were examined, and tandem MS of epoxidized species was applied to establish the C-C double bond position; the most abundant species were FA 18:2 Δ9,12, FA 18:1 Δ9, and FA 18:3 Δ9,12,15. However, no significant qualitative differences were observed between FAs in the two samples. Thus, the presence of potential active secondary metabolites was explored, and more than 30 phenolic compounds, including phenols, ellagic acid derivatives, and flavonoids, were found. Interestingly, the HM samples showed a high concentration of ellagitannins and hydrolyzable tannins, which were absent in the BM sample. These findings corroborate the greater phenolic content in the HM sample, as evaluated by the Folin-Ciocalteu test. Among the others, the occurrence of lanceoloside A at m/z 391.1037 [C19H20O9-H]-, and a closely related benzoyl derivate at m/z 405.1190 (C20H22O9-H]-), was ascertained. The study provides valuable information that highlights the significance of physical pre-treatments, such as mill grinding, in shaping the composition of extracts, with potential applications in the biorefinery or pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ventura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.M.); (T.R.I.C.); (C.D.C.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center SMART, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Davide Mesto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.M.); (T.R.I.C.); (C.D.C.)
| | - Davide Blasi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.M.); (T.R.I.C.); (C.D.C.)
| | - Tommaso R. I. Cataldi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.M.); (T.R.I.C.); (C.D.C.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center SMART, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Cosima Damiana Calvano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.M.); (T.R.I.C.); (C.D.C.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center SMART, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Shapiro AJ, O'Dea RM, Li SC, Ajah JC, Bass GF, Epps TH. Engineering Innovations, Challenges, and Opportunities for Lignocellulosic Biorefineries: Leveraging Biobased Polymer Production. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2023; 14:109-140. [PMID: 37040783 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-101121-084152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Alternative polymer feedstocks are highly desirable to address environmental, social, and security concerns associated with petrochemical-based materials. Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) has emerged as one critical feedstock in this regard because it is an abundant and ubiquitous renewable resource. LCB can be deconstructed to generate valuable fuels, chemicals, and small molecules/oligomers that are amenable to modification and polymerization. However, the diversity of LCB complicates the evaluation of biorefinery concepts in areas including process scale-up, production outputs, plant economics, and life-cycle management. We discuss aspects of current LCB biorefinery research with a focus on the major process stages, including feedstock selection, fractionation/deconstruction, and characterization, along with product purification, functionalization, and polymerization to manufacture valuable macromolecular materials. We highlight opportunities to valorize underutilized and complex feedstocks, leverage advanced characterization techniques to predict and manage biorefinery outputs, and increase the fraction of biomass converted into valuable products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Shapiro
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA; , , , , ,
| | - Robert M O'Dea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA; , , , , ,
| | - Sonia C Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA; , , , , ,
| | - Jamael C Ajah
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA; , , , , ,
| | - Garrett F Bass
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA; , , , , ,
| | - Thomas H Epps
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA; , , , , ,
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Research in Soft Matter and Polymers (CRiSP), University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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Madivoli ES, Wanakai SI, Kairigo PK, Odhiambo RS. Encapsulation of AgNPs in a Lignin Isocyanate Film: Characterization and Antimicrobial Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4271. [PMID: 37374454 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Lignin isolated from agricultural residues is a promising alternative for petroleum-based polymers as feedstocks in development of antimicrobial materials. A polymer blend based on silver nanoparticles and lignin-toluene diisocyanate film (AgNPs-Lg-TDIs) was generated from organosolv lignin and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Lignin was isolated from Parthenium hysterophorus using acidified methanol and used to synthesize lignin capped silver nanoparticles. Lignin-toluene diisocyanate film (Lg-TDI) was prepared by treating lignin (Lg) with toluene diisocyanate (TDI) followed by solvent casting to form films. Functional groups present and thermal properties of the films were evaluated using Fourier-transform infrared spectrophotometry (FT-IR), thermal gravimetry (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), and Powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD) were used to assess the morphology, optical properties, and crystallinity of the films. Embedding AgNPs in the Lg-TDI films increased the thermal stability and the residual ash during thermal analysis, and the presence of powder diffraction peaks at 2θ = 20, 38, 44, 55, and 58⁰ in the films correspond to lignin and silver crystal planes (111). SEM micrographs of the films revealed the presence of AgNPs in the TDI matrix with variable sizes of between 50 to 250 nm. The doped films had a UV radiation cut-off at 400 nm as compared to that of undoped films, but they did not exhibit significant antimicrobial activity against selected microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin S Madivoli
