Glyphosate Interaction with eEF1α1 Indicates Altered Protein Synthesis: Evidence for Reduced Spermatogenesis and Cytostatic Effect

Pseudomonas putida HE alleviates glyphosate-induced toxicity in earthworm: Insights from the neurological, reproductive and immunological status

The proceeding study aimed to isolate glyphosate-degrading bacteria from soil and determine optimal degradation conditions through single-factor experiments and response surface methodology. The detoxifying efficacy of the isolate on glyphosate was assessed using earthworm model. The results indicate that Pseudomonas putida HE exhibited the highest glyphosate degradation rate. Optimal conditions for glyphosate degradation were observed at an inoculation percentage of approximately 5%, a pH of 7, and a temperature of 30 °C. Glyphosate induced notable neurotoxicity and reproductive toxicity in earthworms, evidenced by reduced activity of the neurotoxicity-associated enzyme AChE. Additionally, an increase in the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and lactate dehydrogenase was observed. H&E staining revealed structural disruptions in the earthworm clitellum, with notable atrophy in the structure of spermathecae. Furthermore, glyphosate activation of earthworm immune systems led to increased expression of immune-related genes, specifically coelomic cytolytic factor and lysozyme. Notably, the introduction of strain HE mitigated the glyphosate toxicity to the earthworms mentioned above. P. putida HE was able to increase soil enzyme activities that were reduced due to glyphosate. The isolate P. putida HE, emerged as an effective and cost-efficient remedy for glyphosate degradation and toxicity reduction in natural settings, showcasing potential applications in real ecological settings.

The eEF1A protein in cancer: Clinical significance, oncogenic mechanisms, and targeted therapeutic strategies

Eukaryotic elongation factor 1A (eEF1A) is among the most abundant proteins in eukaryotic cells. Evolutionarily conserved across species, eEF1A is in charge of translation elongation for protein biosynthesis as well as a plethora of non-translational moonlighting functions for cellular homeostasis. In malignant cells, however, eEF1A becomes a pleiotropic driver of cancer progression via a broad diversity of pathways, which are not limited to hyperactive translational output. In the past decades, mounting studies have demonstrated the causal link between eEF1A and carcinogenesis, gaining deeper insights into its multifaceted mechanisms and corroborating its value as a prognostic marker in various cancers. On the other hand, an increasing number of natural and synthetic compounds were discovered as anticancer eEF1A-targeting inhibitors. Among them, plitidepsin was approved for the treatment of multiple myeloma whereas metarrestin was currently under clinical development. Despite significant achievements in these two interrelated fields, hitherto there lacks a systematic examination of the eEF1A protein in the context of cancer research. Therefore, the present work aims to delineate its clinical implications, molecular oncogenic mechanisms, and targeted therapeutic strategies as reflected in the ever expanding body of literature, so as to deepen mechanistic understanding of eEF1A-involved tumorigenesis and inspire the development of eEF1A-targeted chemotherapeutics and biologics.

Identification and characterization of molecular entities differentially expressed in bacteria genome upon treatment with glyphosate shock

Antimetabolites developed from enzymes in the shikimate pathway are appealing targets. There are, however, certain unidentified molecular entities that show bacterial sensitivity to glyphosate shock. This study aims to identify the expression pattern of such entities following treatment with glyphosate shock and to characterize them structurally and functionally. Understanding such entities' catalytic structure and modulatory role guides the design and development of novel antibiotics. This study's functional profiling of 16S rRNA sequencing data and transcriptome analysis of glyphosate-exposedE. coli revealed that two genes were upregulated and twenty-eight were downregulated after glyphosate shock. We discovered the differential expression of some processes based on functional gene analysis, such as global and overview maps (4.2195 on average), carbohydrate metabolism (0.6858 on average), amino acid metabolism (0.5032 on average), and co-factor and vitamin metabolism (0.5032 on average) (0.2876 on average). After examining the two data sets, we discovered that some unidentified proteins were strongly expressed after glyphosate treatment. After examining the two datasets, we discovered a protein with no unique features expressed when treated with glyphosate. The Ecs2020 model looks to be the most stable in structural modeling investigations, while the catalytic residues sought in drug development are anticipated. Furthermore, biological processes and cellular component enrichment analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes were strongly related to the trehalose manufacturing process and represented the cell membrane's outer membrane component. To estimate the functional gene content of soil sample metagenomics based on 16S rRNA, predictive functional analysis was done with R using the Tax4Fun2 package. On the other hand, transcriptome analysis was carried out using the R tool GEO2R. The results could be a good starting point for making new antibiotic medicines.

Chronic Dietary Exposure of Roosters to a Glyphosate-Based Herbicide Increases Seminal Plasma Glyphosate and AMPA Concentrations, Alters Sperm Parameters, and Induces Metabolic Disorders in the Progeny

The effects of chronic dietary Roundup (RU) exposure on rooster sperm parameters, fertility, and offspring are unknown. We investigated the effects of chronic RU dietary exposure (46.8 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹ glyphosate) for 5 weeks in 32-week-old roosters (n = 5 RU-exposed and n = 5 control (CT)). Although the concentrations of glyphosate and its main metabolite AMPA (aminomethylphosphonic acid) increased in blood plasma and seminal fluid during exposure, no significant differences in testis weight and sperm concentrations were observed between RU and CT roosters. However, sperm motility was significantly reduced, associated with decreased calcium and ATP concentrations in RU spermatozoa. Plasma testosterone and oestradiol concentrations increased in RU roosters. These negative effects ceased 14 days after RU removal from the diet. Epigenetic analysis showed a global DNA hypomethylation in RU roosters. After artificial insemination of hens (n = 40) with sperm from CT or RU roosters, eggs were collected and artificially incubated. Embryo viability did not differ, but chicks from RU roosters (n = 118) had a higher food consumption, body weight and subcutaneous adipose tissue content. Chronic dietary RU exposure in roosters reduces sperm motility and increases plasma testosterone levels, growth performance, and fattening in offspring.