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Blankenship BW, Li J, Jones Z, Parashar M, Zhao N, Singh H, Li R, Arvin S, Sarkar A, Yang R, Meier T, Rho Y, Ajoy A, Grigoropoulos CP. Spatially Resolved Quantum Sensing with High-Density Bubble-Printed Nanodiamonds. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:9711-9719. [PMID: 39052913 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c02519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV-) centers in nanodiamonds have emerged as a versatile platform for a wide range of applications, including bioimaging, photonics, and quantum sensing. However, the widespread adoption of nanodiamonds in practical applications has been hindered by the challenges associated with patterning them into high-resolution features with sufficient throughput. In this work, we overcome these limitations by introducing a direct laser-writing bubble printing technique that enables the precise fabrication of two-dimensional nanodiamond patterns. The printed nanodiamonds exhibit a high packing density and strong photoluminescence emission, as well as robust optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) signals. We further harness the spatially resolved ODMR of the nanodiamond patterns to demonstrate the mapping of two-dimensional temperature gradients using high frame rate widefield lock-in fluorescence imaging. This capability paves the way for integrating nanodiamond-based quantum sensors into practical devices and systems, opening new possibilities for applications involving high-resolution thermal imaging and biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Blankenship
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jingang Li
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zachary Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Process Development Unit (ABPDU), Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Madhur Parashar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Naichen Zhao
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Runxuan Li
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sophia Arvin
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Adrisha Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rundi Yang
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Timon Meier
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yoonsoo Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashok Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Program, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Costas P Grigoropoulos
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Zhu T, Zeng J, Wen F, Wang H. Determining the Dependence of Single Nitrogen-Vacancy Center Light Extraction in Diamond Nanostructures on Emitter Positions with Finite-Difference Time-Domain Simulations. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 14:99. [PMID: 38202554 PMCID: PMC10780712 DOI: 10.3390/nano14010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we obtained a diamond nanocone structure using the thermal annealing method, which was proposed in our previous work. Using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations, we demonstrate that the extraction efficiencies of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center emitters in nanostructures are dependent on the geometries of the nanocone/nanopillar, emitter polarizations and axis depths. Our results show that nanocones and nanopillars have advantages in extraction from emitter dipoles with s- and p-polarizations, respectively. In our simulations, the best results of collection efficiency were achieved from the emitter in a nanocone with s-polarization (57.96%) and the emitter in a nanopillar with p-polarization (38.40%). Compared with the nanopillar, the photon extraction efficiency of the emitters in the nanocone is more sensitive to the depth and polarization angle. The coupling differences between emitters and the nanocone/nanopillar are explained by the evolution of photon propagation modes and the internal reflection effects in diamond nanostructures. Our results could have positive impacts on the design and fabrication of NV center-based micro- and nano-optics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfei Zhu
- Key Lab for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, Faculty of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (J.Z.); (F.W.); (H.W.)
- Institute of Wide Bandgap Semiconductors, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Jia Zeng
- Key Lab for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, Faculty of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (J.Z.); (F.W.); (H.W.)
- Institute of Wide Bandgap Semiconductors, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Feng Wen
- Key Lab for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, Faculty of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (J.Z.); (F.W.); (H.W.)
- Institute of Wide Bandgap Semiconductors, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Hongxing Wang
- Key Lab for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, Faculty of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (J.Z.); (F.W.); (H.W.)
- Institute of Wide Bandgap Semiconductors, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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Blankenship B, Jones Z, Zhao N, Singh H, Sarkar A, Li R, Suh E, Chen A, Grigoropoulos CP, Ajoy A. Complex Three-Dimensional Microscale Structures for Quantum Sensing Applications. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9272-9279. [PMID: 37811908 PMCID: PMC10603797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel method for fabricating highly customizable three-dimensional structures hosting quantum sensors based on nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers using two-photon polymerization. This approach overcomes challenges associated with structuring traditional single-crystal quantum sensing platforms and enables the creation of complex, fully three-dimensional, sensor assemblies with submicroscale resolutions (down to 400 nm) and large fields of view (>1 mm). By embedding NV center-containing nanoparticles in exemplary structures, we demonstrate high sensitivity optical sensing of temperature and magnetic fields at the microscale. Our work showcases the potential for integrating quantum sensors with advanced manufacturing techniques, facilitating the incorporation of sensors into existing microfluidic and electronic platforms, and opening new avenues for widespread utilization of quantum sensors in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian
W. Blankenship
- Laser
Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zachary Jones
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Advanced
Biofuels and Bioproducts Process Development Unit, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Naichen Zhao
- Laser
Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Adrisha Sarkar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Runxuan Li
- Laser
Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Erin Suh
- Laser
Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alan Chen
- Laser
Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Costas P. Grigoropoulos
- Laser
Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ashok Ajoy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- CIFAR
Azrieli Global Scholars Program, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
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