- Chemistry Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-00200, Kenya
| | - Sammy I Wanakai
- Chemistry Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-00200, Kenya
| | - Pius K Kairigo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Rechab S Odhiambo
- Department of Physical Science, University of Kabianga, Kericho P.O. Box 2030-20200, Kenya
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Du B, Wang X, Chai L, Wang X, Pan Z, Chen X, Zhou J, Sun RC. Fabricating lignin-based carbon nanofibers as versatile supercapacitors from food wastes. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:632-643. [PMID: 34822819 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the high-value utilization of food wastes has attracted great interest in sustainable development. Focusing on the major application of electrochemical energy storage (ECES), light-weight lignin-based carbon nanofibers (LCNFs) were controllably fabricated as supercapacitors from melon seed shells (MSS) and peanut shells (PS) through electrospinning and carbonizing processes. As a result, the optimal specific capacitance of 533.7 F/g in three-electrode system, energy density of 69.7 Wh/kg and power density of 780 W/Kg in two-electrode system were achieved. Surprisingly, the LCNFs also presented a satisfied electromagnetic absorption property: The minimum reflection loss (RL) value reached -37.2 dB at an absorbing frequency of 7.98 GHz with an effective frequency (RL < 10 dB) of 2.24 GHz (6.88 to 9.12 GHz) at a thickness of 3.0 mm. These features make the multifunctional LCNFs highly attractive for light-weight supercapacitor electrodes and electromagnetic wave absorbers applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Du
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and Biomaterials, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and Biomaterials, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China
| | - Lanfang Chai
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and Biomaterials, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zheng Pan
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and Biomaterials, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and Biomaterials, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China; State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Jinghui Zhou
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and Biomaterials, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China
| | - Run-Cang Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and Biomaterials, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China.
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Sidiras D, Politi D, Giakoumakis G, Salapa I. Simulation and optimization of organosolv based lignocellulosic biomass refinery: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 343:126158. [PMID: 34673192 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organosolv pretreatment can be considered as the core of the lignocellulosic biomass fractionation within the biorefinery concept. Organosolv facilitates the separation of the major fractions (cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin), and their use as renewable feedstocks to produce bioenergy, biofuels, and added-value biomass derived chemicals. The efficient separation of these fractions affects the economic feasibility of the biorefinery complex. This review focuses on the simulation of the organosolv pretreatment and the optimization of (i) feedstock delignification, (ii) sugars production (mainly from hemicelluloses), (iii) enzymatic digestibility of the cellulose fraction and (iv) quality of lignin. Simulation is used for the technoeconomic optimization of the biorefinery complex. Simulation and optimization implement a holistic approach considering the efficient technological, economic, and environmental performance of the biorefinery operational units. Consequently, an optimized organosolv stage is the first step for a sustainable, economically viable biorefinery complex in the concept of industrial ecology and zero waste circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Sidiras
- Laboratory of Simulation of Industrial Processes, Department of Industrial Management and Technology, University of Piraeus, 80 Karaoli & Dimitriou, GR 18534, Piraeus, Greece.
| | - Dorothea Politi
- Laboratory of Simulation of Industrial Processes, Department of Industrial Management and Technology, University of Piraeus, 80 Karaoli & Dimitriou, GR 18534, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Georgios Giakoumakis
- Laboratory of Simulation of Industrial Processes, Department of Industrial Management and Technology, University of Piraeus, 80 Karaoli & Dimitriou, GR 18534, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Ioanna Salapa
- Laboratory of Simulation of Industrial Processes, Department of Industrial Management and Technology, University of Piraeus, 80 Karaoli & Dimitriou, GR 18534, Piraeus, Greece
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